Picketing, a method used by employees, collectively, to assert their demands against employers, is a controversial subject arising from the conflict of interest existing between labour and employers! Previously, South African law neither forbade nor regulated picketing. Consequently, no immunity from civil liability existed in relation to a person's conduct during a picket. Presently, picketing is regulated by section 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108of19% (right to picket) and section 69 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, which provides for a protected picket (one that complies with the requirements of section 69) whereby immunity from civil liability attaches to a person's conduct during a picket. These provisions and their coexistence is examined, comparing foreign law where relevant, in an attempt to provide a foundation for a topic relatively disregarded. Section 69 reveals elements of uncertainty and vagueness. / Law / LL.M.

<p><p><p>This thesis has focused on specific aspects of the law concerning the 2nd paragraph of The Care of Young Persons Act (1990:52), LVU. The purpose of this study was to examine the provision <em>other circumstance in the home </em>from a legal perspective; how is the provision defined in the law? A second purpose was to reveal any discrepancy between the intention of the legislation of the already mentioned provision and how this provision was interpreted and applied in practice. This study was jurisprudential and based on both traditional juristic method and sociological methods with qualitative interviews with social workers and text analysis of a case from The County Administrative Court. The gathered information was analysed using a method of discourse analysis. The theoretical framework for this thesis was social constructionism based upon the work of Berger and Luckmann. The conclusion of this study was that the provision <em>other circumstance in the home </em>is connected to the role of the mother though this is not noticed through the legislation. Another conclusion was that the practice considers the legal demand to anticipate as unattainable. The interpretation and application of the provision made by the practice, compared with the intention of the legislation, was representing both an expand and restriction of the provision.</p></p></p>

Inventario (1973-2014) est une chronique de presse de longue haleine, basée sur l’empathie avec le lecteur et sur des formes de démocratisation de la culture, publiée dans le supplément Diorama de la cultura puis dans la revue Proceso de Mexico, et à laquelle le poète José Emilio Pacheco (1939-2014) se consacra jusqu’aux derniers instants de sa vie. La poésie trouve dans ces pages un espace privilégié de publication, de critique et de récits des faits. Notre travail de compilation de 1973 à 1983 embrasse l’époque de consolidation d’Inventario ainsi que le développement d’une écriture où se côtoient poésie et journalisme, histoire et littérature. Le poème de circonstance, abondant dans Inventario parmi d’autres formes expressives, permet une lecture nouvelle et intermédiale de l’oeuvre de l’auteur mexicain ; cette forme poétique loin de se trouver empesée par les événements promeut une pédagogie du passé. De manière complémentaire, Inventario se profle lui-même comme une poétique : en tant que possibilité d’habiter le monde en empathie avec les auteurs, les lecteurs et les textes ; en tant que manière de désacraliser et de démonter les hiérarchies latentes de la littérature ; en tant que versifcation de l’Histoire dans des fragments qui sont à la recherche de l’Autre et qui posent le problème d’un imaginaire multilingue, “expropriateur” de ressources naturelles provenant d’autres langues ; unechronique toujours éphémère et changeante . / Inventario is a long-lasting press chronicle - based on a feeling of empathy with the reader and on many forms of cultural democratization - which was published in the Mexican newspaper supplement Diorama de la cultura, then in Proceso magazine. The poet José Emilio Pacheco (1939-2014) devoted himself to this creation up to the last minutes of his life. Poetry finds in these pages a privileged publication space in which criticism and factual narratives are also involved. Our compilation - from 1973 to 1983 - embraces Inventario's consolidation period and the development of a rich writing in which poetry and journalism stand along with history and literature. Circumstance poems, which are very present in Inventario together with other expressive forms, engage an innovative and intermedial reading of the Mexican poet's legacy. Such poetical form is rarely starched by recent events, but promotes on the contrary an educational method to better apprehend the past. In a complementary manner, Inventario presents itself as a poetics for what it embodies: a possibility of inhabiting the world by following the readers’/ writers’ empathy; a form of desacralization and destruction of inherent and concealed literature hierarchies; a fragmented versification of History which seeks for otherness and questions a multi-linguistic imaginary system - an imaginary “expropriator” of other languages’ natural resources; an ephemeral and ever-changing chronicle. / Inventario (1973-2014) es una crónica empática, democratizante y de largo aliento, publicada en el suplemento Diorama de la cultura y luego en la revista Proceso de México y a la que el poeta José Emilio Pacheco (1939-2014) dedicó hasta los últimos minutos de su vida. La poesía halla, en estas páginas un espacio privilegiado de publicación, de crítica y de relación de los hechos. Nuestro trabajo de recopilación de 1973 a 1983 abarca la época de consolidación de Inventario así como el desarrollo de una escritura donde colindan poesía y periodismo, historia y literatura, hasta alcanzar formas devaluadas e incluso inusitadas. Nunca entorpecido por los acontecimientos sino sobrellevado como una pedagogía del pasado, el poema de circunstancia, abundante en Inventario, permite, entre otras formas expresivas, una lectura nueva e intermedial de la obra del autor mexicano. De manera complementaria, el Inventario se perfla como una posible poética: posibilidad de habitar el mundo en comunión con autores, lectores y textos, forma de desacralizar y desmoronar las jerarquías latentes en la literatura, versifcación de la Historia en fragmentos que buscan al Otro y plantean un imaginario multilingüe, « expropiador » de recursos naturales de otras lenguas, siempre efímero y cambiante.

