The present paper is an attempt to examine the restriction (determination) of the Process by circumstantial elements. Although the Process can be used absolutely, more often than not it is accompanied by other elements – non-circumstantial (objective complements) and circumstantial. The choice of a circumstantial element is mostly determined by the type of Process, tense and aspect. Two types of circumstantial elements are distinguished: 1) non-specific (i.e. circumstantial elements common to all Process types); 2) specific (i.e. circumstantial elements peculiar to a Process type).

Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka förskolechefens påverkan på förskolans pedagoger, i deras arbete med att uppfylla läroplanens mål (lpfö98) inom naturvetenskap. I förskolans reviderade läroplan (2010) har naturvetenskapens roll förstärkts och det finns ett antal mål som ska uppfyllas. Undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av intervjuer med förskolechefer och genom att pedagoger har besvarat enkäter. Av resultatet framgår det, att förskolechefen är med och påverkar pedagogerna genom bland annat sin närvaro, diskussioner och kompetensutveckling. Detta sker då i olika omfattning beroende på hur nära de har till pedagogerna i förskolan. Pedagogerna som har sin förskolechef på plats i verksamheten anser sig ha ett större stöd av sin förskolechef och de får med det en mer diskuterande miljö på den förskolan. Kompentensutveckling är något som både förskolechefer och pedagoger ser som en viktig del, för att målen inom naturvetenskap ska uppnås på bästa sätt. / Thepurpose of the study has been to investigate the impact that the preschool’sleaders have on the educators and the educator’s work regarding meeting thenational curriculums (lpfö98) goals in the area of the natural sciences. In therevised curriculum (2010) the role of natural science has been emphasized, andthere are a number of goals to attain. The study has been conducted throughinterviews with leaders of preschools and by written questionnaires answered byeducators. The result of the study is that the leaders of the preschools havean impact on the educators, among other things through their presence, byinitiating discussions and by further developing the educator’s competences.This takes place in varying degrees, depending on where the leaders have theiroffices in relation to the educators workplace. The educators which have theirleader on place feel that they have a greater amount of support by theirleader, and the environment overall is one of open discussion. Developingcompetences is something that both leaders and educators saw as essential, inorder for the goals of natural science to be achieved in the best mannerpossible.

M.A. (Philosophy) / Usually when we think of law, we think of rationality and outcomes that are not swayed by emotion. Modern Western society tends to think of emotion and rationality as incompatible. It is a widely-held belief that it is more morally desirable for people to make ‘rational’ decisions rather than ‘emotional’ decisions in life in general. Perhaps in no other area is this distinction between the two more pronounced as in criminal law, where judges who society considers to be making ‘rational’ judicial decisions are revered, and those who society at large considers to be making ‘emotional’ judicial decisions are distrusted. As Terry Maroney (2006: 120) says, “[a] core presumption underlying modern legality is that reason and emotion are different beasts entirely…the sphere of law admits only of reason; and vigilant policing is required to keep emotion from creeping in where it does not belong”. In this dissertation, I propose to look at the virtue of mercy, where mercy is understood to have a significant emotional component, and to answer the question: Should a judge in a criminal trial employ mercy? If so, under what conditions? The importance of the question of whether a judge should employ mercy in a criminal case is that it addresses one part of the larger enquiry into how the state should respond to offenders. As moral beings, our emotional responses to criminals and their crimes are varied. Sometimes we feel anger, at other times disgust, and at other times mercy, grief and sadness.

Magister Legum - LLM / The detention of juvenile offenders is not encouraged by both the Constitution and a number of international instruments. This right is entrenched in the South African Constitution (section 28(1)(g) ) which provides that every child has the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under section s12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time. This Constitutional provision, in clear terms, views the incarceration of juvenile offenders in a serious light as it provides that the detention of juvenile offenders should be a measure of last resort. One of the important international instruments, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (Article 37(b) provides that children may be arrested, detained or imprisoned "only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest possible period of time". This thesis examines the impact of the Constitution and some international instruments on the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 105 of 1997 with regard to juvenile offenders. It also sets out the current legal position in South Africa with regard to sentencing of juvenile offenders. / South Africa

