Objetivo: Investigar a presença de alterações (deleção e/ou duplicação) na região 22q11 em indivíduos até 02 anos de idade com fissura de palato, com o intuito de realizar diagnóstico precoce da síndrome da deleção 22q11 (SD22q11). Local: Laboratório de Genética e Citogenética Humana, HRAC/USP, Bauru-SP. Casuística e metodologia: Foram selecionados 55 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade até 2 anos e com fissura de palato, cadastrados e em tratamento no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais/USP. Todos os indivíduos foram analisados utilizando citogenética convencional por bandamento G e pela técnica de MLPA. Resultados e discussão: Foram analisados 55 indivíduos, dos quais 46 apresentaram fissura de palato isolada, 6 apresentaram fissura de palato e cardiopatia, 1 fissura de palato e atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, 1 caso apresentou fissura de palato submucosa e 1 caso com fissura de palato submucosa e atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Não foram observadas anomalias cromossômicas numéricas ou estruturais por meio da análise citogenética. Embora não tenhamos encontrado nenhuma alteração, a análise citogenética inicial foi importante para detectar possíveis alterações em outras regiões cromossômicas que pudessem resultar em um fenótipo semelhante ao da SD22q11. Também não foram detectadas deleção ou duplicação na região 22q11 pela técnica de MLPA, a qual se mostrou um método rápido, sensível, eficaz e com um custo relativamente baixo em comparação a outras técnicas, para a investigação de alterações na região 22q11. Nossos resultados, associados aos da literatura, demonstram que a prevalência da deleção 22q11 nos casos de fissura de palato isolada é muito baixa. Mesmo sendo considerada como sugestiva da SD22q11, não detectamos nenhuma alteração na região 22q11 nos 6 indivíduos com cardiopatia. Somente foi possível identificar atraso no desenvolvimento em 2 indivíduos, ambos com dois anos de idade. Isso demonstra a dificuldade de realizar diagnóstico em idade precoce. Conclusão: O teste de rotina para investigação da deleção/duplicação da região 22q11 não se justifica em crianças com idade até dois anos que apresentam fissura de palato como principal achado clínico. Esses indivíduos devem ter um acompanhamento clínico criterioso, porque um comprometimento comportamental ou mental, bem como as características dismórficas da SD22q11 podem evoluir com o tempo. Devido ao tamanho relativamente pequeno desse estudo, e os dados inconsistentes da literatura atual, mais estudos são necessários para estabelecer critérios para indicação da rotina de investigação de deleção/duplicação 22q11 em indivíduos com anomalias palatinas. / Purpose: To investigate alterations (deletions/duplications) in the 22q11 region in individuals with cleft palate aged 0-2 years, in order to perform early diagnosis of 22q11 deletion syndrome (SD22q11). Local: Genetics and Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, HRAC/USP, Bauru-SP. Methods: We selected 55 individuals with cleft palate, both genders, registered and in treatment at Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais/USP. All individuals were investigated by cytogenetics and MLPA techniques. Results and Discussion: 46 out of 55 individuals, presented isolated cleft palate, 6 cleft palate and heart malformations, 1 cleft palate and developmental delay, 1 submucous cleft, and 1 submucous cleft and developmental delay. G karyotype did not show any chromosomal abnormalities. Although we did not detect any alterations, the initial cytogenetics analysis was important to exclude alteration in other chromosomal region that could result in a similar phenotype. Deletion or duplication in 22q11 region by MLPA was not detected, which shown to be a rapid, sensitive, and low cost method in comparison with other methods to investigate 22q11 region. Results, associated with the literature, have shown that the prevalence of the 22q11 alteration is very low in cleft palate. The presence of heart malformation is suggestive of 22q11DS. Besides, there were no alterations in 22q11 region in 6 patients with cleft palate and heart malformations. We were able to identify developmental delay in only 2 individual, both aged 2 years which demonstrates the difficulty of making early diagnosis. Conclusion: There is no justification for routine screening for 22q11 region deletion/duplication in children aged 0-2 years with cleft palate as main feature. These individuals should be carefully followed because behavioral or mentalimpairments as well as dysmorphic features characteristic of 22q11DS may evolve with time.

