The objective of this dissertation is to better understand the impact of the range extension and interference effects of opportunistic large arrays (OLAs), in the context of cooperative routing in multi-hop ad hoc networks. OLAs are a type of concurrent cooperative transmission (CCT), in which the number and location of nodes that will participate in a particular CCT cannot be known a priori. The motivation of this research is that the previous CCT research simplifies or neglects significant issues that impact the CCT-based network performance. Therefore, to develop and design more efficient and realistic OLA-based protocols, we clarify and examine through experimentation and analysis the simplified or neglected characteristics of CCT, which should be considered in the network-level system design. The main contributions of this research are (i) intra-flow interference analysis and throughput optimization in both disk- and strip-shaped networks, for multi-packet OLA transmission, (ii) CCT link modeling focusing on path-loss disparity and link asymmetry, (iii) demonstration of CCT range-extension and OLA-based routing using a software-defined radio (SDR) test-bed, (iv) a new OLA-based routing protocol with practical error control algorithm. In the throughput optimization in presence of the intra-channel interference, we analyze the feasibility condition of spatially pipelined OLA transmissions using the same channel and present numerical results with various system parameters. In the CCT link model, we provide the impact of path-loss disparity that are inherent in a virtual multiple-input-single-output (VMISO) link and propose an approximate model to calculate outage rates in high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime. Moreover, we present why link asymmetry is relatively more severe in CCT compared to single-input-single-output (SISO) links. The experimental studies show actual measurement values of the CCT range extension and realistic performance evaluation of OLA-based routing. Lastly, OLA with primary route set-up (OLA-PRISE) is proposed with a practical route recovery technique.

The cooperative relaying scheme is a promising technique for increasing the capacity and reliability of wireless communication. Even though extensive research has performed in information theoretical aspect, there are still many unresolved practical problems of cooperative relaying system. This dissertation analyzes the performance of cooperative decode-and-forward (DF) relaying systems in the presence of multiple interferers and improve network throughput for these systems. We propose and summarize various systems in the view of network topology, transmission structure, and slot allocation. We present closed-form expressions for the end-to-end outage probability, average symbol-error-probability, average packet-error-probability, and network throughput of the proposed systems. This dissertation shows that the robustness of the destination against interference is more important than robustness of the relay against interference from an interference management perspective, and increasing the number of branches yields better outage and error performance improvements against shadowing than increasing the number of hops. In cellular networks, the cooperative diversity systems can outperform the dual-Rx antenna system, but only when the relay is located in a relatively small portion of the total cell area with respect the the destination mobile terminal. The results also show that since the effective regions of the uplink and the downlink do not overlap, different relays should be utilized for cell sectorization in the uplink and the downlink. Finally, the proposed variable-slot selection DF scheme can reduce the system complexity and make the maximum throughput point in the low and moderate signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio region.

Timing offsets result from the use of real clocks that are non-ideal in sampling intervals. These offsets also known as timing jitter were shown to degrade the performance of the two forms of UWB systems impulse radio and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based UWB. It was shown that for impulse radio, timing jitter distorts the correlation property of the transmitted signal and the resulting performance loss is proportional to the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the timing jitter. For the OFDM-based UWB, timing jitter introduced inter-channel interference (ICI) and the performance loss was dependent on the product of the bandwidth and the RMS of the timing jitter. A number of techniques were proposed for mitigating the performance degradation in each form of UWB. Specifically, for impulse radio, the methods of pulse shaping and sample averaging were provided, whereas for OFDM-based UWB, oversampling and adaptive modulation were given. Through analysis and simulation, it was shown that substantial gain in signal power-to-noise ratio can be achieved using these jitter-reduction methods.