Fallstudien beskriver och diskuterar några lektioner med elever som har specifika inlärnings-svårigheter, utifrån skolverkets Allmänna råd, och belyser vilka pedagogiskt svårhanterliga problem och dilemman som kan uppstå när det inte blir som läraren har planerat. Teorin om den proximala utvecklingszonen åskådliggörs. Aktivitetens betydelse för inlärning belyses. Komplexiteten kring lärarskap och ledarskap illustreras. Skolverkets teori om kunskap genom progression, enligt givna årskurser med givet innehåll, stämmer inte alltid med erfarenheterna hos några av verklighetens elever. Samspelet mellan lärare och elever belyses i studien. Be-skrivningar av utvecklingsrelaterade funktionsnedsättningar och psykiskt sårbara barn visar ytterligare hur elevers individuella förutsättningar kan ge konsekvenser för inlärning. / This case study describes and discusses the outcome of some lessons, according to skolver-kets Allmänna råd, given for pupils with specific learning difficulties. It shows pedagogical problems and dilemmas which might occur when things do not turn out as it was planned for. The theory of the zone of proximal development is described in broad outline. The im-portance of action as the foundation to learning is illustrated. The complex role of teaching in the classroom is explained. Skolverket pursue (the theory of) a progression plan, according to the assumption that in a certain grade the pupils learn already defined knowledge based on success from previous learnings, even though it does not always square with the experiences of the pupils state of mind. A brief account of developmental disabilities and psychologically vulnerable children further more pictures how the individual conditions of the pupils can give consequences for the ability to learn.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en bredare förståelse för hur lärare upplever att de formar sin roll i interaktionen med eleverna för att kunna möta dem efter individuella förutsättningar. Svenska elevers resultat i skolan blir allt sämre och allt fler går ut grundskolan utan godkända betyg. Studien berör hur läraren formar sin roll i interaktionen med eleverna, på vilket sätt relationen mellan lärare och elev påverkar lärarens roll och även ytterligare omständigheter som påverkar läraren i interaktionen med eleverna. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie med en hermeneutisk metodologi där vi intervjuat åtta lärare. För att förstå vår empiri har vi analyserat utifrån tre teorier; Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv, Foucaults medel för god dressyr samt Aspelins perspektiv på mellanmänskliga relationer. Studien ger en bild av hur lärare formar sin roll genom respektskapande, relationsbyggande samt hur läraren i interaktionen påverkas av utomstående faktorer. Faktorerna är föräldrars syn på läraren och skolan, politik som påverkar lärarens och stöd från rektor och skolledning. Respekt bygger på samspel, en ömsesidig förståelse och samarbete. Genom att läraren i sin roll bygger på relationen med eleverna bidrar det till en mer effektiv kunskapsutveckling hos eleverna.

<p>The present thesis concerns middle-aged women’s subjective well-being (SWB). The interest is focused on the importance of childhood factors, social circumstances, and personality for middle-aged women’s general SWB. Data were taken from the longitudinal research program Individual Development and Adaptation (IDA, Magnusson & Bergman, 2000) and concerned a sample of about 300 women. The main analyses were made on data collected at age 43, but data collected at age 13 and age 49 were also used to elucidate the purposes of this thesis. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) In a Swedish sample of middle-aged women, social circumstances had only a moderate effect on general SWB variables. The strongest relationship was found between marital status and global life satisfaction. When personality factors were controlled for, they wiped out nearly all relationships between the social circumstances variables and SWB, except for those between global life satisfaction and marital status or unemployment; 2) The level of general SWB was found to be considerably higher for Swedish employed women as compared to their counterparts in Lithuania and different socio-demographic variables predicted SWB in those two countries. For the Swedish sample, family-oriented variables were the strongest predictors of SWB, while for the Lithuanian sample income and educational level were more important; 3) Results from applying longitudinal structural equation modeling suggested that optimism in adolescence influenced optimism in middle age, which in its turn had both a direct influence on global life satisfaction and an indirect influence via the negative affect dimension. In relation to a number of different adjustment factors measured in adolescence it was found that optimism was the only factor that was constantly related to SWB 30 years later; 4) Typical patterns of general SWB were identified. Cluster analyses at age 43 and age 49 separately resulted in similar well-functioning six cluster solutions at both ages, indicating structural stability across six years. In addition to the typical high/low/average SWB clusters that could be to some degree expected from variable-oriented results, a cluster with intense affect and one with very low GLS emerged. All clusters except the latter one showed individual stability across six years.</p>