Este trabalho é uma contribuição para um maior conhecimento da fauna através do inventário de Squamata e do estudo cromossômico de algumas espécies do continente e ilhas do Município de Cananéia, litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo. Ilhas estudadas: Ilha do Bom Abrigo, Ilha de Cananéia e Ilha do Cardoso. A amostragem de fauna de Squamata foi efetuada através de um gradiente altitudinal do nível do mar até cerca de 300 m, durante 30 meses, outubro de 2003 a abril de 2006. Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos de amostragem: procura limitada por tempo, coleta em estrada, coleta de terceiros, armadilhas de interceptação e queda. No continente e nas ilhas foram coletadas 25 espécies de serpentes, sete espécies de lagartos e uma espécie de anfisbena. Pesquisas em coleções herpetológicas e em trabalhos científicos acrescentaram oito espécies de serpentes e uma espécie de lagarto. O Município de Cananéia portanto tem como inventário geral a listagem de 33 espécies de serpentes, oito espécies de lagartos e uma espécie de anfisbena. Listas de espécies são apresentadas para cada ilha: Ilha do Bom Abrigo com duas espécies de serpentes e uma espécie de lagarto; Ilha de Cananéia, com 20 espécies de serpentes, três de lagartos e uma de anfisbena; Ilha do Cardoso, com 22 espécies de serpentes, seis de lagartos e uma de anfisbena. No Município de Cananéia, em todas as áreas estudadas, as serpentes Liophis miliaris e Bothrops jararacussu e o lagarto Enyalius iheringii apresentaram um maior número de indivíduos coletados. Nas coletas da Ilha de Cananéia as espécies de serpentes mais comuns foram Liophis miliaris e Sibynomorphus neuwiedi e a espécie de lagarto Hemidactylus mabouia. As espécies mais comuns na Ilha do Cardoso foram as serpentes Bothrops jararacussu e Spilotes pullatus e o lagarto Enyalius iheringii. Nenhuma das curvas de rarefação feitas para os métodos de amostragem atingiram a assíntota. Os estudos cromossômicos, em coloração convencional, foram feitos em cinco espécies de lagartos e uma espécie de anfisbena. Os cariótipos das espécies Colobodactylus taunayi e Diploglossus fasciatus foram descritos pela primeira vez. Os cariótipos descritos para espécies em populações de ilhas não apresentaram diferenças no número e na morfologia dos cromossomos em relação às espécies de populações do continente. / This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the fauna inventory and of the chromosomes of snake, lizard, and amphisbaenian species of continental and insular areas of Cananéia, the southern littoral of the state of São Paulo. Three islands were studied: Bom Abrigo, Cananéia, and Cardoso. Sampling of Squamata fauna was carried out for altitudes from sea level up to about 300 meters from October 2003 to April 2006. Sampling methods used: time limited search, road samplings, population donations, and pit falls. Both on the continent and the islands, 25 snake, 7 lizard, and one amphisbaenian species were collected. Herpetological collections and the scientific literature were surveyed and contributed with eight more snake and one lizard species. Both continental Cananéia and the islands had a general inventory of 33 snake, 8 lizard and one amphisbaenian species. A general species list was drawn up as well as one for each of the three islands studied: Bom Abrigo with two snake and one lizard species; Cananéia Island with 20 snake, three lizard and one amphisbaenian species and Cardoso with 22 snake , 6 lizard and one amphisbaenian species. In the studied areas, the most common snake species were Liophis miliaris and Bothrops jararacussu and the most common lizard species was Enyalius iheringii. On the island of Cananéia, Liophis miliaris and Sybinomorphus neuwiedi were the most sampled snake species and Hemidactylus mabouia, the most sampled lizard species. Bothrops jararacussu and Spilotes pullatus and the lizard Enyalius iheringii were the most commonly collected on Cardoso Island. The rarefaction curves for the methods used for our samples did not reach an asymptote. Chromosomal studies on five lizard species and one amphisbaenian species were carried out. Conventional staining was used in the cytological preparations. The karyotypes for the species Colobodactylus taunayi and Diploglossus fasciatus were described for the first time. There are no differences in the karyotype descriptions in the number and morphology of the chromosomes for the continental and island populations studied.