Wireless relay can be utilized to extend signal coverage, achieve spatial diversity by user cooperation, or shield mobile terminals from adverse channel conditions over the direct link. In a two-hop multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) amplify-and-forward (AF) relay system, the overall noise at the destination station (DS) consists of the colored noise forwarded from the relay station (RS) and the local white noise. We propose blind noise correlation estimation at the DS by utilizing statistics of the broadband relay channel over the RS-DS hop, which effectively improves signal detection at the DS. For further performance improvement, we also propose to estimate the two cascaded MIMO relay channels over the source-RS and the RS-DS links at the DS based on the overall channel between the source and the DS and the amplifying matrix applied at the RS. To cancel cross-talk interference at a channel-reuse-relay-station (CRRS), we utilize the random forwarded signals of the CRRS as equivalent pilots for local coupling channel estimation and achieve a much higher post signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) than the conventional dedicated pilots assisted cancellers without causing any in-band interference at the DS. When an OFDM-based RS is deployed on a high-speed train to shield mobile terminals from the high Doppler frequency over the direct link, inter-subchannel interference (ICI) mitigation is required at the RS. By utilizing statistics of the channel between the base station and the train, we develop both full-rate and reduced-rate OFDM transmission with inherent ICI self-cancellation via transmit and/or receive preprocessing, which achieve significant performance improvement over the existing ICI self-cancellation schemes.

Interference and jamming severely disrupt our ability to communicate by decreasing the effective signal-to-noise ratio and by making parameter estimation difficult at the receiver. The objective of this research work is to design robust wireless systems and algorithms to suppress the adverse effects of non-intentional co-channel interference (CCI) or intentional jamming. In particular, we develop chip-combining schemes with timing, channel, and noise-power estimation techniques, all of which mitigate CCI or jamming. We also exploit the spatial diversity and iterative receiver techniques for this purpose. Most of the existing timing estimation algorithms are robust against either large frequency offsets or CCI, but not against both at the same time. Hence, we develop a new frame boundary estimation method that is robust in the presence of severe co-channel interference and large carrier-frequency offsets. To solve the high peak-to-average-power ratio problem of a multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system and enhance its robustness against fading and jamming, we propose a constant-envelope MC-CDMA system employing cyclic delay diversity (CDD) as transmit diversity. We analyze the diversity order, coding gain, and bit-error rate upper bound. We also propose a blind, accurate, and computationally efficient signal-to-noise ratio estimator for the proposed system. We propose a configurable robust anti-jam receiver that estimates the frequency- or time-domain jammer state information (JSI) and uses it for chip combining in the corresponding domain. A soft-JSI-based chip-combining technique is proposed that outperforms conventional hard-JSI-based chip combining. We also derive a chip combiner that provides sufficient statistics to the decoder. Channel estimation is necessary for coherent signal detection and JSI estimation. Conversely, knowledge of the jamming signal power and JSI of different subcarriers can improve the accuracy of the channel estimates. Hence, we propose joint iterative estimation of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel coefficients, jamming power, and JSI for a coded MC-CDMA MIMO system operating under jamming and a time-varying frequency-selective fading channel. Finally, we reduce the computational complexity of the JSI-based anti-jam receivers by introducing an expectation-maximization-based joint channel and noise-covariance estimator that does not need either the subcarrier JSI or the individual powers of the AWGN and jamming signal.

With National Telecommunications & Information Administration (NTIA) Advanced Wireless Services (AWS-3) auction of frequencies in the 1695-1710 MHz, 1755-1780MHz, and 2155- 2180MHz bands, users of the Aeronautical Mobile Telemetry (AMT) band from 1755- 1850MHz, known as Upper L-Band, could be greatly affected. This paper takes an initial look at how the 1755-1780MHz band will be used by the cellular carriers and presents some preliminary testing results of adjacent channel (band) interference that could be experienced by AMT users. This paper should be considered as the stepping off point for future interference discussions, required analysis, and further testing.

