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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Methane and Fe/Ti Oxide FuelsMirzababaei, Jelvehnaz January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Iron-Based Chemical Looping Gasification Technologies for Flexible Syngas Production from Fossil Fuels with Carbon-di-oxide Capture: Process Systems Simulations, Techno-Economic AnalysisKathe, Mandar V. 06 September 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Oxygen Carrier Development and Integrated Process Demonstration for Chemical Looping Gasification SystemsSridhar, Deepak 08 August 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Integrating Chemical Looping Gasification for Hydrogen Generation and CO2 Capture in Pulp Mills / Integrering av Chemical Looping Gasification för Generering av Vätgas samt CO2 Infångning på MassabrukPamér, Matilda January 2022 (has links)
Utsläpp av CO2 till atmosfären bidrar till ökningen av globala temperaturer. Industrisektorn står för 20 % av utsläppen och utav dessa kommer 6 % från pappers- och massaindustrin. För att lyckas minska den globala temperaturhöjningen till under 1,5 °C hjälper det inte bara att minska utsläppen. Även negativa utsläpp måste genereras. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka implementeringen av CLG för att separera CO2 på ett energieffektivt sätt och samtidigt generera H2 och elektricitet. Processanalyser genomfördes för att undersöka möjligheten att implementera CLG-processen till ett typiskt massabruk. Processmodeller togs fram for att undersöka CLG, värmeåtervinning samt elektricitetsgenerering. Processmodellerna utvecklades med hjälp av Aspen Plus och Aspen HYSYS. De framtagna modellerna analyserades sedan med avseende på olika designparametrar inom CLG-processen. På ett typiskt massabruk som producerar 800 000 adt varje ˚ar kan 375 kg CO2/adt separeras och då uppnå negativa utsläpp, genom att byta ut multi-fuel forsrännaren med en CLG process. Den framtagna processmodellen skulle också kunna generera 360-504 kWh/adt av H2 beroende på de designparametrar som används för CLG-processen. Enligt modellen kan värme som ˚återvinns från processen användas för att fånga upp ytterligare 13 % av CO2 från andra delar av bruket. Processanalys för olika designparametrar inom CLG systemet så som temperatur, luftflöde och flödet av syrgasbärare har presenterats. Nyckeltalen som undersöktes var den mängd CO2 som kunde fångas upp, mängd H2 genererad samt överskottet av elektricitet som produceras när multi-fuel förbränningen byts ut mot en CLG-process på ett typiskt massa bruk. / Emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere are contributing to the global temperature rise. The industrial sector contributed to 20 % of the emissions and out of that, 6 % are generated from the pulp and paper industry. To limit the temperature increase below 1,5 °C, the emissions not only need to be reduced but also negative emissions should be generated from different sectors. The purpose of this study is to realize the implementation of Chemical Looping Gasification (CLG) to separate CO2 (for permanent storage) in an energy-efficient way while co-generating H2 as well as electricity. Process analysis was carried out to investigate the possibility of substituting the multifuel boiler in a typical pulp mill with a CLG process. Process models for the CLG, heat recovery and electricity generation process were developed using Aspen Plus and Aspen HYSYS. The process was analysed for different design conditions (temperature, autothermal condition, air flow, oxygen carrier flow) in the CLG process. It was found that in a typical pulp mill producing 800 000 adt per year, 375 kg- CO2/adt (14 % of total emissions from the process) can be inherently separated for storage to achieve negative emissions, if the multi-fuel boiler is replaced with a CLG unit. This process will also be able to generate 360-504 kWh/adt H2 depending on the design conditions in the CLG process. Heat recovered from the CLG unit can be utilized in capturing approximately 13 % additional CO2 from other sources in the pulp mill. Process analysis for different design conditions in CLG (temperature, airflow, oxygen carrier flow) have been presented. The key performance indicators were CO2 capture rates, H2 generated and net electrical output from the process.
