People aged ≥65 years (older people) have a higher chance of falling than other age groups. However, based on qualitative research, older people do not believe that falls prevention information and strategies have personal relevance. This suggests that older people believe that falls are more likely to happen to other older people than themselves, that is, they might be comparatively optimistic about their chance of falling. It is important to understand comparative optimism about falling as it is a consistent reason given by older people for not participating in falls prevention activity. This thesis used a mixed methods design with a sequential strategy to investigate community-dwelling older people's comparative optimism about falling. Three studies were undertaken, using semi-structured interviews, cognitive interviews and telephone interviews to collect data. The semi-structured interview study, guided by the tenets of grounded theory, aimed to develop an explanation of why older people might be comparatively optimistic. A sampling frame (age, sex and direct and indirect history of falling) was used to guide recruiting respondents. Older people (N = 9) were interviewed about their chance and other older people's chance of falling. Interviews were analysed using the constant comparison method. The cognitive interview study investigated potential problems in survey items in order to refine them for the telephone interview study. Items were developed to measure older people's comparative optimism about falling. Older people (N = 13) were cognitively interviewed, and interviews were content analysed. The telephone interview study aimed to determine whether older people were comparatively optimistic about falling, and whether the direct and indirect experience of falling was associated with comparative optimism. A random sample of older people (N = 389) living in South Australia were telephone interviewed (response rate = 75%). The semi-structured interview study identified that it was a 'threat to identity' for respondents to say they had a chance of falling because of intrinsic risk factors. Respondents used strategies to maintain or protect their identity when discussing their chance of falling in the future or their reasons for falling in the past. In the cognitive interview study, respondents reported difficulty in rating their chance of falling, as they believed falls were unexpected and unpredictable. They reported difficulty in rating other people's chance of falling, as they believed they did not know other people their age, did not have enough information and/or did not know the answer. In the telephone interview study, most respondents believed they had the same chance (42%), or a lower chance (48%) of falling in the next 12 months, than other older people. Having fallen in the last 12 months was significantly associated with a lowered comparative optimism, but knowing other older people who had fallen was not associated with comparative optimism. This is the first quantitative study to report that the majority of a representative sample of community-dwelling older people were comparatively optimistic about their chance of falling. Self-presentation concerns about having a chance of falling support the core category to emerge from the semi-structured interview study. Messages such as 'you can reduce your risk of falls' may be ignored by older people. Alternative messages should promote identities that are relevant to older people, such as being independent, mobile and active, but these messages should be tested in further research. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1374964 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Psychology and School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2009

People aged ≥65 years (older people) have a higher chance of falling than other age groups. However, based on qualitative research, older people do not believe that falls prevention information and strategies have personal relevance. This suggests that older people believe that falls are more likely to happen to other older people than themselves, that is, they might be comparatively optimistic about their chance of falling. It is important to understand comparative optimism about falling as it is a consistent reason given by older people for not participating in falls prevention activity. This thesis used a mixed methods design with a sequential strategy to investigate community-dwelling older people's comparative optimism about falling. Three studies were undertaken, using semi-structured interviews, cognitive interviews and telephone interviews to collect data. The semi-structured interview study, guided by the tenets of grounded theory, aimed to develop an explanation of why older people might be comparatively optimistic. A sampling frame (age, sex and direct and indirect history of falling) was used to guide recruiting respondents. Older people (N = 9) were interviewed about their chance and other older people's chance of falling. Interviews were analysed using the constant comparison method. The