Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloMP_TESE_Parte 1.pdf: 4026465 bytes, checksum: b5bd28c043dc6252575ad902899bb6a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-22 / The objective of this study was to produce biofuels (bio-oil and gas) from the thermal treatment of sewage sludge in rotating cylinder, aiming industrial applications. The biomass was characterized by immediate and instrumental analysis (elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy - SEM, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and ICP-OES). A kinetic study on non-stationary regime was done to calculate the activation energy by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis evaluating thermochemical and thermocatalytic process of sludge, the latter being in the presence of USY zeolite. As expected, the activation energy evaluated by the mathematical model "Model-free kinetics" applying techniques isoconversionais was lowest for the catalytic tests (57.9 to 108.9 kJ/mol in the range of biomass conversion of 40 to 80%). The pyrolytic plant at a laboratory scale reactor consists of a rotating cylinder whose length is 100 cm with capable of processing up to 1 kg biomass/h. In the process of pyrolysis thermochemical were studied following parameters: temperature of reaction (500 to 600 ? C), flow rate of carrier gas (50 to 200 mL/min), frequency of rotation of centrifugation for condensation of bio-oil (20 to 30 Hz) and flow of biomass (4 and 22 g/min). Products obtained during the process (pyrolytic liquid, coal and gas) were characterized by classical and instrumental analytical techniques. The maximum yield of liquid pyrolytic was approximately 10.5% obtained in the conditions of temperature of 500 ?C, centrifugation speed of 20 Hz, an inert gas flow of 200 mL/min and feeding of biomass 22 g/min. The highest yield obtained for the gas phase was 23.3% for the temperature of 600 ?C, flow rate of 200 mL/min inert, frequency of rotation of the column of vapor condensation 30 Hz and flow of biomass of 22 g/min. The non-oxygenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were found in greater proportion in the bio-oil (55%) followed by aliphatic oxygenated (27%). The bio-oil had the following characteristics: pH 6.81, density between 1.05 and 1.09 g/mL, viscosity between 2.5 and 3.1 cSt and highest heating value between 16.91 and 17.85 MJ/ kg. The main components in the gas phase were: H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. Hydrogen was the main constituent of the gas mixture, with a yield of about 46.2% for a temperature of 600 ? C. Among the hydrocarbons formed, methane was found in higher yield (16.6%) for the temperature 520 oC. The solid phase obtained showed a high ash content (70%) due to the abundant presence of metals in coal, in particular iron, which was also present in bio-oil with a rate of 0.068% in the test performed at a temperature of 500 oC. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir biocombust?veis (bio-?leo e g?s), a partir do tratamento t?rmico do lodo de esgoto dom?stico em cilindro rotativo, visando aplica??o industrial. A biomassa foi caracterizada por an?lise imediata e instrumental (An?lise Elementar, Microsc?pica Eletr?nica de Varredura - MEV, Difra??o de Raios-X, Espectroscopia no Infravermelho, ICP-OES). Um estudo cin?tico, em regime n?o estacion?rio foi realizado para o c?lculo da energia de ativa??o por An?lise T?rmica Gravim?trica avaliando os processos termoqu?micos e termocatal?ticos do lodo, sendo este ?ltimo na presen?a da ze?lita USY. Como esperado, a energia de ativa??o avaliada pelo modelo matem?tico "Model-free kinetics" aplicando t?cnicas isoconversionais foi menor para os ensaios catal?ticos (57,9 108,9 kJ/mol, no intervalo de convers?es da biomassa de 40 ? 80%). A planta pirol?tica, em escala de laborat?rio ? constitu?da de um reator de cilindro rotativo cujo comprimento ? 100 cm, com capacidade de processar at? 1 Kg biomassa/h. No processo da pir?lise termoqu?mica foram estudados os seguintes par?metros: temperatura da rea??o (500 ? 600 ?C), vaz?o do g?s de arraste (50 ? 200 mL/min), freq??ncia de rota??o de centrifuga??o (20 ? 30 Hz) para condensa??o do bio-?leo e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa (4 e 22 g/min). Os produtos obtidos durante o processo (l?quido pirol?tico, carv?o e g?s) foram caracterizados atrav?s de t?cnicas anal?ticas cl?ssicas e instrumentais. O rendimento m?ximo de l?quido pirol?tico foi da ordem de 10,5% obtido nas condi??es de temperatura de 500 ?C, rota??o da centrifuga??o de 20 Hz, vaz?o de g?s inerte de 200 mL/min e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa 22 g/min. O maior rendimento obtido para a fase gasosa foi de 23,3 %, para a temperatura da rea??o de 600 oC, vaz?o de inerte 200 mL/min, freq??ncia de rota??o da coluna de condensa??o de vapores 30 Hz e vaz?o m?ssica de biomassa de 22 g/min. Os hidrocarbonetos alif?ticos n?o oxigenados foram encontrados em maior propor??o no bio-?leo (55%) seguido pelos compostos alif?ticos oxigenados (27%). O bio-?leo apresentou as seguintes caracter?sticas: pH 6,81, densidade entre 1,05 e 1,09 g/mL, viscosidade entre 2,5 e 3,1 cSt e poder calor?fico superior entre 16,91 e 17,85 MJ/kg. Os principais componentes obtidos na fase gasosa foram: H2, CO, CO2, CH4. O hidrog?nio foi o principal constituinte da mistura gasosa, com rendimento da ordem de 46,2 %, para a temperatura de 600 oC e, dentre os hidrocarbonetos formados, o metano foi encontrado em maior rendimento (16,6 %) para a temperatura 520 oC. A fase s?lida obtida apresentou elevado teor de cinzas (70%), devido ? presen?a abundante de metais no carv?o, em particular, o ferro, o qual esteve tamb?m presente no bio-?leo com um percentual de 0,068 % no ensaio realizado na temperatura de 500 oC