Orientadores: Andréa Trevas Maciel-Guerra, Vera Lúcia Gil da Silva Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T23:41:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Latuf_JulianadePaulo_M.pdf: 2398402 bytes, checksum: cbd1c5c98ab12541607b0be2b5ca8120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Quadros de ambiguidade genital e esterilidade com cariótipo 46,XY podem ser devidos a mosaico com linhagem 45,X não detectável no cariótipo em linfócitos de sangue periférico. Quando essa linhagem não é detectada, esses indivíduos deixam de ser investigados em relação a uma série de problemas clínicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a hibridação in situ com fluorescência (FISH) em células de mucosa oral poderia ser empregada para detectar criptomosaicismo com linhagem 45,X em indivíduos com cariótipo 46,XY. A casuística foi composta por 19 homens saudáveis com idades entre 20 e 30 anos e cinco pacientes com distúrbios da diferenciação do sexo (DDS) com idades entre 5 e 23 anos, quatro com mosaico 45,X/46,XY e um com disgenesia testicular 46,XY associada a déficit de crescimento. Após confirmar que os jovens saudáveis tinham cariótipo 46,XY em 50 metáfases de linfócitos de sangue periférico, foi realizada análise por FISH com sondas específicas para os cromossomos X e Y em 1.000 núcleos interfásicos de linfócitos de sangue periférico e 1.000 de mucosa oral, seguida de comparação da proporção de núcleos contendo apenas o sinal do cromossomo X nos dois tecidos. A mesma análise foi feita nos cinco pacientes com DDS. A distribuição da proporção dos núcleos interfásicos de linfócitos e mucosa oral contendo apenas o sinal do X nos jovens saudáveis foi compatível com a distribuição normal, e número superior a 12:1.000 em linfócitos e 13:1.000 em mucosa oral devem ser considerados indicativos de mosaicismo em nosso laboratório. A frequência desses núcleos nos dois tecidos não diferiu significativamente (p=0,6855). Nos cinco pacientes com DDS a frequência de núcleos contendo apenas o sinal do X diferiu significativamente da observada em indivíduos normais em linfócitos (p=0,0008) e mucosa oral (p=0,0008). No paciente com cariótipo prévio 46,XY a linhagem 45,X foi confirmada por FISH em metáfases, e em um dos casos de mosaicismo foram detectadas linhagens celulares adicionais. Também não houve diferença significativa entre a frequência de núcleos contendo apenas o sinal do X nos dois tecidos desses pacientes (p=0,3750). Estes resultados indicam que a pesquisa de mosaicismo com linhagem 45,X em indivíduos com DDS ou esterilidade e cariótipo 46,XY pode ser feita por meio de FISH em mucosa oral, com vantagens evidentes em termos de custo e rapidez, além de ser feita a partir de tecido obtido de modo não invasivo / Abstract: Ambiguous genitalia and sterility with a 46,XY karyotype may be due to mosaicism with a 45, X karyotype not detectable in peripheral blood lymphocytes. When this cell line is not detected, these individuals fail to be investigated over a range of clinical problems. This study aimed to verify whether fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in cells from buccal smear could be employed to detect cryptomosaicism with a 45,X cell line in individuals with a 46,XY karyotype. The sample consisted of 19 healthy men aged 20 to 30 years and five patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) aged 5 to 23 years, four with mosaicism 45,X/46,XY and one with testicular dysgenesis 46, XY associated with growth deficiency. After confirming that the healthy young men had a 46,XY karyotype in 50 metaphases from peripheral blood lymphocytes, FISH analysis with probes specific for chromosomes X and Y was done in 1,000 nuclei from peripheral blood lymphocytes and 1,000 from buccal smear, followed by comparison of the proportion of nuclei containing only the signal of the X chromosome in these tissues. The same analysis was performed in five patients with DDS. The distribution of the proportion of interphase nuclei of lymphocytes and buccal smear containing only the X signal in healthy young was consistent with normal distribution; a number greater than 12:1,000 in lymphocytes and 13:1,000 in buccal smear should be considered indicative of mosaicism in our laboratory. The frequency of these nuclei in both tissues did not differ significantly (p = 0.6855). In patients with DDS the frequency of nuclei containing only the X signal differed significantly from that observed in normal individuals both in lymphocytes (p = 0.0008) and buccal smear (p = 0.0008). In the patient with a prior 46,XY karyotype, a 45,X cell line was confirmed by FISH in metaphases, and in one case of mosaicism additional cell lines were detected. There was also no significant difference between the frequency of nuclei containing only the X signal in the two tissues of these patients (p = 0.3750). These results indicate that investigation of mosaicism with 45,X cell line in individuals with 46,XY DSD or sterility can be done by FISH in cells from buccal smear, with obvious advantages in terms of cost and speed, using a tissue obtained noninvasively / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestra em Ciências Médicas

La mitose assure la répartition égale du génome. La kinase mitotique Aurora B y joue un rôle majeur en contrôlant la fidélité de la ségrégation des chromosomes de par sa localisation aux centromères et aux microtubules, qui nécessite son ubiquitination par CUL3. Cependant, le mécanisme conduisant la forme ubiquitinée d’Aurora B sur ces structures mitotiques reste à déterminer. Dans ce contexte, j’ai pu identifier la protéine UBASH3B, qui contient un domaine de liaison à l’ubiquitine (UBD) comme un régulateur essentiel de la ségrégation chromosomique, agissant comme un récepteur de l’ubiquitine pour Aurora B. UBASH3B interagit directement avec Aurora B et cette interaction est dépendante de la modification d’Aurora B par l’ubiquitine ainsi que de CUL3. UBASH3B ne régule pas le niveau d’expression d’Aurora B. En revanche, UBASH3B se localise aux fuseaux mitotiques et est à la fois nécessaire et suffisant pour transférer Aurora B aux microtubules. De plus, la redistribution d’Aurora B des centromères vers les microtubules contrôle le déroulement et la fidélité de la ségrégation des chromosomes et donc le contenu correct du matériel génétique des cellules. Ainsi, mes résultats expliquent comment la modification par l’ubiquitine régule la localisation et la fonction d’Aurora B, reliant une voie de signalisation impliquant un récepteur à l’ubiquitine à la mitose. / Mitosis ensures equal segregation of the genome. The major mitotic kinase Aurora B controls fidelity of chromosome segregation by its localization to centromeres and microtubules, which requires CUL3-mediated ubiquitylation. However, it remains unknown how ubiquitylated Aurora B is targeted to mitotic structures. Here, I identify ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) protein UBASH3B that critically regulates chromosome segregation, acting as ubiquitin receptor for Aurora B. UBASH3B directly binds Aurora B, and this interaction is dependent on CUL3 and on ubiquitin recognition. UBASH3B does not regulate protein levels of Aurora B. Instead, UBASH3B localizes to the mitotic spindle and is both required and sufficient to transfer Aurora B to microtubules. Moreover, redistribution of Aurora B from centromeres to microtubules controls timing and fidelity of chromosome segregation and thereby euploidy of cells. Thus, my findings explain how ubiquitin attachment regulates localization and function of Aurora B, linking receptor-mediated ubiquitin signaling to mitosis.