The tension between the Equidistance-Special Circumstances rule (articulated in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf) and the Equitable Principles-Relevant Circumstances rule (declared in the 1969 North Sea Continental Shelf cases of the International Court of Justice) prevented the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea from stipulating a specific method for the delimitation of the EEZ or the continental shelf. For this reason, the role or status in maritime delimitation of the equidistance method, equitable principles, and relevant circumstances must generally be determined by reviewing the decisions of international courts and tribunals. The equidistance method has been employed in international case-law as a means of constructing a ‘provisional’ line. Analysis of international case-law also shows that the current rule governing maritime delimitation is the ‘achievement of an equitable solution’ in and of itself. The concept of equity in maritime delimitation is therefore only relevant to the equitability of the ‘result’ to be reached. Thus, the argument that equitable principles applicable to the examination of relevant circumstances are ascertainable and meaningful in maritime delimitation should be dismissed. Guaranteeing the equitability of principles or processes does not necessarily lead to the achievement of an equitable result. The remaining concept of significance to the delimitation process is that of ‘relevant circumstances’, which must be taken into account in order to reach an equitable result. The patterns or processes involved when the delimitation rule is applied by taking account of relevant circumstances are not predictable. The achievement of an equitable solution in maritime delimitation is preceded by the flexible consideration of relevant circumstances. The increasing importance of relevant circumstances to the delimitation of maritime boundaries is proven by two practical instances. One is the establishment of a single maritime boundary, which constitutes one typical maritime boundary; the other is the delimitation of the outer continental shelf, which has recently been included in international case-law. In brief, this thesis will show how best to arrive at an equitable solution by drawing attention to the demise of equitable principles and the dominant role of relevant circumstances. The clarification of taking into account relevant circumstances enables us more clearly to understand what is entailed in the task of achieving an equitable solution.

Change of circumstances and its effect on a duration of an obligation In particular cases, an unexpected supervening event may substantially affect original equilibrium of a contract, or make the performance for one of the parties much more burdensome, so that it would be greatly unjust to hold the parties to their obligations. In such situations, when the performance of one of the parties has become much more onerous, a conflict may rise between the classical principles of contractual freedom, sanctity of the contract, certainty of the law and pacta sunt servanda, on the one hand, and principle of contractual fairness, equity and good faith on the other. Pacta sunt servanda, principle accepted by most of developed legal systems, determines that obligations which are validly concluded, must be fulfilled, parties are bound by their agreement. In case of change of circumstances, this may lead to situations, when it would be unjust to hold the debtor to the obligation. This makes the topic of the thesis very controversial and polemic. The topic of this thesis is a change of circumstances and its impact on an existing obligation. The aim of the thesis is to focus and describe relevant legal doctrines, institutes, and possible solutions of the problem. Another purpose is to analyze different legislations and...

An informed consent of a patient is an institute in the area of medical law, which is still being developed and deals with both private and public legislation. It is one of the legal reasons for interference into physical and mental integrity of a patient, without which every act would be unlawful. This thesis provides an overview of the current legislation of this institute in the light of the new Civil Code, outlines possible application issues between the new legislation and the legislation that is no longer effective. The aim of this thesis is to give a comprehensive review of the criminal aspects of the informed consent, especially its role as a circumstance of justification. The content of this thesis is an analogous legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany, which is being compared to the Czech legislation in the final chapter. The thesis consists of seven chapters. The first one deals with the relationship between the doctor and the patient and its changes in time periods, which are necessary for the new legislation to be well understood. The second chapter gives an overview of the current legislation starting with the constitutional law, including international treatments, statutes, the Code of Ethics, all over to the regulation of the Czech Medical Chamber. It focuses on specific parts...