This thesis aims to bring to light the perceptions of mentalities of government through the eyes of unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors in Sweden. It also seeks to offer some insight and reflections from a custodian perspective. Unaccompanied asylum-seeking children that come to Sweden are entitled to the same rights as the children holding citizenships in Sweden. The right to be heard and listened to is enshrined in the Convention of the Rights of the Child and holds great value during the asylum-process. Thus, the enforcement of these rights, among other rights, shows to be challenging in practice when scrutinizing the asylum process. With a pluralistic theoretical approach, leaning on the works of Hannah Arendt and Jacques Derrida, along with the narratives shared by the informants, this study aims to uncover the probabilities of feeling helpless during the asylum process, it also seeks to explore how mechanisms of power relations and control are configured according to the informants. Most laws regarding securing rights for refugees are formed by international organizations and constituted by national politicians. These laws operate to gain control at the hand of legality, thus the restrictiveness has been at the expense of the child’s best interest. As I believe more initiatives should be taken within the field of migration policy, by having unaccompanied asylum-seeking children as the point of departure, this study is an endeavor to help give them a voice.

This thesis – Online Parody Videos and the Enactment of Cultural Citizenship – examines the enactment of the practice of cultural citizenship in new media contexts. Through a cultural study approach, it seeks to find how citizens enact the practices of cultural citizenship, participate in public deliberation, engage in politics and construct identities as citizens in an informal way through digital creativity. In this thesis, “JorKawTeun,” an online news parody program, is selected as a case study. The main research question is, “based on the case study of “JorKawTeun,” how are the practices of cultural citizenship and popularization of politics enacted through online parody videos in Thailand? Specifically, how is humor utilized in the videos, and what rhetorical strategies/tactics are used to make political points?” The theoretical framework is comprised of monitorial citizenship and cultural citizenship. In addition, the concept of “parody as genre” is also employed in order to be implemented in the analysis of the techniques used in the videos. The methodology is critical discourse analysis. The findings of the study reveal the complex and paradoxical dimensions of citizenship, the tendency towards individualized political participation, and the subversive potential of parody: a vernacular form of political communication that is remediated in a media convergence environment. Finally, the thesis aims at contributing to an understanding of the relationship between popular culture and politics in contemporary mediated contexts, as well as the rethinking of the notion of citizenship, political participation and civic engagement based on a culturally-oriented perspective.

Take front-line ground staff of airline companies for example, the main topic of the study is to discuss the relationship among employment status(full-time & part-time),organization commitment, citizenship role identity and organizational citizenship behavior and the confounding effect of job security on the relationships among the above variables. We hope that airline companies can understand the relationship between job attitude and job behavior of employees of different employment status so that it can be the references for them to adopt flexible human resources strategies. The questionnaire survey was adopted for the study. The samples are the front-line ground staff of airline companies in Taoyuan international airport, including passenger agents and cargo agents and so on. There were total 360 questionnaires released, and 242 of them are valid samples, including 167 full-time employees and 75 part-time employees. Through statistics analysis, the main results of the study are¡G 1. Employment status has no positively correlations with organizational citizenship behavior and citizenship role identity but had positively correlations with continuance organization commitment. We think the main reason is that the benefit package of full time and part-time ground staff in airline companies is not different very much and part time ground employees have the chances to become full time. On the other hand, the flexible work schedule can satisfy part time employees¡¦ other needs. So considering the job attitude and job behavior, full time and part time ground staff will not be very different. 2.Organization commitment has positively correlations with organizational citizenship behavior and will affect it in a positive way. The affective commitment has significant prediction on organizational citizenship behavior while continuance commitment has least prediction on it. 3. Citizenship role identity has positively correlations with organizational citizenship behavior and will affect it in a positive way. Employees with more organizationally-benefit citizenship role identity will be more likely to do organizationally-benefit citizenship behavior while employees with more individually-benefit citizenship role identity will be more likely to do individually-benefit citizenship behavior. 4. Job security has negative confounding effect on the relationship between employment status and citizenship role identity. We think that in a low job security situation, part-time ground staff will be with more citizenship role identity and do more organizational citizenship behavior in order to keep the job. Based on the above conclusions, this study offers some suggestions as the references for the airline companies. Key Words¡GEmployment Status, Part-time, Organization Commitment, Citizenship Role identity, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Job Security