Escherichia coli, comme la majorité des bactéries, possède un unique chromosome circulaire. Au moins une copie du chromosome doit être transmise à chacune des cellules filles avant la division cellulaire afin d'assurer une prolifération cellulaire correcte. Une couplage spatio-temporel précis de la ségrégation avec la division cellulaire est donc nécessaire pour assurer la bonne répartition des deux chromosomes après réplication. La région terminale du chromosome (ter) est la dernière à être répliquée et ségrégée, et migre du pôle vers le centre de la cellule au moment de la mise en place du septum de division, à la fin du cycle cellulaire. Les loci de la région ter présentent une période de cohésion post-réplicative étendue. Cette cohésion étendue est contrôlée par la protéine MatP, qui se fixe spécifiquement au niveau des sites matS, présents uniquement dans ter. MatP se fixe à l'ADN sous forme de dimère, via son domaine N-terminal, et tétramérise via son domaine C-terminal. La tétramérisation est stimulée par la liaison à l'ADN et permet le pontage de deux sites matS distants. MatP interagit aussi avec ZapB, un composant du divisome, la machinerie protéique participant à la formation du septum. Alors que la tétramérisation de MatP semble importante pour la compaction de la région ter, son interaction avec ZapB, qui est localisée au septum via ZapA et FtsZ, participe au positionnement et à la cohésion étendue de cette région. Le couplage de la région ter avec le divisome est essentiel pour le bon déroulement de nombreux évènements tardifs du cycle cellulaire : (i) la ségrégation active, ordonnée et progressive de la région ter par FtsK, un composant du divisome, (ii) la résolution des dimères de chromosomes via la recombinaison spécifique de site XerCD/dif, activée par FtsK, (iii) la résolution des liens d'intercaténation par la TopoIV et (iv) la régulation positive de l'assemblage du divisome en absence des régulateurs négatifs MinCDE et SlmA. Pendant ma thèse, je me suis tout d'abord intéressée au rôle de MatP dans la structuration globale du chromosome. En utilisant un système permettant de visualiser deux loci marqués avec un site parSp1 et un site parSpMT1, reconnu par ParBp1 et ParBpMT1 spécifiquement, nous avons analysé le positionnement et l'orientation du chromosome dans la cellule. Nous avons montré que MatP est nécessaire au positionnement et à l'orientation de tout le chromosome à la fin du cycle cellulaire. La localisation de SlmA dans des souches wt et DeltamatP prouve que l'inactivation de MatP, induisant une mauvais positionnement du chromosome, s'accompagne d'une défaut de localisation de SlmA, et induit donc une inhibition de la division. Ces résultats pris ensemble montre que MatP, SlmA et leur communication à travers la structuration globale du chromosome sont importants pour le management du chromosome et le contrôle de la division cellulaire. En collaboration avec l'équipe d'Olivier Espeli, nous avons utilisé des méthodes de génomiques et de biologie moléculaire pour caractériser la régulation de la TopoIV au cours du cycle cellulaire d'E. coli. Nous avons montré qu'au site dif, les activités de fixation et de clivage de la TopoIV sont améliorées par la présence des recombinases XerCD et de MatP. L'amélioration de l'activité de la TopoIV favorise la décaténation des chromosomes nouvellement répliqués et assure, en lien avec d'autres processus, la séparation précise des chromosomes frères. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre le réseau d'interactions dédiées au management du chromosome à la fin du cycle cellulaire, et l'influence du management du chromosome sur le contrôle de la division cellulaire. / Escherichia coli, as the majority of bacteria, has a unique circular chromosome. Faithfull cell proliferation requires that a least one copy of the chromosome is transmitted to sister cells prior to cell division. A strict temporal and spatial coupling of chromosome segregation with cell division is thus required to ensure the accurate separation of the two fully replicated chromosomes. The terminal region of the chromosome (ter) is the last one to be replicated and segregated, and moves from the pole to the middle of the cell where the division septum is formed, at the end of the cell cycle. Loci of the ter region display an extended cohesion period. This extended cohesion is controlled by the MatP protein, which binds specific matS sites restricted to the ter region. MatP binds DNA as a dimer and forms tetramers via its N-terminal and C-terminal domains respectively. Tetramerisation is stimulated by binding to DNA and pairs remote matS sites. MatP also interacts with ZapB, a component of the divisome, the protein machinery that contributes to septum formation. While tetramerisation of MatP appears important for compacting the ter region, its interaction with ZapB, which is localized at the septum via ZapA and FtsZ, is involved in the positioning and the extended cohesion of this region. The linkage