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Carregadores de oxig?nio a base de n?quel suportado em materiais mesooros para aplica??o na recircula??o qu?mica com reforma (RQR)Costa, Tiago Roberto da 11 April 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-04-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Oxygen carriers are metal oxides which have the ability to oxidize and reduce
easily by various cycles. Due to this property these materials are widely usedin
Chemical-Looping Reforming processes to produce H2 and syngas. In this work
supports based on MCM-41 and La-SiO2 were synthesized by hydrothermal method.
After the synthesis step they were calcined at 550?C for 2 hours and characterized by
TG, XRD, surface area using the BET method and FTIR spectroscopy. The
deposition of active phase, in this case Nickel, took place in the proportions of 5, 10
and 20% by weight of metallic nickel, for use as oxygen carriers.The XRD showed
that increasing in the content of Ni supported on MCM-41 resulted in a decrease in
spatial structure and lattice parameter of the material. The adsorption and desorption
curves of the MCM-41 samples exhibited variations with the increase of Ni deposited.
Surface area, average pore diameter and wall density of silica showed significant
changes , due to the increase of the active phase on the mesoporous material. By
other hand, in the samples with La-SiO2 composition was not observed peaks
characteristic of hexagonal structure, in the XRD diffractogram. The
adsorption/desorption isotherms of nitrogen observed are type IV, characteristic of
mesoporous materials. The catalytic test indicates that the supports have no
influence in the process, but the nickel concentration is very important, because the
results for minor concentration of nickel are not good. The ratio H2/O2 was close to 2,
for all 15 cycles involving the test storage capacity of O2, indicating that the materials
are effective for oxygen transport / Transportadores de oxig?nio s?o ?xidos met?licos que possuem a capacidade
de oxidar e reduzir facilmente por diversos ciclos. Devido a essa propriedade estes
materiais s?o bastante utilizados nos processos de Chemical-Looping Reforming
para a produ??o de H2 ou g?s de s?ntese (H2 mais CO). Neste trabalho foram
sintetizados os suportes MCM-41 e La-SiO2 pelo o m?todo hidrot?rmico. Os
materiais resultantes foram calcinados a 550 ?C por 2 horas e, posteriormente,
caracterizados por TG, DRX, ?rea superficial pelo m?todo BET e FTIR. Ap?s a
caracteriza??o dos suportes foi feita a deposi??o da fase ativa (Ni) com as
propor??es de 5, 10 e 20% em massa de n?quel met?lico, para aplica??o como
transportadores de oxig?nio. As an?lises de DRX mostraram que o aumento do teor
de Ni suportado em MCM-41 deu origem a uma diminui??o no ordenamento
estrutural e no par?metro de rede do material. As amostras MCM-41 apresentaram
varia??es quanto ?s curvas de adsor??o/dessor??o de nitrog?nio, ?rea superficial,
di?metro m?dio de poros e espessura da parede de s?lica, em fun??o do aumento da
fase ativa no material mesoporoso. Enquanto que nas amostras com La-SiO2 n?o se
observou picos caracter?sticos da estrutura hexagonal, nos difratogramas de DRX.
Entretanto, as curvas de adsor??o/dessor??o de nitrog?nio observadas s?o do tipo
IV, caracter?stico de materiais mesoporosos. Os resultados dos testes dos
transportadores indicam que o suporte n?o influenciou no processo catal?tico. A
raz?o H2/O2 foi pr?xima de 2, durante todos os 15 ciclos envolvendo o teste de
capacidade de armazenamento de O2 , indicando que os materiais s?o eficientes
para o transporte de oxig?nio
estrutural e no par?metro de rede do material. As amostras MCM-41 apresentaram
varia??es quanto ?s curvas de adsor??o/dessor??o de nitrog?nio, ?rea superficial,
di?metro m?dio de poros e espessura da parede de s?lica, em fun??o do aumento da
fase ativa no material mesoporoso. Enquanto que nas amostras com La-SiO2 n?o se
observou picos caracter?sticos da estrutura hexagonal, nos difratogramas de DRX.