Pilietybė yra nuolatinis, nepertraukiamas asmens ir valstybės teisinis ryšys. Užsieniečiams išvykus iš valstybės, jų teisinis ryšys su valstybe nutrūksta, priešingai nei piliečiams, kuriems išvykus į užsienio valstybę teisinis ryšys su pilietybės valstybe išlieka. Nustatydamas Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įgijimo pagrindus ir reguliuodamas pilietybės įgijimo ir netekimo tvarką, įstatymų leidėjas turi diskreciją, tačiau tai darydamas įstatymų leidėjas negali paneigti konstitucinio reikalavimo, kad Lietuvos Respublikos pilietis kartu gali būti ir kitos valstybės piliečiu tik atskirais įstatymo numatytais atvejais. Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įstatymai, tiek 1989 m. lapkričio 3 d., tiek 1991 m. gruodžio 5 d. paremti dvigubos pilietybės ribojimo principu, kuris nėra absoliutus. Yra numatytos dvigubos pilietybės draudimo išimtys. 1989 m. lapkričio 3 d. Lietuvos TSR pilietybės įstatyme iš pradžių nebuvo aiškaus dvigubos pilietybės draudimo įtvirtinimo, tokia nuostata buvo įvesta 1991 m. balandžio 16 d. įstatymu „Dėl Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įstatymo 18 straipsnio papildymo“. 1991 m. gruodžio 5 d. Lietuvos Respublikos pilietybės įstatymo 1 str. 2 d. buvo numatyta, kad Lietuvos Respublikos pilietis vienu metu negali būti kitos valstybės piliečiu, išskyrus šiame įstatyme numatytus atvejus. Tokie atvejai iš pradžių buvo du, t.y. kai pilietybė suteikiama už ypatingus nuopelnus Lietuvai bei pagal 1991 m. gruodžio 10 d. Pilietybės įstatymo redakciją - kitose valstybėse... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Citizenship is permanent, uninterrupted legal relation between a person and a state. If aliens leave a state, their legal relation with a state breaks off in contrast to the citizens whose legal relation with the state that granted their citizenship remains even if they go to any foreign country. While establishing the grounds for acquisition of the citizenship and regulating the procedure for acquisition and loss, a legislator has a discretion, however, by doing this a legislator may not deny the requirement of the Constitution that a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may also be a citizen of the other state only in separate cases prescribed by the law. Laws on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania, both the law of 3 November 1989 and 5 of December 1991 are based on the principle of limitation of double citizenship which is not absolute. The exceptions of prohibition of double citizenship are prescribed. The prohibition of double citizenship has not been clearly established in the Law on Citizenship of Soviet Union Republic of Lithuania of 3 November 1989 at first. Such provision has been established on the 16 of April 1991 by the law “On the Amendment of Article 18 of the Law on Citizenship of the Republic of Lithuania”. Law on Citizenship of 5 December 1991 provided that the citizen of the Republic of Lithuania may not be the citizen of other state at the same time, except for the cases prescribed by this law. At first, such cases where two, i.e. when the citizenship... [to full text]

Tauta yra valstybės bei jos politinės santvarkos kūrėja. Dalyvavimą valstybės valdyme bei priklausymą valstybinei tautai rodo piliečio statusas. Tarptautinėje teisėje yra įtvirtintas principas, kad kiekviena valstybė pagal savo teisę nustato, kas yra jos piliečiai. Tuo pat metu valstybės turi gerbti laisvą tautų apsisprendimo teisę. Kokiai tautybei save priskirti, kokią kultūrą bei tradicijas puoselėti, yra asmens apsisprendimo reikalas ir negali būti reguliuojama jokiais valstybės teisės aktais. Pilietybė dažniausiai yra įgyjama gimimu arba natūralizacijos būdu. Valstybės vykdo tam tikrą pilietybės politiką priklausomai nuo tautinės savivokos. Pavyzdžiui, JAV, kur viena šalia kitos yra daugelis kultūrų ir tautų, yra įtvirtintas taip vadinamas individualus-civilinis pilietybės modelis. Vokietijoje, kurioje tauta suvokiama kaip valstybės pagrindas, yra pasirinktas kolektyvinis-etninis pilietybės modelis. Prancūzija, kur tauta suvokiama kaip valstybės kūrinys, yra civilinio-kolektyvinio pilietybės modelio šalininkė. Lietuvos Respublikoje po Konstitucinio Teismo 2006m. lapkričio 13d. nutarimo, kuriame yra pabrėžiama, jog Lietuvos valstybę reikia suvokti, kaip pilietinę tautą, kilo daugybė diskusijų dėl to, kokia yra Lietuvos tautinė savivoka. Skirtingų valstybių ne vienodas pilietybės instituto teisinis reguliavimas kartais gali lemti, kad asmuo turės dvigubą pilietybę. Svarbu išsiaiškinti ar dvigubos pilietybės įgijimo sąlygos gali būti pagrįstos tautinės priklausomybės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The people are the most important element of the country. Every person, that is a part of the nation of the particular country, so that to belong to the civic nation must hold the status of the citizen. It is an international law principal that every country according to its national law defines who its citizens are, but at the same time the country must not violate the right to self-determination. Every person has a right to decide himself what nationality he considers himself or what nationality he wants to belong to. The option in any case cannot be regulated by the decisions of the government. The most common way in any country to get a citizenship is by birth or naturalization. The policy of citizenship depends of the countries ethnic identity that is how the country understands what the people in it are. For example, USA, traditional multicultural country has individualistic- civic model of citizenship, according to which the nation is conceived as a collective of sovereign individuals. Germany has a collectivistic-ethnic idea of nation and nationality, where the fusion of citizenship and nationality mean that the non-nationals would be treated as non-citizens. French have civic-collectivistic model, according to which an individual can acquire nationality, that is, citizenship through a process of assimilation. After the decision of November 13, 2006 of Constitutional Court of Lithuania, the issue of what is the ethnic identity of Lithuania became an open debate. The... [to full text]