cognitive interview study investigated potential problems in survey items in order to refine them for the telephone interview study. Items were developed to measure older people's comparative optimism about falling. Older people (N = 13) were cognitively interviewed, and interviews were content analysed. The telephone interview study aimed to determine whether older people were comparatively optimistic about falling, and whether the direct and indirect experience of falling was associated with comparative optimism. A random sample of older people (N = 389) living in South Australia were telephone interviewed (response rate = 75%). The semi-structured interview study identified that it was a 'threat to identity' for respondents to say they had a chance of falling because of intrinsic risk factors. Respondents used strategies to maintain or protect their identity when discussing their chance of falling in the future or their reasons for falling in the past. In the cognitive interview study, respondents reported difficulty in rating their chance of falling, as they believed falls were unexpected and unpredictable. They reported difficulty in rating other people's chance of falling, as they believed they did not know other people their age, did not have enough information and/or did not know the answer. In the telephone interview study, most respondents believed they had the same chance (42%), or a lower chance (48%) of falling in the next 12 months, than other older people. Having fallen in the last 12 months was significantly associated with a lowered comparative optimism, but knowing other older people who had fallen was not associated with comparative optimism. This is the first quantitative study to report that the majority of a representative sample of community-dwelling older people were comparatively optimistic about their chance of falling. Self-presentation concerns about having a chance of falling support the core category to emerge from the semi-structured interview study. Messages such as 'you can reduce your risk of falls' may be ignored by older people. Alternative messages should promote identities that are relevant to older people, such as being independent, mobile and active, but these messages should be tested in further research. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1374964 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Psychology and School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2009

Επιχειρείται η διερεύνηση των αντιλήψεων των Συμβούλων Σταδιοδρομίας των Σχολείων Δεύτερης Ευκαιρίας (ΣΔΕ) σχετικά με το ρόλο τους στην επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των ενηλίκων εκπαιδευομένων. Διερευνάται πως η εκπαιδευτική και επαγγελματική διαδρομή των Συμβούλων Σταδιοδρομίας στα ΣΔΕ επηρεάζει την ιδιότητα και το ρόλο τους. Ποια η αντίληψη των Συμβούλων Σταδιοδρομίας για την συμβολή του ρόλου τους, στην επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των εκπαιδευόμενων στα ΣΔΕ. Πως οι αντιλήψεις για τις συνθήκες λειτουργίας και το πλαίσιο του θεσμού της Συμβουλευτικής Σταδιοδρομίας στα ΣΔΕ, (σχέσεις των Συμβούλων Σταδιοδρομίας τόσο με τους άλλους εκπαιδευτές, όσο και με το ΙΔΕΚΕ, τους άλλους φορείς εξυπηρέτησης ενηλίκων και την τοπική κοινωνία), επηρέαζουν την επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των ενηλίκων εκπαιδευομένων στα ΣΔΕ. Ποιες οι απόψεις των Συμβούλων Σταδιοδρομίας για την αποδοτικότητα του θεσμού της Συμβουλευτικής Σταδιοδρομίας στα ΣΔΕ όσον αφορά την επαγγελματική ανάπτυξη των ενηλίκων εκπαιδευομένων και ποιες οι προτάσεις τους για τη βελτίωση του θεσμού που έχουν να καταθέσουν. Χρησιμοποιείται η μέθοδος της ημιδομημένης συνέντευξης, η οποία αποβλέπει στην καταγραφή των απόψεων και των εμπειριών των συμβούλων, που συμμετέχουν στη συμβουλευτική διαδικασία στα Σχολεία Δεύτερης Ευκαιρίας. Εξετάζεται επίσης, η συμβολή της Συμβουλευτικής Σταδιοδρομίας στους ενήλικες εκπαιδευόμενους των ΣΔΕ, ο ρόλος των συμβούλων Σταδιοδρομίας, (προσόντα. επιστημονικές γνώσεις, ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά) στην παραπάνω διαδικασία, καθώς επίσης ο τρόπος που δομούν και ασκούν το ρόλο τους και κατά πόσο αυτός επηρεάζει την επαγγελματική και κατά συνέπεια την κοινωνική ένταξη των εκπαιδευόμενων των Σ.Δ.Ε. / Attempts to investigate the perceptions of Career Counsellors of Second Chance Schools (SDE) on their role in the professional development of adult learners. Investigated how the educational and professional journey of Directors of Career SBS affects the status and role. What is the concept of career guidance for the contribution of their role, the professional development of trainees in SBS. How do perceptions of conditions and the context of the institution of Career Counseling in AAD (relationships of Career Counsellors, both with other trainers, and the IDEKE, other adult service agencies and local community) affect the professional development adult learners in SBS. What are the views of Career Counsellors for the profitability of the institution of Career Guidance in SBS for the professional development of adult learners and what their suggestions for improving the institution having to testify. The method of semi-structured interview, designed to record the views and experiences of the consultants involved in the consultative process in the Second Chance Schools. Also examined the contribution of Career Counseling in adult learners of SBS, the role of consultants Career (prosonta. scientific knowledge, qualities) in this process, as well as how they construct and perform their role and how it affects the professional and therefore the inclusion of learners of SDE