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This thesis has focused on specific aspects of the law concerning the 2nd paragraph of The Care of Young Persons Act (1990:52), LVU. The purpose of this study was to examine the provision other circumstance in the home from a legal perspective; how is the provision defined in the law? A second purpose was to reveal any discrepancy between the intention of the legislation of the already mentioned provision and how this provision was interpreted and applied in practice. This study was jurisprudential and based on both traditional juristic method and sociological methods with qualitative interviews with social workers and text analysis of a case from The County Administrative Court. The gathered information was analysed using a method of discourse analysis. The theoretical framework for this thesis was social constructionism based upon the work of Berger and Luckmann. The conclusion of this study was that the provision other circumstance in the home is connected to the role of the mother though this is not noticed through the legislation. Another conclusion was that the practice considers the legal demand to anticipate as unattainable. The interpretation and application of the provision made by the practice, compared with the intention of the legislation, was representing both an expand and restriction of the provision.

Picketing, a method used by employees, collectively, to assert their demands against employers, is a controversial subject arising from the conflict of interest existing between labour and employers! Previously, South African law neither forbade nor regulated picketing. Consequently, no immunity from civil liability existed in relation to a person's conduct during a picket. Presently, picketing is regulated by section 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108of19% (right to picket) and section 69 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, which provides for a protected picket (one that complies with the requirements of section 69) whereby immunity from civil liability attaches to a person's conduct during a picket. These provisions and their coexistence is examined, comparing foreign law where relevant, in an attempt to provide a foundation for a topic relatively disregarded. Section 69 reveals elements of uncertainty and vagueness. / Law / LL.M.

L’habitude est un concept connu de nombreuses disciplines telles que la philosophie ou la psychologie. Si le droit ne fait pas figure d’exception, la fonction répressive du droit pénal confère à l’habitude un sens particulier en sanctionnant l’habitude pénale.Loin d’assimiler l’habitude pénale à l’habitude criminelle, la thèse en retient une conception purement juridique et objective, détachée de toute référence à la dangerosité du délinquant. L’étude, résolument technique, propose, à partir de cinq institutions (infraction d’habitude, circonstance aggravante d’habitude, récidive, réitération d’infractions et concours réel d’infractions) une notion unitaire de l’habitude pénale et une répression adaptée à la criminalité particulière du délinquant d’habitude. L’habitude est alors définie comme un ensemble de comportements répétés unis par un lien juridique consistant principalement en un lien d’analogie et un lien temporel. Cette notion a permis de déduire une répression de l’habitude adaptée à son particularisme. Ainsi, son régime juridique est influencé par sa double structure, matériellement plurale et juridiquement unitaire, de même que sa sanction est influencée par le lien unissant les comportements.En puisant des exemples de comparaison dans les législations pénales étrangères et au sein du droit privé français, l’étude permet également de mettre en évidence les atouts et les faiblesses du droit pénal français dans l’appréhension de l’habitude pénale. / Habit is a concept known by many disciplines such as philosophy or psychology. If Law is not an exception, the repressive function of criminal Law gives to the habit a specific sense by punishing penal habits.Far from assimilating penal habit and criminal habit, the thesis holds a purely legal and objective conception, disconnected from references to the offender’s dangerosity. The study, resolutely technical, suggests, from five legal institutions (habitual offence, habit as an aggravating circumstance, subsequent offence, repetition of offences and combination of offences) a unitary notion of the habit in criminal Law and a better adapted repression to the habitual offender’s specific criminality.Penal habit is defined as repeated behaviours joined by a legal link, mainly analogical and temporal. This notion allows a repression of habit adapted to its specific characteristics. Thus, the legal repression is influenced by its double pattern, physically plural and legally unitary. In the same way, punishment is influenced by the link joining behaviours.Taking examples from comparing foreign criminal legislations as well as private French law, this study emphasizes assets and weaknesses of the criminal law approach of habit.