„Dviguba pilietybė Lietuvoje (viešojo diskurso analizė) 2002-2008 metais“ – tai tyrimas apie svarstybas Lietuvos Respublikos Seime ir Lietuvos bei išeivijos žiniasklaidoje dėl dvigubos pilietybės statuso pripažinimo teisiniame LR pilietybės reguliavime. Darbe analizuojamos viešojo diskurso funkcionavimo ypatybės dalyvių ir turinio aspektais. Žvelgiant į teisinio-politinio-visuomeninio lygmens veiksmus Lietuvoje ir išeivijos akcijas bei tarp šių pusių vykusią polemiką matyti, kad dvigubos pilietybės klausimas Lietuvoje keliamas trijuose pagrindiniuose kontekstuose: dviguba pilietybė kaip ryšio su lietuvių išeivija išsaugojimo priemonė; statuso pripažinimas ne lietuvių kilmės asmenims; galiausiai, dvigubų/keleriopų piliečių, gavusių LR pilietybę prezidentinės išimties tvarka, klausimas. Išanalizavus kiekybinio ir kokybinio tyrimo metu gautus duomenis pastebėta, kad diskusijose apie dvigubą pilietybę lietuvių kilmės asmenims gvildenama emigracijos problema, pabrėžiamas išeivijos indėlis į Lietuvos ekonominį, kultūrinį, visuomeninį gyvenimą, taip pat emocinio ryšio su Lietuva ir kilmės šaknų svarba. Nemažai dėmesio skiriama pilietybės instituto reikšmės kvestionavimui, piliečio ir valstybės tarpusavio įsipareigojimo (teisių ir pareigų) aspektais. Polemikoje dėl dvigubos pilietybės ne lietuvių kilmės asmenims paliečiamos restitucijos, grėsmės nacionaliniam saugumui klausimas ir diskriminacijos tautinių mažumų atžvilgiu elementas. Lietuvos patirtis suteikiant pilietybę išimties... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This research aims to analyse dual citizenship status in Lithuania as a concept in Parliamentary debates as well as in media throughout Lithuania and Lithuanian communities living abroad. Analysis has taken a two level direction – the main characteristics of participants and their groups in public discourse and its content examination at the same time. The changes in legal, political and social level in Lithuania in addition stimulated by Lithuanian Diaspora movements brought dual citizenship question into the discourse field in connection with three different contexts the topic is most often debated in. First of all, the development of a sending state pattern, where dual citizenship can be seen as a way to maintain links with Lithuanian Diaspora. Secondly, how it is seen in recognition of dual citizenship status for other ethnic origins residing in Lithuania and abroad. And finally, the topic can be viewed in the context of dual citizens by the rule of exception. In order to find an answer to the main objective of this research, study employs an eclectic methodological approach, comprising comparative qualitative and quantitative discourse analysis. Given results demonstrated that there is no overall tendency in the development of this field, however main topics can be recognised in each context. Such as emigration, the role of Lithuanian Diaspora and its contribution to economic, cultural, social life in Lithuania, the emotion and identity in expression of the relationship... [to full text]