[pt] A dissertação é uma tentativa de explorar caminhos de investigação da palavra poética que permitiram sua liberação de formatos estritos, como o processo iniciado por: Um lance de dados jamais abolirá o acaso de Mallarmé; a noção que Haroldo de Campos resgata do poeta-calígrafo, do pensamento do livro total, o livro como um objeto; e a estética da ruína identificada por Walter Benjamin no Barroco alemão. O campo de investigação é o de experiências poético-visuais que interrompem, criam deslocamentos ou obstruções na linguagem: manchas, infiltrações, junções, vestígios, ruínas, cicatrizes, colagens e apagamentos – procedimentos poéticos para permear o inaudito, o indizível, camadas e aberturas no objeto poema. Análise de três casos que se equilibram no limiar do poético e do plástico – Waly Salomão e seus Babilaques; Edgard Braga e seus poemas visuais; e Mira Schendel e suas Monotipias. A escrita da dissertação foi concebida em forma de ensaios e fragmentos, trazendo fotos e imagens-resquícios de cadernos e trabalhos feitos pelo autor ao longo do mestrado. São imagens que procuram ativar outros sentidos, sem obrigação explicativa, expositiva ou informativa, mas com uma relação direta e rizomática com a pesquisa. / [en] The thesis is an attempt to explore ways of investigating the poetic word that allowed their release of strict formats, such as the process initiated by: Un Coup de Dés Jamais N Abolira Le Hasard from Mallarmé; the notion that Harold of Campos rescues from the poet-calligrapher, from the thought of the total book, the book as an object; and the aesthetic of ruins identified by Walter Benjamin in the german baroque. The field of investigation is that of poetic-visual experiences that interrupt, create displacements or obstructions in the language: stains, infiltrations, joints, traces, ruins, scars, collages and erasures –– poetic procedures to permeate the unprecedented, the tacit, layers and gaps in the poem object. Analysis of three cases that balance on the threshold of poetic and plastic –– Waly Salomão and his Babilaques; Edgard Braga and his visual poems; and Mira Schendel and her monotipes. The writing of the dissertation was worked in the form of essays and fragments, bringing photos and imagesremnants of notebooks and works done by me throughout the master s process. They are images that seek to activate other senses, without explanatory, expository or informative obligation, but with a direct and risomatic relation with this research.

Constraint handling is difficult in model predictive control (MPC) of linear differential inclusions (LDIs) and linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. The designer is faced with a choice of using conservative bounds that may give poor performance, or accurate ones that require heavy online computation. This thesis presents a framework to achieve a more flexible trade-off between these two extremes by using a state tube, a sequence of parametrised polyhedra that is guaranteed to contain the future state. To define controllers using a tube, one must ensure that the polyhedra are a sub-set of the region defined by constraints. Necessary and sufficient conditions for these subset relations follow from duality theory, and it is possible to apply these conditions to constrain predicted system states and inputs with only a little conservatism. This leads to a general method of MPC design for uncertain-parameter systems. The resulting controllers have strong theoretical properties, can be implemented using standard algorithms and outperform existing techniques. Crucially, the online optimisation used in the controller is a convex problem with a number of constraints and variables that increases only linearly with the length of the prediction horizon. This holds true for both LDI and LPV systems. For the latter it is possible to optimise over a class of gain-scheduled control policies to improve performance, with a similar linear increase in problem size. The framework extends to stochastic LDIs with chance constraints, for which there are efficient suboptimal methods using online sampling. Sample approximations of chance constraint-admissible sets are generally not positively invariant, which motivates the novel concept of ‘sample-admissible' sets with this property to ensure recursive feasibility when using sampling methods. The thesis concludes by introducing a simple, convex alternative to chance-constrained MPC that applies a robust bound to the time average of constraint violations in closed-loop.

