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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Secondary Education / Jacqueline D. Spears / BeEtta L. Stoney / An ethnographic content analysis was conducted to explore the African American cultural content contained in the text of picture books portraying African Americans published 2001 through 2005. The picture books were limited to beginning readers, stories in rhyme and poetry, historical fiction, fictional biography, and contemporary fiction portraying African Americans and set in the U.S. The books were categorized based on the genre to which they belong and classified as generic books or books with African American cultural content. The African American cultural content in the books in the study was compared to the cultural content contained in picture books in a survey conducted by Rudine Sims Bishop in 1982. Differences between the work of African Americans and non African Americans are discussed. A data collection instrument was constructed and used by several additional raters to test the reliability of the instrument. Each additional rater was given an operational definition for generic books and books with cultural content. The raters were each given one book to evaluate. The research revealed (1) that more than half of the picture books published during the period of this study were classified as generic, (2) in most cases, only the books written by African Americans contained cultural content and (3) more than half of the picture books with cultural content are classified as historical fiction. (4) Although it is possible for a non African American to write an authentic picture book with cultural content, such books are usually the result of in depth research. (5) During the period of this study, not all generic picture books were written by non African Americans; some African American authors choose to write generic books portraying African Americans with minimal content specific to African American culture.

I det här arbetet undersöks olika sätt att arbeta med fysik utifrån litteratur. Metoden har varit att intervjua förskollärare och en kontaktperson ifrån projektet Lilla bokbryggan, samt att genomföra litteraturanalyser. Resultatet visar på olika arbetssätt, fysikaliska fenomen som finns tillgänglig i barnens litteratur, vad pedagogerna anser vara lämplig litteratur och exempel på hur litteraturen kan göras interaktiv. I diskussionen så diskuteras vad som egentligen kan räknas som litteratur, olika sätt att använda litteraturen i pedagogiskt arbete med fysisk, likheter mellan dessa arbetssätt, lämplig litteratur och genus, samt hur allt knyter an till syftet. / In this study different ways to work with physics through literature are researched. The method was to interview preschool teachers and a representative from the project Lilla bokbryggan, and literature analyzes. The result shows different approaches, Physical phenomena available in children’s literature, what the teachers consider suitable literature and examples on how to make literature interactive. In the discussion I discuss what is actually considered literature, different ways of using the literature in an educational approach in regards to physics, similarities between the different approaches, suitable literature and gender equality, and also how it all ties together with the purpose.

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A presente dissertação está inserida na área de Estudos Comparados de Literaturas de Língua Portuguesa e tem como objetivo constatar que elementos literários permitem a contribuição da Literatura Infantil para a formação de espírito sobre o feminino em determinada época, em obras que se apropriam do conto popular Forma literária legitimada como transmissora de valores para desenvolver a consciência crítica do leitor, através do questionamento, validação e de divulgação de novas proposições de valores. Para tanto, realizou-se uma análise comparativa de obras que tinham como protagonista a figura de uma jovem princesa que se preparava para a vida adulta através de uma jornada em busca da própria identidade. Os corpora são A rainha e as irmãs, conto popular recolhido por Câmara Cascudo presente na obra Contos Tradicionais do Brasil (1955), Procurando Firme (1984) de Ruth Rocha e Uma, duas, três princesas (2013) de Ana Maria Machado. Para dar suporte à análise, verificamos teorias que justificassem afirmar que a função social, a linguagem, a ética interna e a possibilidade de atualização do conto popular o configuram como um texto que, legitimado pela comunidade que o recebe, torna possível a transmissão de valores abstratos. Para entender como a literatura infantil se apropriou do conto popular, investigamos as relações entre a mentalidade do homem primitivo e da criança e suas aproximações quanto à percepção da realidade. Situamos as obras em um contexto histórico-social, problematizando a literatura infantil em meio às mudanças de paradigmas e mentalidade em nossa sociedade, que terminam por influenciar na representação do feminino. Os valores considerados femininos foram abordados em perspectiva histórica e do estudo de gêneros. Justificamos a escolha das obras investigando as relações entre a saga do herói e os ritos masculinos e femininos de iniciação à vida adulta, com intenção de compreender em qual medida essa jornada pode ser considerada uma metáfora da condição humana. Apresentamos e comentamos um panorama de obras do século XX no Brasil em que há a figura da princesa. Na análise dos corpora, comparamos as relações entre a figura da princesa e a família, a preparação para a jornada e os aspectos valorizados em cada jornada. Consideramos que as narrativas acompanham o discurso sobre o feminino em cada época e projetam-se sobre a prática da geração seguinte, transpondo a representação da mulher como um indivíduo para transfigurar-se em uma metáfora da condição feminina na sociedade. / This dissertation of master degree is inserted in Comparative Studies of Portuguese Language Literature and aims to see some literary elements that can contribute to Children\'s Literature participate of the formation of mentality about female at each time, in works where there is the appropriation of folktales as a kind of literature legitimized by a people to pass some values to develop a critical awareness of the reader, through questioning, validation and dissemination of new values. Therefore, a comparative analysis was carried out works which had as protagonist the figure of a young princess who was preparing herself to the adult life through a journey in search of their own identity. The corpora consists of A rainha e as irmãs, folktale collected by Cascudo present in the work Contos Tradicionais do Brasil (1955), Procurando Firme (1984), by Ruth Rocha and Uma, duas, três princesas (2013), by Ana Maria Machado. To support the analysis, we find theories that justify affirm that the social function, the language, the internal ethics and the upgradeability of the folktale configure it as a text, which if legitimized by the community that receives, makes possible the transmission of abstract values. To understand how children\'s literature has appropriated the folktale, we investigated the relationship between the mentality of primitive man and child and their approaches regarding the perception of reality. The works were situated in a socio-historical context, discussing children\'s literature amid the paradigms and mentality changes in our society, which ultimately influence the female representation. The values considered female gender were approached in historical perspective and of the study of genres. We justified the choice of works investigating the relationship between the hero\'s journey and the male and female in the rites of initiation into adulthood, with intent to understand to what extent this journey can be considered a metaphor for the human condition. Were presented and commented an overview of works of the twentieth century in Brazil in which there is the figure of the princess. In corpora analysis, were compared the relationships between the figure of the princess and the family, the preparing for the journey and the aspects valued on each journey. We believe that the narrative follows the discourse on women in each time and are projected on the practice of the next generation, transposes the representation of women as an individual for transfigure into a metaphor of the women\'s status in society.

Esta tese propõe uma abordagem do livro ilustrado (em geral associado ao público infanto-juvenil) que considera as diferentes modalidades de relação entre a imagem e o texto verbal, bem como sua conexão indissociável com o suporte. O livro ilustrado é entendido como objeto estético, polissêmico, capaz de convocar a capacidade sensível do leitor, expandindo tanto sua noção de si como sua visão de mundo. Busca-se problematizar a especificidade desse gênero literário por meio da imbricação de categorias como as de visibilidade e legibilidade, pensadas a partir da reflexão de Vilém Flusser sobre o conflito entre a imagem e a palavra escrita ao longo do tempo. Discute-se também a linguagem do livro ilustrado à luz do pensamento de Giorgio Agamben e Gilles Deleuze, que preferem a noção de intensidade em vez de etapa cronológica para compreender a infância. O livro ilustrado é considerado um devir-criança (ou devir-outro) do autor e/ou ilustrador capaz de desestabilizar o leitor, fazendo aflorar sensações que reconfiguram modos de sentir e estar no mundo / This thesis proposes an approach to the picture book (that is usually associated with young readers) which considers the different modalities of relationship between the image and the written text as well as their non-dissociable connection with the support itself. The picture book is understood as an aesthetic and polysemic object that is able to engage the readers capacity for sensation, expanding his or her notion of self and worldview. There is an intention to problematize the specificity of this literary genre through the imbrication of categories such as visibility and legibility and Vilém Flussers reflection on the conflict between the image and the written word throughout time. This thesis also presents a discussion about the picture books way of communicating in light of the thinking of Giorgio Agamben and Gilles Deleuze, both of whom prefer the notion of intensity instead of chronological stage in order to comprehend childhood. The picture book is considered a process of becoming-child (or becoming-other) of the author and/or illustrator, which can destabilize the reader, making sensations surface and reshaping modes of feeling and being in the world

<p>AbstractReading books to children is often an integral part in preschool activities. The purpose of thisstudy is to investigate how educators think about the educational function of literature inpreschool activities. I have in my study used qualitative interviews with active educators andobservations to answer my questions about why the educator reads to the children, how theeducator thinks about the choice of literature and if the literature can contribute to thechildrens development and if so, how. The knowledge- and research background presentsliterature and previous research done on the subject. The results of my study shows that theeducators have many thoughts about the importance of literature in preschool. The educatorsconsider that the use of literature can contribute to the childrens language development,improve empathic ability and encourage imagination. A common view of the use of literaturewas also to gather the children to get them calm and relaxed after lunch. The educatorsexpressed that the lack of time was a problem to make the use of literature to such ameaningful activity that it could be.</p> / <p>SammandragAtt läsa böcker för barnen är ofta en självklar del i förskolans verksamhet. Syftet med dettaarbete är att undersöka hur pedagoger tänker kring barnlitteraturens pedagogiska funktion iförskolans verksamhet. Jag har i min undersökning använt mig av kvalitativa intervjuer medverksamma pedagoger samt observationer för att få svar på mina frågeställningar som handlarom varför pedagogen läser för barnen, hur pedagogen resonerar kring valet av litteratur iverksamheten samt om pedagogen anser att litteraturen kan bidra till barnets utveckling ochom så, hur. I kunskaps- och forskningsbakgrunden beskrivs litteratur som behandlar ämnetsamt tidigare forskning som gjorts om barnlitteraturens funktion. Resultatet av minundersökning visar att pedagogerna har många tankar om litteraturens betydelse iverksamheten. Att användning av litteratur kan bidra till språkutveckling, öka den empatiskaförmågan och främja fantasin var tankar pedagogerna gav uttryck för. Ett vanligtförekommande syfte med att läsa för barnen var att samla dem och få dem lugna ochavslappnade efter lunch. Att omsätta den kunskap och vilja pedagogerna hade kringhögläsning och barnlitteratur upplevdes som en svårighet då tiden ofta inte räckte till för attdet skulle kunna bli en så meningsfull aktivitet som möjligt.</p>

AbstractReading books to children is often an integral part in preschool activities. The purpose of thisstudy is to investigate how educators think about the educational function of literature inpreschool activities. I have in my study used qualitative interviews with active educators andobservations to answer my questions about why the educator reads to the children, how theeducator thinks about the choice of literature and if the literature can contribute to thechildrens development and if so, how. The knowledge- and research background presentsliterature and previous research done on the subject. The results of my study shows that theeducators have many thoughts about the importance of literature in preschool. The educatorsconsider that the use of literature can contribute to the childrens language development,improve empathic ability and encourage imagination. A common view of the use of literaturewas also to gather the children to get them calm and relaxed after lunch. The educatorsexpressed that the lack of time was a problem to make the use of literature to such ameaningful activity that it could be. / SammandragAtt läsa böcker för barnen är ofta en självklar del i förskolans verksamhet. Syftet med dettaarbete är att undersöka hur pedagoger tänker kring barnlitteraturens pedagogiska funktion iförskolans verksamhet. Jag har i min undersökning använt mig av kvalitativa intervjuer medverksamma pedagoger samt observationer för att få svar på mina frågeställningar som handlarom varför pedagogen läser för barnen, hur pedagogen resonerar kring valet av litteratur iverksamheten samt om pedagogen anser att litteraturen kan bidra till barnets utveckling ochom så, hur. I kunskaps- och forskningsbakgrunden beskrivs litteratur som behandlar ämnetsamt tidigare forskning som gjorts om barnlitteraturens funktion. Resultatet av minundersökning visar att pedagogerna har många tankar om litteraturens betydelse iverksamheten. Att användning av litteratur kan bidra till språkutveckling, öka den empatiskaförmågan och främja fantasin var tankar pedagogerna gav uttryck för. Ett vanligtförekommande syfte med att läsa för barnen var att samla dem och få dem lugna ochavslappnade efter lunch. Att omsätta den kunskap och vilja pedagogerna hade kringhögläsning och barnlitteratur upplevdes som en svårighet då tiden ofta inte räckte till för attdet skulle kunna bli en så meningsfull aktivitet som möjligt.

Esta tese propõe uma abordagem do livro ilustrado (em geral associado ao público infanto-juvenil) que considera as diferentes modalidades de relação entre a imagem e o texto verbal, bem como sua conexão indissociável com o suporte. O livro ilustrado é entendido como objeto estético, polissêmico, capaz de convocar a capacidade sensível do leitor, expandindo tanto sua noção de si como sua visão de mundo. Busca-se problematizar a especificidade desse gênero literário por meio da imbricação de categorias como as de visibilidade e legibilidade, pensadas a partir da reflexão de Vilém Flusser sobre o conflito entre a imagem e a palavra escrita ao longo do tempo. Discute-se também a linguagem do livro ilustrado à luz do pensamento de Giorgio Agamben e Gilles Deleuze, que preferem a noção de intensidade em vez de etapa cronológica para compreender a infância. O livro ilustrado é considerado um devir-criança (ou devir-outro) do autor e/ou ilustrador capaz de desestabilizar o leitor, fazendo aflorar sensações que reconfiguram modos de sentir e estar no mundo / This thesis proposes an approach to the picture book (that is usually associated with young readers) which considers the different modalities of relationship between the image and the written text as well as their non-dissociable connection with the support itself. The picture book is understood as an aesthetic and polysemic object that is able to engage the readers capacity for sensation, expanding his or her notion of self and worldview. There is an intention to problematize the specificity of this literary genre through the imbrication of categories such as visibility and legibility and Vilém Flussers reflection on the conflict between the image and the written word throughout time. This thesis also presents a discussion about the picture books way of communicating in light of the thinking of Giorgio Agamben and Gilles Deleuze, both of whom prefer the notion of intensity instead of chronological stage in order to comprehend childhood. The picture book is considered a process of becoming-child (or becoming-other) of the author and/or illustrator, which can destabilize the reader, making sensations surface and reshaping modes of feeling and being in the world