This thesis presents the results of the development of a user-friendly computer code (in MATLAB) that can be used to calculate co-channel interferences, both in the downlink and in the uplink of a single satellite/space-based mobile communications system, due to the reuse of frequencies in spot beams or coverage cells. The analysis and computer code can be applied to any type of satellite or platform elevated at any height above earth. The cells or beams are defined in the angular domain, as measured from the satellite or the elevated platform, and cell centers are arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The calculation is only for a given instant of time for which the system parameters are input into the program. The results obtained in one program run are for the overall carrier to interference ratio (CIR) along with CIR for both the uplink and downlink paths. An overall carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CNIR) is also calculated, which exemplifies the degradation in the carrier to noise ratio (CNR) of the system. Comparisons for systems with differing system scenarios are also made. For example, overall CIRs are compared for different reuse numbers (3, 4, 7, and 13) in LEO and GEO satellite systems. In conclusion, as expected, it is observed that the co-channel interference generally increases as we decrease the reuse number employed for the frequency reuse in the cells. It is also observed that co-channel interference can cause substantial degradation to the overall CNR of a system. / Master of Science

This dissertation focuses on quantifying the effects of multi-user co-channel interference for an avionic communication system operating in a heavy-traffic aeronautical mobile environment and proposes advanced interference cancellation techniques to mitigate the interference. The dissertation consists of two parts. The first part of the work investigates the use of a visualization method to quantify and characterize the multi-user co-channel interference (multiple access interference) effects impinging on an avionic communication system. The interference is caused by complex interactions of thousands of RF signals transmitted from thousands of aircraft; each attempts to access a common communication channel, which is governed by a specific channel contention access protocol. The visualization method transforms the co-channel interference, which is specified in terms of signal-overlaps (signal collisions), from a visual representation to a matrix representation for further statistical analysis. It is found that the statistical Poisson and its cumulative distribution provide the best estimates of multi-user co-channel interference. It is shown, using Monte Carlo simulation, that the co-channel interference of a victim aircraft operating in the heavy-traffic environment could result in as high as eight signal-overlaps. This constitutes to approximately 83.4% of success rate in signal detection for the entire three thousand aircraft environment using conventional FSK receiver. One key finding shows that high-quality communications, up to 98.5% success rate, is achievable if only three overlapping signals can be decoded successfully. The interference results found in the first part set the stage for interference cancellation research in the second part. The second part of the work proposes the use of advanced interference cancellation techniques, namely sequential interference cancellation (SIC) and parallel interference cancellation (PIC), as potential solutions to mitigating the interference effects. These techniques can be implemented in radio receivers to perform multi-signal decoding functionality to remove the required interferers (three overlapping signals) so that high-quality communication, as described in the first part, can be achieved. Various performance graphs are shown for B-FSK and B-PSK for both SIC and PIC techniques. One key finding is that the system performance can be improved substantially to an additional 15% in signal reception success rate by using SIC or PIC. This means that critical information transmitted from 450 aircraft (out of approximately three thousand aircraft in the environment) is preserved and successfully decoded. Multi-signal decoding using these interference cancellation receivers comes at a small penalty of 2 - 4.5 dBs in Eb/No when sufficient signal-to-interference (SIR) ratio (7-12 dB) is provided. / Ph. D.