[pt] O desdobramento da obra de arte no espaço-tempo da vida pode ser vista em muitos trabalhos das vanguardas moderna e contemporânea. A realização desses trabalhos se faz na simultaneidade dos eventos do mundo, sendo o acaso e a indeterminação elementos essenciais no acontecer da obra. Assim, a obra de arte é aberta ao campo de possibilidades próprio à aleatoriedade da realidade tangível, sendo a sua forma um processo em constante modificação. As significações, então, se instauram na multiplicidade dos eventos, em que a pretensão de se ter uma forma encerrada se dissolve no constante devir. E isso faz dessas obras um acontecimento, devido a sua realização na superfície da espacialidade-temporal. A partir da Musique d’ameublement de Erik Satie, de cerca de 1917-1920, e de Untitled (mirrored cubes) de Robert Morris, de 1965, buscaremos compreender a noção de acontecimento instaurada por esses dois trabalhos, assim como será discutida essa mesma noção deflagrada em outros artistas que de alguma forma se relacionam com os dois citados, como, por exemplo, em John Cage. E sendo a música de Satie feita para ser tocada em ambientes pertencentes ao cotidiano, entre conversas e ações corriqueiras, e os cubos espelhados de Morris acontecerem durante a experiência do observador, enquanto circundando, a arte se realiza, então, como um acontecimento, em que seus desdobramentos, agora, ficam por conta do acaso. / [en] The unfolding of the work of art in space-time of life can be seen in many modern and contemporary avant garde works. The completion of these works takes place in the simultaneity of events in the world, being chance and uncertainty key elements in the outcome of the work. Thus, the artwork is open to the field of possibilities to the randomness of tangible reality, and its shape in a constant change. The meanings, then, established themselves in the multitude of events, where the desire to have a closed form is dissolved in constant becoming. And that makes these works an event, due to its realization on the surface of spatiality-temporality. From Musique d ameublement of Erik Satie, circa 1917-1920, and Untitled (Mirrored Cubes) by Robert Morris, 1965, we will try to understand the concept of event introduced by these two works, as will be discussed that concept triggered by other artists, which somehow relate to the two cited, for example, John Cage. And being the music of Satie made to be played in environments belonging to daily life, between conversations and actions occurring, and the mirrored cubes of Morris occur during the experience of the observer, while circling, art is performed, then, as an event in which its developments now are subject to chance.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de poser, d'analyser et de résoudre le problème multidisciplinaire et multi-objectif de la conception d'avions plus écologiques et plus économiques. Dans ce but, les principaux drivers de l'optimisation des performances d'un avion seront: la géométrie de l'avion, son moteur ainsi que son profil de mission, autrement dit sa trajectoire. Les objectifs à minimiser considérés sont la consommation de carburant, l'impact climatique et le coût d'opération de l'avion. L'étude sera axée sur la stratégie de recherche de compromis entre ces objectifs, afin d'identifier les configurations d'avions optimales selon le critère sélectionné et de proposer une analyse de ces résultats. L'incertitude présente au niveau des modèles utilisés sera prise en compte par des méthodes rigoureusement sélectionnées. Une configuration d'avion hybride est proposée pour atteindre l'objectif de réduction d'impact climatique. / The objective of this PhD work is to pose, investigate, and solve the highly multidisciplinary and multiobjective problem of environmentally efficient aircraft design and operation. In this purpose, the main three drivers for optimizing the environmental performance of an aircraft are the airframe, the engine, and the mission profiles. The figures of merit, which will be considered for optimization, are fuel burn, local emissions, global emissions, and climate impact (noise excluded). The study will be focused on finding efficient compromise strategies and identifying the most powerful design architectures and design driver combinations for improvement of environmental performances. The modeling uncertainty will be considered thanks to rigorously selected methods. A hybrid aircraft configuration is proposed to reach the climatic impact reduction objective.