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OdeniaALS_DISSERT.pdf: 3500566 bytes, checksum: bcbbd86a88f2dade1ad704684123cb31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Stabilization pond is the main technology used for treatment wastewater, in northeast Brazil, due to lower cost of deployment, operation and maintenance compared to other technologies. Most systems of stabilization ponds has been in operation for some time, on average 10 years of operation, receiving high organic loads and do not have good removal efficiencies of the main parameters for which have been designed. Therefore it is necessary to work to quantify the efficiency of current systems. This study evaluated the biodegradability of organic matter in raw sewage, the removal of organic matter in reactors and determination of the kinetic constant removal of organic matter (k), both in reactors and in raw sewage, based on the analysis made in the laboratory and through mathematical methods proposed in the literature, in nine systems stabilization ponds, located in Rio Grande do Norte. In relation the degradation kinetics in stabilization ponds, it was observed that many papers published in the literature were obtained in pilot-scale systems, which often, due to the action of external factors such as wind and temperature, these can t be considered as a reference in the analysis of the kinetic constant K, so the need for more research into systems of scale. This study had three distinct phases and simultaneous, routine monitoring, study of the daily cycle and the determination of kinetic constant of degradation of organic matter (K). The monitoring showed that the removal efficiencies of organic matter on most systems were lower than suggested by the literature, the best efficiencies of around 76% (BOD) and 72% (COD) and the worst of the order of 48% (BOD) and 55% (COD). The calculation of K in raw sewage (Ke) was within the range of variation expected in the literature (0.35 to 0.60 days-1). Already for the results obtained for K in the reactors (Kr), there were well below the values recommended in the literature (0.25 to 0.40 d-1 for complete mix and from 0.13 to 0.17 d-1 for flow dispersed), in line with the overloads that organic systems are subject / Lagoa de estabiliza??o ? a principal tecnologia utilizada para tratamento de esgotos dom?sticos no Nordeste brasileiro, devido ao menor custo de implanta??o, opera??o e manuten??o, quando comparada com outras tecnologias. A maioria dos sistemas de lagoas de estabiliza??o est? em opera??o h? bastante tempo, em m?dia 10 anos de opera??o, recebem altas cargas org?nicas e n?o apresentam boas efici?ncias de remo??o dos principais par?metros a qual foram projetadas. Portanto, faz-se necess?rio um trabalho que quantifique a efici?ncia atual desses sistemas. O presente estudo avaliou a biodegradabilidade da mat?ria org?nica no esgoto bruto, a remo??o da mat?ria org?nica nos reatores e a determina??o da constante cin?tica de remo??o de mat?ria org?nica (k), tanto nos reatores quanto no esgoto bruto, baseadas nas an?lises feitas em laborat?rio e atrav?s dos m?todos matem?ticos propostos pela literatura, em nove sistemas de lagoas de estabiliza??o, no Rio Grande do Norte. Em rela??o ? cin?tica de degrada??o em lagoas de estabiliza??o, observou-se que muitos trabalhos publicados na literatura foram obtidos em sistemas em escala piloto, o que muitas vezes, devido ? a??o de fatores externos, tais como vento e temperatura, esses n?o podem ser considerados como refer?ncia na an?lise da constante cin?tica K, por isso a necessidade de se pesquisar mais em sistemas de escala real. Essa pesquisa teve tr?s fases distintas e simult?neas: monitora??o de rotina, estudo do ciclo di?rio e a determina??o da constante cin?tica de degrada??o da mat?ria org?nica (K). O monitoramento mostrou que as efici?ncias de remo??o de mat?ria org?nica, na maioria dos sistemas, estavam abaixo do sugerido pela literatura, sendo as melhores efici?ncias da ordem de 76% (DBO) e de 72% (DQO) e as piores da ordem de 48% (DBO) e 55% (DQO). O calculo do K no esgoto bruto (Ke) mostrou-se dentro da faixa de varia??o prevista na literatura (0,35 a 0,60 dia-1). J? para os resultados obtidos para K nos reatores (Kr), verificaram-se valores bem abaixo do preconizado pela literatura (0,25 a 0,40 d-1 para mistura completa e 0,13 a 0,17 d-1 para fluxo disperso), em conson?ncia com as sobrecargas org?nicas a que os sistemas est?o sujeitos