A new broadband beamformer composed of nested arrays (NAs), multi-dimensional (MD) filters, and multirate techniques is proposed for both linear and planar arrays. It is shown that this combination results in frequency-invariant response. For a given number of sensors, the advantage of using NAs is that the effective aperture for low temporal frequencies is larger than in the case of using uniform arrays. This leads to high spatial selectivity for low frequencies. For a given aperture size, the proposed beamformer can be implemented with significantly fewer sensors and less computation than uniform arrays with a slight deterioration in performance. Taking advantage of the Noble identity and polyphase structures, the proposed method can be efficiently implemented. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed beamformer in terms of frequency-invariant response and computational requirements. The broadband beamformer requires a filter bank with a non-compatible set of sampling rates which is challenging to be designed. To address this issue, a filter bank design approach is presented. The approach is based on formulating the design problem as an optimization problem with a performance index which consists of a term depending on perfect reconstruction (PR) and a term depending on the magnitude specifications of the analysis filters. The design objectives are to achieve almost perfect reconstruction (PR) and have the analysis filters satisfying some prescribed frequency specifications. Several design examples are considered to show the satisfactory performance of the proposed method. A new blind multi-stage space-time equalizer (STE) is proposed which can separate narrowband sources from a mixed signal. Neither the direction of arrival (DOA) nor a training sequence is assumed to be available for the receiver. The beamformer and equalizer are jointly updated to combat both co-channel interference (CCI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) effectively. Using subarray beamformers, the DOA, possibly time-varying, of the captured signal is estimated and tracked. The estimated DOA is used by the beamformer to provide strong CCI cancellation. In order to alleviate inter-stage error propagation significantly, a mean-square-error sorting algorithm is used which assigns detected sources to different stages according to the reconstruction error at different stages. Further, to speed up the convergence, a simple-yet-efficient DOA estimation algorithm is proposed which can provide good initial DOAs for the multi-stage STE. Simulation results illustrate the good performance of the proposed STE and show that it can effectively deal with changing DOAs and time variant channels. / Graduate / 0544 / imanmoaz@uvic.ca

Une qualité de service uniforme pour les utilisateurs mobiles et une utilisation distribuée du spectre représentent les ingrédients clés des réseaux cellulaires de prochaine génération. Dans ce but, la coopération au niveau de la couche physique entre les nœuds de l’infrastructure et les nœuds du réseau sans fil a émergé comme une technique à fort potentiel. La coopération s’appuie sur les propriétés de diffusion du canal sans fil, c’est-à-dire que la même transmission peut être entendue par plusieurs nœuds, ouvrant ainsi la possibilité pour les nœuds de s’aider à transmettre les messages à leur destination finale. La coopération promet aussi d’offrir une façon nouvelle et intelligente de gérer les interférences, au lieu de simplement les ignorer et les traiter comme du bruit. Comprendre comment concevoir ces systèmes radio coopératifs, afin que les ressources disponibles soient pleinement utilisées, est d’une importance fondamentale. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mener une étude du point de vue de la théorie de l’information, pour des systèmes sans fil pertinents dans la pratique, où les nœuds de l’infrastructure coopèrent en essayant d’améliorer les performances du réseau. Les systèmes radio avec des relais semi-duplex ainsi que les scénarios où une station de base aide à servir les utilisateurs mobiles associés à une autre station de base, sont les réseaux sans fil coopératifs étudiés dans cette thèse. Le but principal est la progression vers la caractérisation de la capacité de ces systèmes sans fil au moyen de dérivation de nouvelles bornes supérieures pour les performances et la conception de nouvelles stratégies de transmission permettant de les atteindre. / A uniform mobile user quality of service and a distributed use of the spectrum represent the key-ingredients for next generation cellular networks. Toward this end, physical layer cooperation among the network infrastructure and the wireless nodes has emerged as a potential technique. Cooperation leverages the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, that is, the same transmission can be heard by multiple nodes, thus opening up the possibility that nodes help one another to convey the messages to their intended destination. Cooperation also promises to offer novel and smart ways to manage interference, instead of just simply disregarding it and treating it as noise. Understanding how to properly design such cooperative wireless systems so that the available resources are fully utilized is of fundamental importance.The objective of this thesis is to conduct an information theoretic study on practically relevant wireless systems where the network infrastructure nodes cooperate among themselves in an attempt to enhance the network performance in many critical aspects, such as throughput, robustness and coverage. Wireless systems with half-duplex relay stations as well as scenarios where a base station overhears another base station and consequently helps serving this other base station's associated mobile users, represent the wireless cooperative networks under investigation in this thesis. The prior focus is to make progress towards characterizing the capacity of such wireless systems by means of derivation of novel outer bounds and design of new provably optimal transmission strategies.