Face aux bouleversements économiques et sociaux qui ont affecté la société française depuis les années 70, le décrochage scolaire, c’est-à-dire la sortie du système de formation initiale sans avoir obtenu un diplôme de niveau V (BEP ou CAP) ou de niveau supérieur(baccalauréat), est appréhendé aujourd’hui comme un risque pour le bien-être individuel et collectif. Un large éventail de mesures a donc été déployé pour lutter contre le décrochage scolaire : des mesures préventives qui visent à prévenir les arrêts scolaires prématurés, et des mesures réparatrices dont l’objectif est de favoriser le « raccrochage », c'est-à-dire le retour des jeunes décrocheurs dans un parcours de formation.Sur un plan scientifique, les processus menant au décrochage scolaire sont désormais connus.En revanche, peu d’informations existent sur les processus de raccrochage. Prenant acte de cette lacune, cette thèse propose de tourner le regard vers ce qu’il se passe en aval du décrochage scolaire, en retraçant le parcours des « décrocheurs » qui « raccrochent », en observant le fonctionnement des dispositifs dits de « seconde chance » et en en questionnant les effets. Pour ce faire, on privilégie une approche séquentielle des trajectoires, en identifiant trois séquences clés du processus : la séquence de décrochage, la séquence de raccrochage et la séquence d’accrochage au dispositif. L’enjeu est d’éclairer les ingrédients qui provoquent le basculement d’une séquence à l’autre. On s’appuie pour cela sur 120 entretiens semidirectifs menés auprès de jeunes « décrocheurs » inscrits ou ayant été inscrits au sein de trois types de dispositifs de « remédiation » au décrochage : les Écoles de la deuxième chance qui visent le retour en formation ou l’entrée en emploi par des mises en stage fréquentes et une remise à niveau scolaire, les Établissement Publics d’Insertion à la Défense qui s’appuient sur un encadrement et des règles d’inspiration militaire pour favoriser l’obtention d’un emploi, et les microlycées ou structures innovantes de l’Éducation nationale qui préparent au baccalauréat.On observe d’une part que le temps est un ingrédient majeur du raccrochage, difficilement pris en compte par les dispositifs chargés de l’accompagnement des décrocheurs, et d’autre part que l’accrochage au dispositif de « remédiation » est indexé aux lectures que les jeunes font de leur situation présente, et qui engagent leur expérience scolaire passée, les contraintes de la formation et ses apports quotidiens ou supposés. On montre aussi que le raccrochage n’est pas le pendant événementiel du décrochage. L’action des dispositifs de remédiation est en effet contrainte par leurs environnements social et économique, de sorte qu’ils ne peuvent garantir à tous les jeunes qu’ils accueillent, une stabilisation de leurs situations sociale et personnelle. / Dropping out of school has been seen as a risk rather than for individual than for collective well-being given the economic and social up heavals of the French society since the 70’s. A lot of measures have been implemented to tackle the phenomenon whether preventive or repairing. The first ones aim to prevent the dropout and the others are meant to promote the « school reconnection », or in other words to encourage the dropouts to return to school. Processes leading to dropout are now well-known from a scientific perspective. By contrast, there is only limited information on processes leading to reconnect with education. With the objective to fill this gap, this PhD provides a focus on what happens for the dropouts after they leave school, redrawing their path to « school reconnection ». This study includes an observation of the functioning of the so-called « seconde chance » establishments and an analysis of their effects on their pupils. Through a sequential approach of those paths, we identified three key sequences: the dropout, the reconnection and the remaining sequence in which young people invest their reconnection training. I wanted to highlight the ingredients leading to a sequence to another. To do so, I lead 120 semi-structured interviews with young people who dropped out and are now or have been registered within 3 types of French remediation establishments : the « Écoles de la Deuxième chance », the « EPIDe»(Établissement Publics d’Insertion à la Défense), and the « SRE » (Structures de retour à l’école).To begin with, I noted that time is a key ingredient for school reconnection. Furthermore I noticed that the remaining sequence depends on how young people read their situation combining their past scholar experience, the reconnection program constraints and its contributions, effective or expected. Finally, I observed that remediation establishments rely on their social and economic environment, meaning that the « reconnection » can not be viewed as a counterpart of dropout.