of the ter region with the divisome is required for the success of many later events of the cell cycle : (i) the active, ordered and progressive segregation of the ter region by FtsK, a component of the divisome, (ii) resolution of chromosome dimers via the site-specifique recombination XerCD/dif, activated by FtsK, (iii) the resolution of intercatenation links by TopoIV and (iv) the positive regulation of divisome assembly in the absence of the negative regulators MinCDE and SlmA. During my thesis, I first studied the role of MatP in the chromosome management. By using pairs of loci tagged with parSp1 and parSpMT1 sites recognized by cognate ParB-XFP proteins, we directly analysed chromosome positioning and orientation in the cell. We show that MatP is required for normal positioning and orientation of the whole chromosome at the end of the cell cycle. The localisation of SlmA in wt and Delta matP strains proves that inactivation of MatP leads to inaccuracy of nucleoid positioning accompanied by defects in SlmA localisation, and thus induces division inhibition. Take together, these results show that MatP, SlmA and their interplay are important for chromosome management and control of cell division in E. coli. In collaboration with O. Espeli's team, we have used genomic and molecular biology methods to characterize TopoIV regulation during the E. coli cell cycle. We show that at the dif site, TopoIV binging and cleavage are enhanced by the presence of the XerCD recombinases and MatP. This enhancement of TopoIV activity at dif promotes decatenation of fully replicated chromosomes and ensure, through interaction with other processes, accurate separation of sister chromosomes. These results provide insight into the protein network dedicated to the final step of chromosome management during the cell cycle, and how the chromosome management is linked to cell division.

This thesis is focused on determining the sex of the Long-eared Owl (Asio otus). Bird feathers were used during determination that were taken from owl`s back while capturing and ringing. We have attempted to differentiate the sex of captured Long-eared Owl by DNA isolation from blood platelets in the bird quail and subsequent PCR reaction. This thesis also describes the PCR method, which is one of the most used methods in the todays laboratories of many different field of science. I also mention the individual components that are needed for the process of this reaction, its history and its individual steps. Part of my diploma thesis is also the characteristic of the tested order and possible gender division based on morphological features. On this basis, there is also mention of the sexual dimorphism of birds, their plumage and its subsequent coloring. At birds and also at other animals are used different techniques of molecular determination of sex, which I also refer to in my work. Keywords Long-eared Owl (Asio otus), sex, chromosomes, feathers, colour, PCR, DNA

L'analyse de l'organisation à grande échelle des chromosomes, par des approches d'imagerie et de biologie moléculaire, constitue un enjeu important de la biologie. Il est maintenant établi que l'organisation structurelle du génome est un facteur déterminant dans tous les aspects des " transactions " génomiques: transcription, recombinaison, réplication et réparation de l'ADN. Bien que plusieurs modèles aient été proposés pour décrire l'arrangement spatial des chromosomes, les principes physiques qui sous-tendent l'organisation et la dynamique de la chromatine dans le noyau sont encore largement débattus. Le noyau est le compartiment de la cellule dans lequel l'ADN chromosomique est confiné. Cependant, la mesure quantitative de l'influence de la structure nucléaire sur l'organisation du génome est délicate, principalement du fait d'un manque d'outils pour déterminer précisément la taille et la forme du noyau. Cette thèse est organisée en deux parties: le premier axe de mon projet était d'étudier la dynamique et les propriétés physiques de la chromatine dans le noyau de la levure S. cerevisiae. Le deuxième axe visait à développer des techniques pour détecter et quantifier la forme et la taille du noyau avec une grande précision. Dans les cellules de levure en croissance exponentielle, j'ai étudié la dynamique et les propriétés physiques de la chromatine de deux régions génomiques distinctes: les régions codant les ARN ribosomiques regroupés au sein d'un domaine nucléaire, le nucléole, et la chromatine du nucléoplasme. Le mouvement de la chromatine nucléoplasmique peut être modélisé par une dynamique dite de " Rouse ". La dynamique de la chromatine nucléolaire est très différente et son déplacement caractérisé par une loi de puissance d'exposant ~ 0,7. En outre, nous avons comparé le changement de la dynamique de la chromatine nucléoplasmique dans une souche sauvage et une souche porteuse d'un allèle sensible à la température (ts) permettant une inactivation conditionnelle de la transcription par l'ARN polymérase II. Les mouvements chromatiniens sont beaucoup plus importants après inactivation transcriptionnelle que dans la souche témoin. Cependant, les mouvements de la chromatine restent caractérisés par une dynamique dite de " Rouse ". Nous proposons donc un modèle biophysique prenant en compte ces résultats : le modèle de polymère dit "branched-Rouse". Dans la deuxième partie, j'ai développé "NucQuant", une méthode d'analyse d'image permettant la localisation automatique de la position de l'enveloppe nucléaire du noyau de levures. Cet algorithme comprend une correction post-acquisition de l'erreur de mesure due à l'aberration sphérique le long de l'axe Z. "NucQuant" peut être utilisée pour déterminer la géométrie nucléaire dans de grandes populations cellulaires. En combinant " NucQuant " à la technologie microfluidique, nous avons pu estimer avec précision la forme et la taille des noyaux en trois dimensions (3D) au cours du cycle cellulaire. "NucQuant" a également été utilisé pour détecter la distribution des regroupements locaux de complexes de pore nucléaire (NPCs) dans des conditions différentes, et a révélé leur répartition non homogène le long de l'enveloppe nucléaire. En particulier, nous avons pu montrer une distribution particulière sur la région de l'enveloppe en contact avec le nucléole. En conclusion, nous avons étudié les propriétés biophysiques de la chromatine, et proposé un modèle dit "branched Rouse-polymer" pour rendre compte de ces propriétés. De plus, nous avons développé "NucQuant", un algorithme d'analyse d'image permettant de faciliter l'étude de la forme et la taille nucléaire. Ces deux travaux combinés vont permettre l'étude des liens entre la géométrie du noyau et la dynamique de la chromatine. / Chromosome high-order architecture has been increasingly studied over the last decade thanks to technological breakthroughs in imaging and in molecular biology. It is now established that structural organization of the genome is a key determinant in all aspects of genomic transactions. Although several models have been proposed to describe the folding of chromosomes, the physical principles governing their organization are still largely debated. Nucleus is the cell’s compartment in which chromosomal DNA is confined. Geometrical constrains imposed by nuclear confinement are expected to affect high-order chromatin structure. However, the quantitative measurement of the influence of the nuclear structure on the genome organization is unknown, mostly because accurate nuclear shape and size determination is technically challenging. This thesis was organized along two axes: the first aim of my project was to study the dynamics and physical properties of chromatin in the S. cerevisiae yeast nucleus. The second objective I had was to develop techniques to detect and analyze the nuclear 3D geomtry with high accuracy. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is the repetitive sequences which clustered in the nucleolus in budding yeast cells. First, I studied the dynamics of non-rDNA and rDNA in exponentially growing yeast cells. The motion of the non-rDNA could be modeled as a two-regime Rouse model. The dynamics of rDNA was very different and could be fitted well with a power law of scaling exponent ~0.7. Furthermore, we compared the dynamics change of non-rDNA in WT strains and temperature sensitive (TS) strains before and after global transcription was actived. The fluctuations of non-rDNA genes after transcriptional inactivation were much higher than in the control strain. The motion of the chromatin was still consistent with the Rouse model. We propose that the chromatin in living cells is best modeled using an alternative Rouse model: the “branched Rouse polymer”. Second, we developed “NucQuant”, an automated fluorescent localization method which accurately interpolates the nuclear envelope (NE) position in a large cell population. This algorithm includes a post-acquisition correction of the measurement bias due to spherical aberration along Z-axis. “NucQuant” can be used to determine the nuclear geometry under different conditions. Combined with microfluidic technology, I could accurately estimate the shape and size of the nuclei in 3D along entire cell cycle. “NucQuant” was also utilized to detect the distribution of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) clusters under different conditions, and revealed their non-homogeneous distribution. Upon reduction of the nucleolar volume, NPCs are concentrated in the NE flanking the nucleolus, suggesting a physical link between NPCs and the nucleolar content. In conclusion, we have further explored the biophysical properties of the chromatin, and proposed that chromatin in the nucleoplasm can be modeled as "branched Rouse polymers". Moreover, we have developed “NucQuant”, a set of computational tools to facilitate the study of the nuclear shape and size. Further analysis will be required to reveal the links between the nucleus geometry and the chromatin dynamics.

Les chromosomes sexuels subissent pendant la spermatogenèse de multiples modifications qui entrainent d’importantes variations dans le niveau d’expression des gènes qu’ils portent. Notamment, ils sont inactivés au cours de la méiose et la majorité reste réprimé tout au long de la spermiogenèse. Cette étude met en évidence l’existence de transcrits alternatifs particuliers de gènes sur le chromosome X et Y, dont les profils d’expressions témoignent de leur rôle au cours de ces deux phases de la spermatogenèse. Sur le chromosome X nous avons isolé, chez l’homme et chez la souris, trois gènes ubiquitaires (Uba1x, Prdx4, Atp11c) réactivés dans les spermatides via un transcrit alternatif exprimé de façon majoritaire dans les testicules. Le gène Prdx4 code, pour deux isoformes de protéines différentes par leur domaine N-terminal. Nous avons mis au point des anticorps spécifiques de chaque isoforme et nous avons démontré que, chez la souris, le transcrit réactivé est traduit dans les spermatides et produit une protéine dans un compartiment cellulaire distinct de l’autre isofome ubiquitaire. Un total de cinq mutations, affectant ces transcrits exprimés dans les spermatides, ont été retrouvées dans les gènes UBA1X et PRDX4 chez des hommes infertiles. Sur le chromosome Y chez la souris, nous avons étudié les gènes Zfy1 et Zfy2, deux homologues testicules spécifiques codant pour des protéines à doigt de zinc avec un long domaine d’activation. Zfy2, mais pas Zfy1, promeut l’élimination apoptotique des spermatocytes contenant un chromosome X univalent. Nous avons identifié un transcrit alternatif du gène testicule spécifique Zfy1 exprimé dans les spermatocytes et les spermatides. La protéine putative issue de ce transcrit, possédant un domaine acidique réduit de moitié qui pourrait être à l’origine des différences fonctionnelles entre les gènes homologues Zfy1 et Zfy2 au cours de la méiose murine. Chez l’homme, l’orthologue de ces gènes ZFY est ubiquitaire et nous avons montré qu’il produisait un transcrit alternatif testicule spécifique, codant une protéine avec le même domaine acidique raccourci que Zfy1. Nos données indiquent que ce transcrit alternatif est prédominant dans les spermatocytes et les spermatides chez l’homme et chez la souris. Ces résultats apportent la première évidence d’une fonction du gène ZFY au cours de la spermatogenèse chez l’homme et de son implication possible dans la fertilité masculine. / Sex chromosomes undergo many modifications during spermatogenesis, leading to dramatic variations in the expression levels of their genes. In particular, they are inactivated during meiosis with most genes remain silent throughout spermiogenesis. Our study describes specific alternative transcripts produced by X and Y chromosome genes, whose expression indicates roles in early spermatocytes (meiosis) and in spermatids (spermiogenesis). On the X chromosome, we have shown that three widely transcribed genes, Uba1x, Prdx4, and Atp11c, are reactivated in mouse and human spermatids via an alternative transcript that is expressed mainly in the testis. The Prdx4 gene codes two isoforms of the peroxiredoxin 4 that differ in their N-terminal domain. We have raised antibodies specific for each PRDX4 isoform and demonstrate, in mouse, that the reactivated transcript is translated in spermatids, producing a protein in a distinct cellular compartment from the ubiquitous isoform. Altogether, five mutations, affecting the spermatid-reactivated transcripts uniquely, of UBA1x and PRDX4, have been found specifically in our group of infertile men. On the mouse Y chromosome, we have studied Zfy1 and Zfy2, nearly identical testis specific zinc finger genes with long acidic (activation) domains. Zfy2, but not Zfy1, promotes the apoptotic elimination of spermatocytes with an unpaired X chromosome. We have identified an alternatively spliced transcript of Zfy1 that lacks half the acidic domain, and could explain the functional difference between Zfy1 and Zfy2. In human, the ZFY gene is widely transcribed, but we show that ZFY produces a testis specific variant transcript, encoding the same short acidic domain as Zfy1. Our data indicate that the alternative transcripts predominate in spermatocytes and spermatids, in both human and mouse. This provides the first evidence that human ZFY may play a conserved role during spermatogenesis, and contribute to human male fertility.