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-16T18:03:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 YguatyaraDeLunaMachado_TESE.pdf: 3932579 bytes, checksum: ff6076d950bb4fc98594b19efe56ff78 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2017-01-16T18:14:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 YguatyaraDeLunaMachado_TESE.pdf: 3932579 bytes, checksum: ff6076d950bb4fc98594b19efe56ff78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T18:14:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YguatyaraDeLunaMachado_TESE.pdf: 3932579 bytes, checksum: ff6076d950bb4fc98594b19efe56ff78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A Ag?ncia Nacional de Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis tem como principal miss?o regulamentar e especificar toda a produ??o e comercializa??o do biodiesel produzido em territ?rio nacional. Para a sua comercializa??o ? necess?rio que o biodiesel passe por um controle r?gido de qualidade, bem como esteja devidamente especificado pelas principais normas. A estabilidade oxidativa que ? um dos par?metros incluso pela norma europ?ia EN 14214 vem adquirindo cada vez mais espa?o em pesquisas por estar intrinsecamente relacionada ? qualidade do biodiesel. Biodiesel ? uma mistura de ?steres alqu?licos de ?cidos graxos obtido, convencionalmente, atrav?s da rea??o de transesterifica??o de um ?leo vegetal ou gordura animal. No entanto, a natureza da mat?ria-prima a qual lhe dar? origem ? um dos fatores determinantes em seu grau de estabilidade, visto que por apresentarem insatura??es em n?mero e em distintas posi??es os tornam suscept?veis ao ataque do oxig?nio atmosf?rico e a condi??es de elevadas temperaturas proporcionando, assim, a sua degrada??o. Uma das principais problem?ticas enfrentadas, atualmente, pela ind?stria de biodiesel prov?m da sua baixa estabilidade levando a uma diminui??o de sua qualidade por longos per?odos de armazenamento sendo necess?ria a aplica??o de antioxidantes. Nesta tese, um estudo cin?tico experimental baseado no consumo de diferentes antioxidantes sint?ticos adicionados em distintas concentra??es foi realizado com amostras de ?leos vegetais de moringa (Moringa oleifera) e de maracuj? (Passiflora edulis), ?cido ol?ico estocado (AO) durante seis e dezoito meses e biodiesel de soja (Glycine max L.) e girassol (Helianthus annuus) em diferentes temperaturas, a uma press?o de oxig?nio puro a 700 kPa, utilizando a metodologia ASTM D7545 (PetroOXY). O modelo de primeira ordem obtido para o ?leo de moringa, amostras de ?cido ol?ico estocado (AO) e biodiesel de soja permitiu obter informa??es a respeito de par?metros, tais como: concentra??o cr?tica e concentra??o de antioxidante natural inerente ? amostra avaliada , informando que o ?ltimo n?o exerceu influ?ncia, a n?o ser inicialmente, no processo oxidativo das mesmas. Enquanto, o par?metro determinado para o modelo de ordem zero para as amostras de ?leo de maracuj? e girassol relacionou-se a diferentes reatividades da mat?ria-prima. A estabilidade das amostras determinadas pela entalpia de ativa??o (?HA) deu-se na seguinte ordem: ?HA (?leo de moringa) > ?HA (?leo de maracuj?); ?HA (AO 6 meses) ?HA (AO 18 meses) e ?HA (biodiesel de soja) > ?HA (biodiesel de girassol). Fatores de estabiliza??o desempenharam diferentes pap?is na estabiliza??o dos sistemas estudados. Concentra??o de antioxidante e temperatura mostraram distintas influ?ncias, no processo oxidativo, para as amostras de ?leos vegetais e ?cido ol?ico estocadas (AO) acompanhadas pelos seus ?ndices de acidez. / Oxidative stability is a parameter included in the European standard EN 14214 and is closely associated with the quality of biodiesel. The biodiesel is usually obtained in a transterification reaction vegetable oil or animal fat. However, the composition of the raw resources biodiesel is obtained from influences the stability degree of the latter, particularly when biodiesel is stored for long periods of time, causing its degradation, thereby reducing biodiesel quality and making it inadequate for trade. In this thesis, an experimental kinetic study based on the consumption of several synthetic antioxidants added in various concentrations to vegetable oils of moringa (Moringa oleifera), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and oleic acid (AO) stored for six and eighteen months at the temperatures 110 ?C, 120 ?C, 130 ?C and 140 ?C, as well as biodiesel from soybean (Glycine max L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oils at the temperatures 130 ?C, 135 ?C, 140 ?C and 145 ?C at a 700 kPa pure oxygen pressure, using the ASTM D7545 Method (PetroOXY). It has been obtained a first order reaction kinetic model for oleic acid, soybean biodiesel and moringa oil samples, while for passion fruit oil and sunflower biodiesel samples a zero order reaction kinetic model has been obtained. Parameter 0,CICCCC??? determined for the zero order model was related to distinct composition variations of the raw resources. The stability order of samples established using activation enthalpy (?HA) was the following: ?HA (moringa oil) > ?HA (Passion fruit oil); ?HA (oleic acid stored for six months) ? ?HA (oleic acid stored for eighteen months) and ?HA (soybean biodiesel) > ?HA (sunflower biodiesel). In all evaluated temperatures except for 140?C, acid numbers for passion fruit oil with antioxidants added have increased after storage, while for the moringa oil a random behavior has been observed.