Entretanto, as curvas de adsor??o/dessor??o de nitrog?nio observadas s?o do tipo
IV, caracter?stico de materiais mesoporosos. Os resultados dos testes dos
transportadores indicam que o suporte n?o influenciou no processo catal?tico. A
raz?o H2/O2 foi pr?xima de 2, durante todos os 15 ciclos envolvendo o teste de
capacidade de armazenamento de O2 , indicando que os materiais s?o eficientes
para o transporte de oxig?nio
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Modeling and numerical simulation of coupled reactive fluidized beds in a Chemical Looping Combustion system / Modélisation et simulation numérique de lits fluidisés couplés dans un système de combustion en boucle chimiqueHamidouche, Ziad 21 February 2017 (has links)
Dans cette thèse, des simulations numériques tridimensionnelles instationnaires d'une installation expérimentale de combustion en boucle chimique sont réalisées. Le pilote expérimental, d'une puissance de 120 kWth, utilise un matériau perovskite, à base de Ca-Mn, comme transporteur d'oxygène. Les simulations numériques sont réalisées par le code NEPTUNE_CFD, selon une approche Euler-Euler pour les deux phases (solide et gazeuse), avec des modèles de fermeture spécifiques pour modéliser les transferts de masse, de mouvement et d'énergie. Les réactions hétérogènes (i.e. réactions gaz-solide) de réduction et d'oxydation sont décrites au moyen d'un modèle à cœur rétrécissant dans le grain, qui prend en compte les mécanismes compétitifs dans le processus global de réaction gaz-solide: réaction chimique à la surface interne des particules,diffusion à travers la couche de produits et transfert externe autour des particules. Les résultats des simulations numériques sont validées avec des mesures expérimentales et analysées afin de mieux comprendre le comportement local/instationnaire de l'écoulement gaz-particules réactif dans ce système de combustion en boucle chimique. L'outil théorique/numérique développé dans ce travail sera utilisé pour le dimensionnement d'une unité pilote à l’échelle des installations industrielles. / In this work, reactive unsteady three-dimensional numerical simulations of a Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) plant are performed. The plant is a 120 kWth pilot working with Ca-Mn-based material as selected oxygen carrier. Numerical simulations are performed by NEPTUNE_CFD code using an Euler-Euler approach which computes both the gas and the solid phases in an Eulerian fashion accounting for specific closures in order to model interphase mass, momentum and energy transfers. Reduction and oxidation heterogeneous (i.e. gas-solid) reactions are modeled by means of a grain model (shrinking core model in the grain) accounting for both the competing mechanisms of chemical reaction at the particle internal surface and gaseous diffusion through the product layer. Results from numerical simulations are validated against experimental measurements and analyzed in order to gain insight in the local behaviour of the reactive gas-particle flow in the CLC system. The theoretical/numerical tool developed in this work will be used for design upgrade recommendation in the stage of scaling-up from pilot to industrial facilities.