There is a public perception that Canada is an ideal place for cultivating global citizenship because of its culturally plural demographics and official policies of multiculturalism. Global Citizenship Education (GCE) is a growing field in Canadian education and is an explicit focus in the Alberta social studies curriculum. This thesis brings together four conversations within which multiculturalism and GCE are both related and conflated: (a) the public perceptions of Canada as a model of cultural diversity and global citizenship, (b) the scholarly discussions of GCE and multiculturalism, (c) the policy context where multiculturalism is set alongside GCE, and (d) the practical ways that the two are mutually related in curriculum and lesson documents. There are four interrelated sections to this thesis; each identifies the tensions inherent to multiculturalism, GCE, and the perceived relationship between these fields. First is a wider philosophical and theoretical framing of the topic. Second is the examination of educational research on the topic. Third is a critical discourse analysis of policy, curriculum, and lesson plan documents in the province of Alberta. Last is a synthesis of the findings from all three sections. The analysis finds that there are philosophical and ideological tensions inherent to both fields and to the relationships between them. This contributes to conceptual and ideological conflation and confusion. This finding raises some important concerns in terms of possibilities and constraints to thinking about cultural diversity and social inequities in new ways. It highlights how multicultural contexts of GCE can lead to the recreation of tensions, conflation, and ambiguity. However, the Alberta context demonstrates that a multicultural context can also open critical spaces and possibilities for GCE through engagements with tensions and complexities. Thus this thesis contributes theoretically, by presenting a framework and perspective for interrogating and critically inquiring into the relationship between the two fields. It also contributes to the policy and curriculum discussions in educational research and practice by highlighting the importance of foregrounding key tensions inherent to each field and by identifying the potential negative consequences of leaving these tensions implicit.

There is a public perception that Canada is an ideal place for cultivating global citizenship because of its culturally plural demographics and official policies of multiculturalism. Global Citizenship Education (GCE) is a growing field in Canadian education and is an explicit focus in the Alberta social studies curriculum. This thesis brings together four conversations within which multiculturalism and GCE are both related and conflated: (a) the public perceptions of Canada as a model of cultural diversity and global citizenship, (b) the scholarly discussions of GCE and multiculturalism, (c) the policy context where multiculturalism is set alongside GCE, and (d) the practical ways that the two are mutually related in curriculum and lesson documents. There are four interrelated sections to this thesis; each identifies the tensions inherent to multiculturalism, GCE, and the perceived relationship between these fields. First is a wider philosophical and theoretical framing of the topic. Second is the examination of educational research on the topic. Third is a critical discourse analysis of policy, curriculum, and lesson plan documents in the province of Alberta. Last is a synthesis of the findings from all three sections. The analysis finds that there are philosophical and ideological tensions inherent to both fields and to the relationships between them. This contributes to conceptual and ideological conflation and confusion. This finding raises some important concerns in terms of possibilities and constraints to thinking about cultural diversity and social inequities in new ways. It highlights how multicultural contexts of GCE can lead to the recreation of tensions, conflation, and ambiguity. However, the Alberta context demonstrates that a multicultural context can also open critical spaces and possibilities for GCE through engagements with tensions and complexities. Thus this thesis contributes theoretically, by presenting a framework and perspective for interrogating and critically inquiring into the relationship between the two fields. It also contributes to the policy and curriculum discussions in educational research and practice by highlighting the importance of foregrounding key tensions inherent to each field and by identifying the potential negative consequences of leaving these tensions implicit.

Work-life balance is a dominant discourse in contemporary Western society. It has been built on a language of large organizations, hence has not been widely considered in relation to the small-medium enterprise sector. As a consequence, scant research has been conducted on the experiences of immigrant entrepreneurs and work-life balance within the small-medium enterprise sector in New Zealand, a country largely populated with migrants and small businesses which account for 96 per cent of the total enterprises. This study aims to fill this gap by firstly exploring the interpretations of the concept of work-life balance by Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs and, secondly, the main challenges they face in achieving work-life balance. This is done by drawing on literatures including those on work-life balance, small-medium enterprises, and immigrant entrepreneurship theories. Primary research was conducted using a critical interpretive approach where the researcher is an insider to the study. This philosophical and methodological approach makes it possible to give a minority group a voice to effect social change and gain further research attention. Fifteen Chinese business owners, chosen from a variety of industries within the Auckland region, participated in this study. A qualitative methodological technique and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data for the case study on these entrepreneurs. The results indicate that the majority do not enjoy a sense of work-life balance because they take on filial obligations important for their own culture. They need to work hard to generate financial profit for the benefit of family. About half of them work more than 60 hours per week and three works longer than 70 hours weekly. The motivation for them to work in this way is to provide their family with desirable housing and to enable their children to meet higher education goals. This study challenges the applicability of the work-life balance discourse among the immigrant entrepreneurs who perceive the concept differently based on their cultural values. The results emphasise the need for business case studies from Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs and research attention on contemporary human resource topics to be given to minority groups.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-181).