The increased digitalisation has resulted in a large portion of the population being connected in a digital environment and engaging with each other on digital platforms. A certain type of problem that has been addressed involves women being targeted by online abuse, because they are seen as group members that represent their gender and characteristics related to gender. Women compared to men are more likely to be subjected to sexualised threats of violence. A committee of inquiry has recently been appointed to investigate whether offences with the motive for the act being to insult somebody on grounds of his or her gender should lead to an increased penalty value by the rule in Ch. 29, sec. 2, p. 7 of the Swedish Criminal Code (Sw. brottsbalken [1962:700]). Simultaneously the Committee will investigate if there is an actual need to include gender as a protected ground in the mentioned provision, since there is a possibility to increase the penalty value under the legislation in force due to such motive.  This essay strives to investigate how gender as a motive of crime is considered when applying the law, wherefore the current legislation will be addressed. The Committee seems to have its starting point in the rule on aggravating circumstances related to hate crime, which in its nature constitutes a part of the general hate crime legislation. Therefore, gender as a protected ground in the hate crime legislation is examined. A comparative law analysis is made to Finnish law which will include gender as a ground in a similar rule. A proposal for a directive from the European Union regarding gender-based acts is referred to, because of its impact on Swedish legislation once adopted by the European Parliament. Relevant legal literature is also of interest when answering if gender-based acts should be considered as hate crime. The protection for transgender people under hate crime legislation is briefly addressed to gain valuable insights to compare this group’s protection with cisgender persons’ current or future protection. A case study is performed with two judgments from the Courts of Appeal to discover similarities and differences between these judgements regarding the evaluation of the defendant’s motive to the crime. To not limit the sources of material a combined legal dogmatic and analytical method is applied. This method allows for the use of criminological literature and governmental manuals to answer the questions at issue. Throughout the analysis it is made clear that gender as a motive to an act, is not implemented by the courts. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of a tougher legal approach, regarding gender-based acts and gender as a protected ground in the rule on aggravating circumstances related to hate crime, are discussed.  In conclusion women are far more exposed to gender-based acts in a digital environment and there are good reasons to let such motive increase the penalty value. Women as a group should be included in the rule on aggravating circumstances due to their exposure to gender-based acts. Simultaneously it is important that the Committee considers acts outside of the digital sphere, due to the general applicability of the rule. The Committee is encouraged to determine whether gender ought to be a protected ground in all hate crime legislation. / Den ökade digitaliseringen har medfört att befolkningen i stort vistas i digital miljö och interagerar med varandra på digitala plattformar. En viss problematik som har uppmärksammats är företeelsen att kvinnor blir föremål för systematiska kränkningar i digital miljö, eftersom de ses som gruppmedlemmar som representerar sitt kön och egenskaper hänförliga till könet. Kvinnor jämfört med män synes också motta bl.a. sexualiserade hot om våld i större utsträckning. En kommitté har nyligen tillsatts för att utreda om gärningar med motiv att kränka någon till följd av hans eller hennes kön ska verka straffvärdehöljande med stöd av 29 kap. 2 § 7 p. brottsbalken (1962:700). Samtidigt ska kommittén utreda om det finns ett behov att inkludera kön i straffskärpningsregeln, eftersom det enligt gällande rätt går att tillmäta ett sådant könsrelaterat motiv i straffskärpande riktning.  Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda hur kön som motiv till en gärning beaktas av rättstillämparen i dag, varför en redogörelse av gällande rätt görs. Utredningen synes utgå från straffskärpningsregeln, som till sin karaktär utgör en del av hatbrottslagstiftningen. Av denna anledning redogörs och utreds därför om kön kan utgöra en skyddad grupp inom ramen för hatbrottslagstiftningen. En rättsjämförelse görs till finsk lagstiftning som i en motsvarande hatbrottspräglad straffskärpningsregel kommer att inkludera grunden ”kön”. Även ett förslag till direktiv från Europeiska unionen utreds i fråga om könsrelaterade kränkningar eftersom detta, om det antas av Europaparlamentet, kommer att behöva harmoniseras i inhemsk strafflagstiftning. Det redogörs även för relevant juridisk litteratur för att belysa frågan om könsrelaterade gärningar kan utgöra hatbrott. Transpersoners straffrättsliga skydd i hatbrottslagstiftningen behandlas i korthet, för att kunna ge värdefulla insikter vad gäller gruppens skydd ställt mot cispersoners nuvarande eller framtida skydd. En rättsfallsstudie av två hovrättsavgöranden utförs därför för att kunna se likheter och skillnader avseende domstolarnas bedömning i fråga om motiv till gärningarna. En kombinerad rättsdogmatisk och rättsanalytisk metod används för att inte begränsa materialomfånget, utan inkluderar även viss kriminologisk litteratur och myndighetsmanualer på området för att kunna besvara frågeställningarna. I analysen konstateras att kön som motiv till en gärning inte tillmäts betydelse av domstolarna. Vidare diskuteras fördelar och nackdelar med en skärpt syn på könsrelaterade gärningar, och om grunden ”kön” ska ingå i straffskärpningsregeln som tar sikte på hatbrottsmotiv.  Slutsatsen är att kvinnor är särskilt utsatta för könsrelaterade gärningar främst i digital miljö och det finns skäl för att motivet inverkar höjande på straffvärdet. Till följd av utsattheten för könsrelaterade gärningar bör kvinnor som grupp upptas i straffskärpningsregeln, eftersom vissa företrädare utsätts för sådana gärningar till följd av sitt kön. Samtidigt är det av vikt att den svenska utredningen beaktar angrepp utanför den digitala miljön, eftersom regelns tillämpning är generell. Kommittén uppmanas även att utröna om ”kön” ska ingå i all hatbrottslagstiftning.