Background: A maioria dos métodos de rastreamento do câncer de colo de útero depende da colposcopia para a confirmação do diagnóstico. A colposcopia sofre com a falta de disponibilidade, a necessidade de longos deslocamentos por parte das pacientes e longas filas de espera. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho da Fotografia Cervical Digital como um método alternativo à colposcopia. Método: Foram realizadas colposcopies e Fotografias Digitais Cervicais em 228 pacientes. As Fotografias Digitais Cervicais foram avaliadas através da internet por três colposcopistas experientes. A concordância entre os métodos foi calculada através de Kappa e as porcentagens de concordância. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acuracia diagnóstica foram calculados para a colposcopia e a Fotografia Cervical Digital. A histologia foi utilizada como padrão-ouro. Resultados: A Fotografia Cervical Digital e a colposcopia concordaram em 89,9% dos casos (K=0,588). A Fotografia Cervical Digital e a colposcopia apresentaram desempenhos comparáveis, a sensibilidade foi de 52,5% e 35,0%, a especificidade de 91,86% e 91,28%, o valor preditivo positivo de 60,0% e 48,3%, valor preditivo negativo de 89,3% e 85,8%, e a acurácia diagnóstica de 84,4% e 80,7%, respectivamente. Conclusão: A Fotografia Cervical Digital é um método alternativo promissor à colposcopia. / Background: Most cervical cancer screening methods relies on colposcopy to confirm the diagnosis. Colposcopy suffers from the lack of availability, long patients’ displacement and waiting times. Objective: Evaluate the performance of the Cervical Digital Photography as an alternative method to colposcopy. Methods: Colposcopy and Cervical Digital Photography were performed in 228 women. The Cervical Digital Photographs were evaluated through internet by 3 colposcopy experts. The agreement between methods was calculated with kappa and percentages of agreement. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were calculated for colposcopy and Cervical Digital Photography. Histology was the gold standard. Results: Cervical Digital Photography and colposcopy agreed in 89.9% of the cases (K=0.588). Cervical Digital Photography and colposcopy had comparable performances, sensitivity was 52.5% and 35.0%, specificity was 91.86% and 91.28%, positive predictive value was 60.0% and 48.3%, negative predictive value was 89.3% and 85.8%, and diagnostic accuracy was 84.4% and 80.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Cervical Digital Photography is a promising alternative method to colposcopy.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire consiste à adapter la méthode de corrélation d'images numériques (CIN) pour la gestion des discontinuités du milieu et de la transformation. Le cadre d'utilisation des méthodes optiques de mesure i.e. celui de la mécanique des milieux continus, impose une continuité matérielle : i) du domaine et ii) de la transformation. Pour traiter les discontinuités en question, on peut reconsidérer la continuité (milieu et transformation) par morceaux. Dans le cadre de la CIN, cela se traduit par la possibilité d'adapter localement la forme et la taille des fenêtres de corrélation à la zone d'intérêt et à sa cinématique. Pour ce faire, il est possible d'utiliser des masques : un masque-objet pour traiter les discontinuités du milieu et un masque-discontinuité pour traiter les discontinuités de la transformation. Cependant, avant l'implémentation des masques dans la procédure de corrélation, plusieurs essais expérimentaux de déplacement sur des modèles comportant les deux types de discontinuité, ont été conduits. Ces essais ont permis de prouver l'influence des discontinuités sur la dégradation de la précision de mesure par CIN. Ensuite, des essais de traction ont été menés sur une éprouvette en polycarbonate conduisant à un mode I d'ouverture ou de fermeture de fissure. Après l'implémentation des masques dans le logiciel de corrélation Correla, le calcul des champs de déplacement et de déformation a été opéré avec succès à la surface de cette éprouvette, démontrant ainsi l'efficacité de la CIN adaptée. / The development of the digital image correlation method (DIC) for the management of discontinuities of the material and the transformation is discussed in this thesis. As we know, the framework for the use of the optical measurement methods i.e. of continuum mechanics requires a continuity of: i) domain and ii) transformation. To treat those discontinuities, we can consider a piecewise continuity (material and transformation). In the case of DIC method, this can be done by adapting locally the shape and size of the correlation subsets to the zone of interest and its kinematics. A novel way to do it, is by using masks: an object mask to process material discontinuities and a discontinuity mask to process transformation discontinuities. However before the implementation of masks in the correlation process, several experimental displacement tests on models reproducing the two types of discontinuity at small scale were performed. Those tests proved the influence of discontinuities on the degradation of the measurement accuracy by DIC. Then, tensile tests were conducted on a polycarbonate made specimen knowing a mode I opening or closing crack. After implementing masks in the correlation software Correla, the calculation of displacement and deformation fields was successfully performed on the surface of this specimen for all its edges, demonstrating the effectiveness of the adapted DIC.

La compréhension du comportement musculaire est un champ d’investigation primordial dans divers domaines tels que le sport, le crash automobile et la médecine. Peu de techniques in vivo permettent aujourd’hui de caractériser les propriétés mécaniques du muscle. Aussi, l’objectif de ce travail est de développer une méthode d’identification in vivo à partir demesures de champs de déplacement. La méthode d’identification est composée de 3 étapes interdépendantes. La première consiste à réaliser une IRM de la cuisse pour segmenter manuellement différents tissus musculaires (quadriceps, ischios, gracilis et sartorius) et le tissu adipeux. Un comportement Néo-Hookéen est choisi pour modéliser le comportement hyperélastique (C10, D). Dans un second temps, un dispositif expérimental de compression est développé pour mesurer le champ de déplacement in vivo à partir des techniques d’imagerie échographique et de Corrélation d’Images Numériques. Finalement, une méthode inverse est mise en œuvre pour identifier les paramètres C10 et D de chaque tissu. Par le biais d’un exemple numérique, l’erreur sur les paramètres identifiés est évaluée. Les cartographies des champs de déplacement expérimentaux confirment les observations qualitatives obtenues sur les images échographiques et sont validées par les champs de déformation obtenus par approximation diffuse. Une faible erreur d’identification (C10<3%, D<7%) est obtenue à partir de l’exemple numérique, et les paramètres mécaniques identifiés sont en accord avec la littérature. Ces résultats valident la démarche inverse mise en œuvre qui permettra, à terme, de suivre l’évolution des pathologies et de mener des simulations prédictives. / The understanding of the mechanical behavior of the muscle tissue is an important field of investigation with different applications in medicine, car crash and sport. Currently, few in vivo imaging techniques are able to characterize the mechanical properties of muscle. Thus, this study aims at developing an in vivo identification method based on displacement fieldmeasurements. The identification approach is composed of 3 dependent steps. The first step consists in performing a 2D MRI acquisition of the thigh in order to segment manually the muscle (quadriceps, ischio, gracilis and sartorius) and fat tissues. A Neo-Hookean model is chosen to characterize the hyperelastic behavior (C10, D). Secondly, an experimental compressiondevice is developed to measure the in vivo displacement field using ultrasound and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Finally, an inverse method is implemented to identify the C10 and D parameters of each soft tissue. A numerical example is used to quantify the identification error on each parameter. Displacement field measurements confirm the ultrasound observations. They are also validated by the cartographies of the strain fields, which are obtained by the diffuse approximation method. Using the numerical example, the identification leads to low errors on the C10 (< 3%) and D (< 7%) parameters. Identified values of the mechanical parameters are in good agreement with the literature. All results validate the implemented identification method. In the long term, this protocol will allow to follow the evolution of pathologies and to conduct predictive simulations.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-05T18:21:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Pedro Chalfun Haouche Meneses.pdf: 6719960 bytes, checksum: ac9a27b5731b19e4693f71fae09adefe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T18:21:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Pedro Chalfun Haouche Meneses.pdf: 6719960 bytes, checksum: ac9a27b5731b19e4693f71fae09adefe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-25 / Petrobras / The drilling of wells in salt layers faces major challenges in Brazil?s oil industry. Drilling in such layers requires the development of new technologies and operational procedures to make the process economically viable. One of the main problems is the dissolution of the salt layers in water-based drilling fluids. An uncontrolled dissolution presents a potential risk for the operation and can cause abrupt changes in the properties of the fluids. The main objective of this work was to study the effects of the dissolution of sodium chloride particles in non-Newtonian fluids containing xanthan gum. The study was divided into three parts, rheological experiments, kinetics experiments in a mixing tank and a mathematical modeling. The rheological experiments aimed at studies of the effect of the addition of saline particles on the rheology of non-Newtonian fluids, the effect of the concentration of suspended particles in the rheology of saturated fluids and the effect of the size of suspended particles in the rheology of saturated fluids. The Einstein equation was used to calculate the apparent viscosity of saturated fluids, taking into account the effect of the concentration of salt particles in suspension. The experiments in the mixing tank aimed at the study of the kinetics of dissolution with time in different operating conditions. Fluids were prepared using different concentrations of xanthan gum and different initial concentrations of sodium chloride. The effects of the viscosifier concentration and the initial concentration gradient were evaluated. A phenomenological model was used to represent the dissolution process, which provides the variation of the concentration of the fluid, the variation of the volume fraction of solids, the variation of the particles mean diameter and the variation of the interfacial mass transfer area as a function of time. In the rheology studies, it was verified that the addition of sodium chloride to the non-Newtonian fluid, in the studied conditions, increased the apparent viscosity of the solution. The increase of the concentration of suspended sodium chloride particles increased the apparent viscosity of the suspensions. The increase of the size of the suspended particles decreased the apparent viscosity of the suspension. Statistical tests were made in order to evaluate the statistical relevance of the performed studies. In the kinetics study, the convective mass transfer coefficient was estimated and simulations were made for the other variables of the process. The estimations showed that the xanthan gum concentration in the fluid and the initial sodium chloride concentration in the fluid affect the mass transfer coefficient. The average relative error observed for the simulations was 2,2%. / A perfura??o de po?os em camadas salinas enfrenta grandes desafios na ind?stria de petr?leo do Brasil. A perfura??o em tais camadas exige o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e procedimentos operacionais para tornar a perfura??o economicamente vi?vel. Um dos principais problemas enfrentados ? a dissolu??o das camadas de sais em fluidos de perfura??o base ?gua. Uma dissolu??o descontrolada apresenta um risco em potencial para a opera??o, podendo causar mudan?as bruscas nas propriedades dos fluidos. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar os efeitos da dissolu??o de part?culas de cloreto de s?dio em fluidos n?o-Newtonianos contendo goma xantana. O estudo foi dividido em tr?s partes, experimentos reol?gicos, experimentos de cin?tica em um tanque de mistura e modelagem matem?tica. Os experimentos reol?gicos tiveram como objetivo os estudos do efeito da adi??o de part?culas salinas na reologia de fluidos n?o-Newtonianos, do efeito da concentra??o de part?culas suspensas na reologia de fluidos saturados e do efeito do tamanho das part?culas suspensas na reologia de fluidos saturados. A equa??o de Einstein foi utilizada para calcular a viscosidade aparente dos fluidos saturados levando em conta o efeito da concentra??o de part?culas salinas em suspens?o. Os experimentos no tanque de mistura tiveram como objetivo o estudo da cin?tica de dissolu??o com o tempo em diferentes condi??es operacionais. Foram preparados fluidos com diferentes concentra??es de goma xantana e diferentes concentra??es iniciais de cloreto de s?dio. Foi analisado o efeito da concentra??o do viscosificante na cin?tica de dissolu??o bem como o efeito do gradiente de concentra??o inicial. Um modelo fenomenol?gico foi utilizado para representar o processo de dissolu??o, o qual prev? as varia??es da concentra??o do fluido, a varia??o da fra??o volum?trica de s?lidos, a varia??o do di?metro m?dio das part?culas e a varia??o da ?rea interfacial de transfer?ncia de massa em fun??o do tempo. Nos estudos de reologia, verificou-se que a adi??o de cloreto de s?dio ao fluido n?o-Newtoniano, nas condi??es estudadas, aumentou a viscosidade aparente da solu??o. O aumento da concentra??o de part?culas suspensas de cloreto de s?dio provocou um aumento na viscosidade aparente das suspens?es. O aumento do tamanho das part?culas suspensas de cloreto de s?dio diminuiu a viscosidade aparente da suspens?o. Testes estat?sticos foram feitos para analisar a relev?ncia estat?stica dos estudos realizados. No estudo da cin?tica, o coeficiente convectivo de transfer?ncia de massa foi estimado e simula??es foram feitas para as demais vari?veis do processo. As estima??es mostraram que a concentra??o de goma xantana no fluido e a concentra??o inicial de cloreto de s?dio no fluido influenciam o coeficiente de transfer?ncia de massa. O erro relativo m?dio simula??es observado para as simula??es foi de 2,2%.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-29T17:41:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Emerson Dalla Chieza.pdf: 3379954 bytes, checksum: 59d75d0f24fddc7d958c8e981de2274a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-29T17:41:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Emerson Dalla Chieza.pdf: 3379954 bytes, checksum: 59d75d0f24fddc7d958c8e981de2274a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / The objective of this study was to establish an organic management form of corn and Crotalaria juncea intercropping, which allows to optimize production "in situ" by fabaceae plant biomass with nitrogen input to the system, without the competition that presence of green manure can to exercise, follow to compromise the performance of cereal. Three experiments were conducted in the experimental field of Embrapa Agrobiology in Serop?dica - RJ, between of November 2010 to March 2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications (Experiments 1 and 3) or three replicates (experiment 2). The first experiment took place between November 2010 and March 2011 and had the following treatments: T1 - C. juncea seeded seven days before corn crop and managed at 33 days after emergence (33 DAE), T2 ? C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (29 DAE), T3 - C. juncea seeded 14 days after corn sown (102 DAE), T4 - C. juncea seeded 28 days after corn sown (88 DAE), T5 and T6 - corn cropping alone. Experiment 2: T1 - C. juncea seeds seven days before the corn (43 DAE), T2 - C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (37 DAE), T3 - C. juncea seeded seven days after corn sown (74 DAE), T4 - C. juncea seeded 14 days after corn sown (67 DAE), T5 and T6 - corn cropping alone. To first and second experiments, T3, T4 and T6 had been received 70 kg ha-1 of nitrogen by castor bean pie. Treatments of the third experiment consisted: T1 and T2 - C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (30 DAE) at the single row, T3 and T4 ? corn cropping alone at the single row, T5 and T6 - C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (30 DAE) at the double rows. For T2 and T6 treatments the green manure was managed and removed from the area, and had been added castor bean pie (70 kg of N ha-1). Also T4 received castor bean pie as a N source for corn. Also in the first experiment, for T1 and T2 trataments proceeded up studies of decomposition and release of nutrients from waste C. juncea by litter bags with 8 intervals collections. For the third test is conducted studies agronomic performance of corn and nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization to waste C. juncea, castor bean pie and cattle manure through static cameras semi open. When corn sown simultaneously, regardless of the time of sowing, C. juncea did not affect the yield of cereal, promoted the addition of nitrogen to the system able of promoting positive balances for this nutrient. When the green manure was sown 7 days before or 14 days after sowing corn in the summer period, exerted a negative influence on growth and yield of maize. The waste C. juncea showed high rates of decomposition and nutrient release, with half-life for N less than 14 days. Were found discrepant emission rates for ammonia and castor bean pie residue C. juncea, with accumulated losses of about 46 and 14 %, respectively. The arrangement in double rows corn planting did not influence the yield of cereal. The results post the consortium in corn and C. juncea sown simultaneously as a promising culture system, capable of producing corn grain above the average yield of Rio of Janeiro state. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma forma de manejo org?nico do cons?rcio entre as culturas de milho e Crotalaria juncea, que possibilite otimizar a produ??o ?In situ? de biomassa vegetal pela fabaceae, com aporte de nitrog?nio ao sistema, sem que a presen?a do adubo verde exer?a competi??o capaz de comprometer o rendimento do cereal. Foram conduzidos tr?s experimentos no campo experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia em Serop?dica ? RJ, entre os meses de novembro de 2010 e mar?o de 2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repeti??es (experimentos 1 e 3) ou tr?s repeti??es (experimento 2). O primeiro experimento ocorreu entre novembro de 2010 e mar?o de 2011 e teve os seguintes tratamentos: T1?C. juncea semeada sete dias antes da cultura do milho e manejada aos 33 dias ap?s emerg?ncia (33 DAE); T2?C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho (manejo aos 29 DAE); T3?C. juncea semeada 14 dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 102 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T4?C. juncea semeada 28 dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 88 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T5-milho em monocultivo e T6-milho em monocultivo + 70 kg N ha-1. Experimento 2 (abril a setembro de 2011): T1?C. juncea semeada sete dias antes da cultura do milho (manejo aos 43 DAE); T2?C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho (manejo aos 37 DAE); T3?C. juncea semeada sete dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 74 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T4?C. juncea semeada 14 dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 67 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T5- milho em monocultivo e T6?milho em monocultivo+ 70 kg N ha-1. Os tratamentos do 3? Experimento (novembro de 2011 a mar?o de 2012) consistiram em: T1-C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila simples com manejo aos 30 DAE e a biomassa da C. juncea mantida na ?rea; T2?C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila simples com manejo aos 30 DAE com remo??o da parte a?rea de C. juncea e aplica??o de 70 kg N ha-1 via torta de mamona; T3- milho monocultivo em fila simples; T4 ?milho monocultivo em fila simples + 70 kg N ha-1; T5- C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila dupla com manejo aos 30 DAE e a biomassa da C. juncea mantida na ?rea; T6 ? C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila dupla com remo??o da parte a?rea de C. juncea e aplica??o de 70 kg N ha-1. Para todos os experimentos, o nitrog?nio aplicado em cobertura teve como fonte a torta de mamona. Nos dois primeiros ensaios foram realizados estudos morfofisiol?gicos dos cultivos a partir da an?lise funcional do crescimento de plantas, al?m do balan?o monet?rio e balan?o aparente de nitrog?nio. Tamb?m no experimento I, para T1 e T2, procederam-se estudos de decomposi??o e libera??o de nutrientes dos res?duos de C. juncea via sacolas de decomposi??o, com 8 intervalos de coletas. Para o terceiro ensaio procederam-se estudos de desempenho agron?mico do milho, an?lise econ?mica e balan?o de nitrog?nio. Tamb?m foram feitos estudos das perdas de nitrog?nio via volatiliza??o de am?nia para res?duos de C. juncea, torta de mamona e esterco bovino, atrav?s de c?meras est?ticas semi abertas em oito intervalos de coleta. Quando semeada simultaneamente ao milho, independente da ?poca de semeadura, a C. juncea n?o comprometeu o rendimento do cereal, promoveu a adi??o de nitrog?nio ao sistema capaz de promover balan?os positivos para este nutriente. Quando o adubo verde foi semeado 7 dias antes ou 14 dias ap?s a semeadura do milho, no per?odo de ver?o, esse exerceu influ?ncia negativa no crescimento e na produ??o de gr?os do milho. Os res?duos de C. juncea apresentaram elevadas taxas de decomposi??o e libera??o de nutrientes, com tempo de meia vida para N de menos de 14 dias. Foram encontradas discrepantes taxas de emiss?o de am?nia para torta de mamona e res?duos de C. juncea, com perdas acumuladas de cerca de 46 e 14%, respectivamente. O arranjo em fileiras duplas de plantio de milho n?o influenciou no rendimento do cereal. Os resultados encontrados postam o cons?rcio em milho e C. juncea semeados simultaneamente como um promissor sistema de cultivo, capaz de proporcionar produ??o de gr?os de milho acima da m?dia produtiva do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Much is known about how organs acquire their identity, yet we are only beginning to learn how their shape is regulated. Recent work has elucidated the role of coordinated cell division & expansion in determining plant organ shape. For instance, in Antirrhinum, leaf shape is affected in the cincinnata (cin) mutant because of an alteration in the cell division pattern. CIN codes for a TCP transcription factor and controls cell proliferation. It is unclear how exactly CIN-like genes regulate leaf morphogenesis. We have taken biochemical and genetic approach to understand the TCP function in general and the role of CIN-like genes in leaf morphogenesis in Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis. Targets of CINCINNATA To understand how CIN controls Antirrhinum leaf shape, we first determined the consensus target site of CIN as GTGGTCCC by carrying out RBSS assay. Mutating each of this target sequence, we determined the core binding sequence as TGGNCC. Hence, all potential direct targets of CIN are expected to contain a TGGNCC sequence. Earlier studies suggested that CIN activates certain target genes that in turn repress cell proliferation. To identify these targets, we compared global transcripts of WT and cin leaves by differential display PCR and have identified 18 unique, differentially expressed transcripts. To screen the entire repertoire of differentially expressed transcripts, we have carried out extensive micro-array analysis using 44K Arabidopsis chips as well as 13K custom-made Antirrhinum chips. Combining the RBSS data with the results obtained from the micro-array experiments, we identified several targets of CIN. In short, CIN controls expression of the differentiation-specific genes from tip to base in a gradient manner. In cin, such gradient is delayed, thereby delaying differentiation. We also find that gibberellic acid, cytokinin and auxin play important role in controlling leaf growth. Genetic characterization of CIN-homologues in Arabidopsis Arabidopsis has 24 TCP genes. Our work and reports from other groups have shown that TCP2, 4 and 10 are likely to be involved in leaf morphogenesis. These genes are controlled by a micro RNA miR319. To study the role of TCP4, the likely orthologue of CIN, we generated both stable and inducible RNAi lines. Down-regulation of TCP4 transcript resulted in crinkly leaves, establishing the role of TCP4 in leaf shape. To study the function of TCP2, 4 & 10 in more detail, we isolated insertion mutants in these loci. The strongest allele of TCP4 showed embryonic lethal phenotype, indicating a role for TCP4 in embryo growth. All other mutants showed mild effect on leaf shape, suggesting their redundant role. Therefore, we generated and studied various combinations of double and triple mutants to learn the concerted role of these genes on leaf morphogenesis. To further study the role of TCP4 in leaf development, we generated inducible RNAi and miRNA-resistant TCP4 transgenic lines and carried out studies with transient down-regulation and up-regulation of TCP4 function. Upon induction, leaf size increased in RNAi transgenic plants whereas reduced drastically in miR319 resistant lines, suggesting that both temporal & spatial regulation of TCP4 is required for leaf development. Biochemical characterization of TCP domain To study the DNA-binding properties of TCP4, random binding site selection assay (RBSS) was carried out and it was found that TCP4 binds to a consensus sequence of GTGGTCCC. By patmatch search and RT-PCR analysis, we have shown that one among 74 putative targets, EEL (a gene involved in embryo development), was down regulated in the RNAi lines of TCP4. This suggests that EEL could be the direct target of TCP4. We have tested this possibility in planta by generating transgenic lines in which GUS reporter gene is driven by EEL upstream region with either wild type or mutated TCP4 binding site. GUS analysis of embryos shows that transgenic with mutated upstream region had significantly reduced reporter activity in comparison to wild type, suggesting that EEL is a direct target of TCP4. We have further shown that TCP4 also binds to the upstream region of LOX2, a gene involved in Jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis (in collaboration with D. Weigel, MPI, Tubingen, Germany). TCP domain has a stretch of basic residues followed by a predicted helix-loop-helix region (bHLH), although it has little sequence homology with canonical bHLH proteins. This suggests that TCP is a novel and uncharacterized bHLH domain. We have characterized DNA-binding specificities of TCP4 domain. We show that TCP domain binds to the major groove of DNA with binding specificity comparable to that of bHLH proteins. We also show that helical structure is induced in the basic region upon DNA binding. To determine the amino acid residues important for DNA binding, we have generated point mutants of TCP domain that bind to the DNA with varied strength. Our analysis shows that the basic region is important for DNA binding whereas the helix-loop-helix region is involved in dimerization. Based on these results, we have generated a molecular model for TCP domain bound to DNA (in Collaboration with Prof. N. Srinivasan, IISc, Bangalore). This model was validated by further site-directed mutagenesis of key residues and in vitro assay. Functional analysis of TCP4 in budding yeast To assess TCP4 function in regulation of eukaryotic cell division, we have introduced TCP4 in S. cerevisiae under the GAL inducible promoter. TCP4 induction in yeast cells always slowed down its growth, indicative of its detrimental effect on yeast cell division. Flow cytometry analysis of synchronized cells revealed that TCP4 arrests yeast cell division specifically at G1→S boundary. Moreover, induced cells showed distorted cell morphology resembling shmoo phenotype. Shmooing is a developmental process which usually happened when the haploid cells get exposed to the cells of opposite mating type and get arrested at late G1 phase due to the inhibition of cdc28-cln2 complex. This suggested that TCP4-induced yeast cells are arrested at late G1 phase probably by the inhibition of cdc28-cln2 complex. To further investigate how TCP4 induce G1→S arrest, we carried out microarray analysis and found expression of several cell cycle markers significantly altered in TCP4-induced yeast cells. Studies on crinkly1, a novel leaf mutant in Arabidopsis To identify new genes involved in leaf morphogenesis, we have identified crinkly1 (crk1), a mutant where leaf shape and size are altered. We observed that crk1 also makes more number of leaves compared to wild type. Phenotypic analysis showed that crk1 leaf size is ~5 times smaller than that of wild type. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that both cell size and number are reduced in the mutant leaf, which explains its smaller size. We have mapped CRK1 within 3 cM on IV chromosome.

La compréhension du comportement musculaire est un champ d'investigation primordial dans divers domaines tels que le sport, le crash automobile et la médecine. Peu de techniques in vivo permettent aujourd'hui de caractériser les propriétés mécaniques du muscle. Aussi, l'objectif de ce travail est de développer une méthode d'identification in vivo à partir demesures de champs de déplacement. La méthode d'identification est composée de 3 étapes interdépendantes. La première consiste à réaliser une IRM de la cuisse pour segmenter manuellement différents tissus musculaires (quadriceps, ischios, gracilis et sartorius) et le tissu adipeux. Un comportement Néo-Hookéen est choisi pour modéliser le comportement hyperélastique (C10, D). Dans un second temps, un dispositif expérimental de compression est développé pour mesurer le champ de déplacement in vivo à partir des techniques d'imagerie échographique et de Corrélation d'Images Numériques. Finalement, une méthode inverse est mise en œuvre pour identifier les paramètres C10 et D de chaque tissu. Par le biais d'un exemple numérique, l'erreur sur les paramètres identifiés est évaluée. Les cartographies des champs de déplacement expérimentaux confirment les observations qualitatives obtenues sur les images échographiques et sont validées par les champs de déformation obtenus par approximation diffuse. Une faible erreur d'identification (C10<3%, D<7%) est obtenue à partir de l'exemple numérique, et les paramètres mécaniques identifiés sont en accord avec la littérature. Ces résultats valident la démarche inverse mise en œuvre qui permettra, à terme, de suivre l'évolution des pathologies et de mener des simulations prédictives.