Sannolikhet och statistik är ett ämne lärare har svårt att undervisa i. Dels för att ämnet är relativt nytt, dels för att lärare saknar fördjupade kunskaper inom området. Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att bidra med kunskap om undervisningsaktiviteter i sannolikhet och statistik i grundskolan, år f-6, för lärare. Databaserna ERIC, WoS och DiVA användes för att samla in vetenskapligt underlag till denna systematiska litteraturstudie. Resultatet visar att aktiviteter med konkret material är användbart i alla delar i sannolikhet och statistik samt att det ger bättre resultat för elevers kunskapsinhämtande om aktiviteterna följs upp av diskussioner. I resultatet framkommer även konkreta förslag på hur aktiviteter med konkret material kan användas i en undervisningssituation. Konsekvenser för undervisning samt förslag till vidare forskning avslutar den här studien. / Probability and statistics is a subject that teachers find difficult to teach. Partly because this area is relatively new in the mathematics course, partly because of the lack of deepened knowledge amongst teachers in this subject area. The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about teaching activities in the probability and statistics course in the early years of elementary school, years K–6, for teachers. The databases used to collect scientific foundation to this systematic literature study is ERIC, WoS and DiVA. The result showed that activities with manipulatives are useful in all subareas in probability and statistics and that students’ knowledge acquirement improves if the activities are followed up by discussions. However, the result also brought out tangible suggestions of how activities with concrete materials can be used in a teaching situation. To round up this study is a discussion of consequences for teaching as well as suggestions for further research.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1355369 bytes, checksum: 9c8287916a30feac7e9a3d355e472d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Project brings a Chance Constrained Programming substantial approaching (CCP). This kind of optimization is used to pattern uncertainties and became useful to all kind of knowledge areas. The project main idea was to show CCP s theories and beyond this to present some applications on Engineering and Public Politics areas. It is noteworthy to say that this tool is pretty important for the production systems because of its uncertainties process. So after showing the theory whose purpose is to comprehend the Chance Constrained Programming, this subject commits itself to apply such technique in Emergency Medical Care Production Services (SAMU) in João Pessoa using the proposed model from Beraldi et al. (2004). This application was really useful to define the necessary ambulances to supply João Pessoa s city as well as the local they must be. However, to understand this technique and also work with it it s necessary a previous knowledge of Statistics, Applied Mathematics and Computing. Therefore, this work emphasizes the continuous and discreet random variables, as well as the probabilistic functions and concepts. In Applied Mathematics, this work brings a Linear Optimization, Facility Location and log concave functions. Concerning to computing, it was used MATLAB R007, Google Maps and CPLEX to provide the model. The great benefit of using CCP is that it offers possible solutions to the person who chooses between them, according to the reality. / Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem de Otimização Probabilística (OP). Esse tipo de Otimização é utilizada para modelar incertezas e se tornou útil em diversas áreas do conhecimento. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi apresentar a teoria de OP e, além disso, expor algumas aplicações nas áreas de Engenharia e Políticas Públicas. Vale ressaltar que tal ferramenta é muito interessante para Sistemas de Produção por existir incertezas inerentes ao processo. Assim, depois de apresentada tal teoria, com o intuito de melhor compreender a melhor a ferramenta de OP, este trabalho, se propôs a aplicar tal técnica no Sistema de Produção dos Serviços de Atendimento Médico de Urgência (SAMU) da cidade João Pessoa usando o Modelo proposto por Beraldi et al.(2004). A aplicação serviu para definir a quantidade de ambulâncias necessárias para atender a demanda de João Pessoa, assim como os possíveis locais que as mesmas devem estar posicionadas. No entanto, para entender melhor sobre essa técnica e trabalhar com a mesma, é necessário um conhecimento prévio de Estatística, Matemática Aplicada e Computação. Portanto, este trabalho aborda as variáveis aleatórias discretas e contínuas, bem como conceitos de Funções de Probabilidade. Na parte da Matemática Aplicada, este trabalho aborda conceitos de Otimização Linear, Facility Location e funções log. côncavas. Quanto à computação foi utilizado MATLAB R007,Google Maps e CPLEX para realizar a aplicação do Modelo. A grande vantagem da utilização de OP é que a mesma oferece soluções viáveis cujo tomador de decisão tem a opção de escolher qual a melhor solução de acordo com sua realidade.