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-28T21:50:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Jessica_Coelho_Valerianoatual.pdf: 1739335 bytes, checksum: 6ad29bd975f2995c8c9a68ceee755a5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T21:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Jessica_Coelho_Valerianoatual.pdf: 1739335 bytes, checksum: 6ad29bd975f2995c8c9a68ceee755a5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. and Pseudobombax simplicifolium A. Robins are species widely distributed in the Brazilian semiarid. The pressure on the genetic resources from Caatinga biome, mainly medicinal and for wood, caused by subsistence or commercial use, leads to reduce genetic variability of these species. Based on that, the cytogenetic and the tissue culture can support the characterization and propagation strategies of their populations. The research goals of this study were evaluate growth regulators and culture media effects on the establishment and in vitro micropropagation for the species, and the use of fluorochromes CMA3/DAPI in the cytogenetic characterization of P. simplicifolium. For P. simplicifolium it was evaluated different DKW ingredient concentration, added or not activated charcoal and different concentration of BAP and IBA on the establishment and in vitro multiplication of the species. For S. brasiliensis, it was evaluated the micropropagation media DKW and WPM (with different concentration of BAP and IBA) and the use of activated charcoal and polyvinylpyrrolidone to reduce the oxidation during establishment of in vitro cultivation of the species. In S. brasiliensis, the addition of BAP in the micropropagation media did not promote in vitro multiplication of the species. In P. simplicifolium, the results obtained for variables studied varied depending on the regulators concentrations and among genotypes. Concentrations above 4.92 and 6.64 ?M.L-1 AIB inhibited the multiplication in vitro in both species. The double staining CMA3/DAPI allowed the visualization of 2n = 84 chromosomes and different numbers of CMA+ blocks in the genotypes of P. simplicifolium. / As esp?cies Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. e Pseudocombax simplicifolium A. Robins encontram-se amplamente distribu?das no semi?rido brasileiro. A press?o sobre os recursos gen?ticos do bioma caatinga, principalmente, medicinal e madeireiro, seja devido ao uso para subsist?ncia ou comercial, tem levado ? perda da variabilidade gen?tica destas esp?cies. Em vista a isto, a cultura de tecidos e a citogen?tica podem auxiliar nas estrat?gias de caracteriza??o e propaga??o de suas popula??es. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de reguladores de crescimento e meios de cultura no estabelecimento e multiplica??o in vitro das duas esp?cies, bem como o uso dos fluorocromos CMA3/DAPI na caracteriza??o citogen?tica do imbiru?u. Em P. simplicifolium, avaliou-se diferentes concentra??es dos sais DKW, acrescidos ou n?o com carv?o ativado e diferentes concentra??es de BAP e AIB no estabelecimento e multiplica??o da esp?cie. Em S. brasiliensis, avaliou-se os meios DKW e WPM e o uso do carv?o ativado e da polivinilpirrolidona na redu??o da oxida??o, e o efeito de diferentes concentra??es de BAP e AIB no meio WPM no estabelecimento do cultivo in vitro da esp?cie. Em S. brasiliensis, a adi??o de BAP ao meio de cultura n?o favoreceu a multiplica??o in vitro da esp?cie. Em P. simplicifolium as respostas para as vari?veis estudadas variaram em fun??o das concentra??es dos reguladores e entre os gen?tipos da esp?cie. Concentra??es acima de 4,92 e 6,64 ?M.L-1 de AIB inibiram a multiplica??o in vitro em ambas esp?cies. A dupla colora??o CMA3/DAPI permitiu a visualiza??o de 2n= 84 cromossomos e diferentes n?meros de blocos CMA+ nos gen?tipos estudados de P. simplicifolium.

La mitose est précisément contrôlée par la signalisation via l'ubiquitine et est essentielle au maintien de l'intégrité du génome. Dans ce travail, j'ai étudié la fonction de l'enzyme de dé-ubiquitination, UCHL3 et de la ligase E3-ubiquitine, TRIM15. J'ai observé que TRIM15 régule l'adhésion et la mobilité des cellules. UCHL3 a été identifié par un criblage à haut contenu, en tant que facteur critique contrôlant l'alignement et la ségrégation des chromosomes. Fait intéressant, il a déjà été rapporté que les niveaux d’expression d’UCHL3 sont altérés dans divers types de cancer. En utilisant une approche protéomique, nous avons identifié la kinase Aurora B comme un médiateur potentiel de ces phénotypes. Comme l'aneuploïdie est la marque de nombreux cancers et que l'adhésion cellulaire joue un rôle important dans l'invasion des tumeurs et les métastases, mes résultats suggèrent que ces deux protéines pourraient jouer un rôle dans la carcinogenèse. / Mitosis is tightly controlled by ubiquitin signaling and is crucial to maintain genome integrity. In this work, I investigated the function of the deubiquitinating enzyme UCHL3 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM15. I observed that TRIM15 regulates cell adhesion and motility. UCHL3 was identified in a high-content screen, as a critical factor controlling the chromosome alignment and segregation. Interestingly, it has been previously reported that UCHL3 levels are altered in various cancer types. Using a proteomic approach, we identified Aurora B kinase as a potential mediator of these phenotypes. Since aneuploidy is a hallmark of many cancers, and cell adhesion plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis, my results suggest that both proteins could play a role in carcinogenesis.