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Étude de l’évolution de la réactivité des matériaux porteurs d’oxygène dans un procédé de combustion en boucle chimique / Study of the reactivity evolution of oxygen carriers in a chemical looping combustion processTilland, Airy 04 December 2015 (has links)
Le procédé de captage du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) par combustion fonctionnant en boucle chimique (Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC)) permet de produire de l’énergie à partir du méthane tout en captant le CO2 produit par la combustion. Ce procédé met en oeuvre un matériau porteur d’oxygène (NiO/NiAl2O4) qui est utilisé pour fournir de l’oxygène lors de la combustion du méthane et qui est ensuite régénéré sous air. Le matériau utilisé se dégrade au cours du temps ce qui accroît les coûts du procédé et diminue ses performances. L’étude présentée ici a pour objectif de déterminer quel est l’impact des phénomènes thermiques et chimiques sur la dégradation du matériau porteur d’oxygène. Les mécanismes réactionnels représentant la réduction et l’oxydation du porteur d’oxygène ont été déterminés et validés grâce à des études expérimentales et à la modélisation d’un réacteur parfaitement auto-agité (RPAA) et d’un réacteur à écoulement piston. L’importance du contrôle du dépôt de carbone dans le procédé a été démontrée. Ensuite, les paramètres cinétiques des réactions représentant la réduction de l’oxyde de nickel ont pu être déterminés grâce à un modèle original du RPAA, puis validés dans le réacteur piston. L’intérêt du RPAA pour la détermination de paramètres cinétiques dans le cas du procédé CLC a été présenté. Les paramètres obtenus permettent de prédire de manière correcte toutes les réactions même si un travail complémentaire est nécessaire pour obtenir une meilleure précision des résultats. Finalement, un mécanisme de dégradation du matériau porteur d’oxygène déduit des résultats expérimentaux a été proposé. Ce mécanisme décrit la production importante de fines particules se dissociant des grains et leur rôle dans les phénomènes d’agglomération observés. Le matériau support, supposé inerte, jouerait un rôle dans l’apport d’oxygène. La méthodologie développée dans ce travail pourrait être adaptée à l’analyse et la caractérisation d’autres matériaux porteurs d’oxygène / The Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) process produces energy by combustion of methane while capturing the carbon dioxide (CO2). An oxygen carrier (NiO/NiAl2O4) is used to deliver oxygen during the combustion of methane. It is then regenerated by air. The oxygen carrier material degrades over time, which increases the costs of the process and reduces its performance. The present study aims at determining the impacts of thermal and chemical phenomena on the oxygen carrier degradations. The reaction mechanisms corresponding to the reduction and oxidation of the oxygen carrier are determined and validated through experimental studies and the modeling of a continuously auto-stirred tank reactor (CASTR) and a plug flow reactor. The importance of controlling the quantity of deposited carbon in the process is illustrated. Then, the kinetic parameters of the reactions representing the reduction of nickel oxide are determined with an original model of the CASTR and validated in the plug flow reactor. The interest of using the CASTR for the determination of kinetic constants of the reactions involved in CLC process is presented. The obtained parameters give a good description of all reactions even if additional work is required to obtain a better precision of the results. Finally, a degradation mechanism of the oxygen carrier has been proposed. This mechanism describes the large production of fine particles separated from the grains and their role in the observed agglomeration phenomena. The support material, supposed to be inert, provides some of its oxygen. The methodology developed in this work could be adapted for the analysis and the characterization of other oxygen-carriers
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Development of a new type of highly porous oxygen carrier support for fluidized bed reactorsvan Garderen, Noémie 05 February 2013 (has links)
The production of fuel and chemicals is expected to be based on renewable energies in the next few years. However, combustion causes CO2 emission. Its reduction is one of the main focuses to regulate greenhouse effect, as expected by the Kyoto protocol. One combustion technology which could reduce CO2 emissions is chemical-looping combustion coupled to a CO2 capture device. This technique involves the use of a bed-material, with a size between 100 and 500 µm, composed of an oxide supported by a porous ceramic. This oxide acts as an oxygen carrier and circulates from a reducing atmosphere reactor, where oxygen reacts with CO to produce CO2, to an oxidising reactor, where combustion occurs. In order to improve the reactivity of this carrier, a fluidized bed reactor is used and involves gas velocity. Attrition resistant granulates are therefore needed because of the high impacts occurring in the reactors. Moreover, large pore network is expected to improve the reactivity of the carrier because of the higher accessibility of the gas.
Granulates studied for oxygen carrier supports are frequently based on γ-alumina, which is highly mesoporous. In order to understand the importance of microstructure, three different routes were studied with samples composed of macropores, mesopores and a sample composed of both type of pores. Pore size could be successfully tailored with addition of diatomite, composed of pores in the micrometer range. This thesis aims to describe the tailoring of microstructure with addition of diatomite and at understanding its influence on attrition resistance. To be able to verify the performance of the developed supports, impregnation of copper oxide and looping experiments were performed.
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