This study sets out to explore first person theatre as a means of opening the individual to the problems of contemporary capitalism and its increasing pervasion of the personal in an era of embeddedness enabled by networked pervasive technology. Firstly setting out key definitions and a theoretical analysis of the problems of being in the digital age in chapter 1, and then setting this against the history of interaction in performance in chapter 2. The study then goes on (in chapters 3-5) to investigate three key aspects of first person performance as personal-as-political; sound and the city, play and games, and interactive theatre. In the final chapter, The Umbrella Project develops a piece of first person theatre as practice, a method of investigation that is vital to a thesis that discusses politics, late capitalism, and the means to resist the message-sending of private interests as fundamentally only to be understood in practice. For this reason, too, chapters 3, 4 and 5 are supported by key case studies discussing other first person theatre practice. By placing the participant at the centre of the world-constituting process of theatre in the hot space between what is and what if this study suggests that first person theatre is able to open the contemporary individual to an inbetween where they might re-see, reflect and react to what is. To imagine and, if wished, act upon a what if. In an age of the disrupted near and far, the vanishing of the interface, of the false rhetoric of choice of personalisation , and the often false rhetoric of agency at the end of the era of broadcast, first person theatre offers the subject a route to individual agency, an understanding of the urban environment as construct, and to their relationship with the subjective other something which this thesis suggests is a personal-as-political practice to rival the Spectacle of late capitalism.

The death penalty has been an issue of debate for decades and it is of great relevance at present. Different reasons have emerged that make recourse to the death penalty appear necessary, such as, that it serves as a deterrent, it meets the need for retribution and that public opinion demands its imposition. Conversely, more convincing arguments have been raised for its abolition, amongst which is the argument that it is a violation of human rights. Africa is seen as one of the “death penalty regions” in the world, as most African states still retain the death penalty despite the growing international human rights standards and trends towards its abolition. Further, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights makes no mention of the death penalty. The death penalty in Africa is therefore an issue that one has to be particularly concerned about. During the 36th Ordinary Session (2004) of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, for the first time, the death penalty was one of the issues discussed by the Commission. Commissioner Chirwa initiated debate about the abolition of the death penalty in Africa, urging the Commission to take a clear position on the subject. In view of this and the international human rights developments and trends on the death penalty, discourses on the abolition of the death penalty in Africa are much needed. Accordingly, this study examines the death penalty in Africa from a human rights perspective. It seeks to determine why African states retain the death penalty, the ways in which the current operation of the death penalty in African states conflicts with human rights, what causes obstructions to its abolition in Africa, and whether it is appropriate for African states to join the international trend for the abolition of the death penalty. The current status and operation of the death penalty in Africa is first examined. The historical background to the death penalty in Africa from a traditional and western perspective is also discussed. Subsequently, the main arguments advanced by Africans (including African leaders, writers, priests and government officials) for the retention of the death penalty in Africa are evaluated. The study goes further to examine the death penalty in African states in the light of the right to life, the prohibition of cruel inhuman and degrading treatment and fair trial rights at both the international and national levels. After examining the death penalty in African states, the study arrives at the conclusion that it is appropriate for African states to join the international trend for the abolition of the death penalty, considering that the death penalty in Africa conflicts with human rights, the justifications for its retention are fundamentally flawed, and that alternatives to the death penalty in Africa exist. A number of recommendations are then made, which are geared towards the abolition of the death penalty in Africa. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted