Among the different immigration streams in Canada- family reunification, economic immigrants and refugee protection- newcomers have cited diverse experiences. This is problematic since Canada has a goal of increasing its population to a hundred million within the next seventy-eight years (Century Initiative, 2020). Sixty-two million new Canadians facing inconsistent settlement experiences would be considered a failure of this policy (Century Initiative, 2020). The literature of integration in Canada diverges into two streams: economic model of conformity and socio-cultural. According to the literature, Canada’s immigration policies use more of an economic conformity model than a socio-cultural conformity model of integration, with the former more widely cited. The strength of Canada’s economic conformity model was challenged when comparing immigration policies and immigrant outcomes with Australia and New Zealand. Using a case-oriented comparative analysis, performance indicators demonstrated that Canada had the strongest socio-cultural integration policies between the three cases. These findings were triangulated by a document analysis of Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Canada’s departmental plans and performance reports from 1998 till 2020. Analyzing the evolution of immigration policies across the different streams found that the federal government decentralized policies and programs to the provincial level. This allowed newcomers to better adapt to the needs and environment of their specific provinces, confirming Canada’s socio-cultural approach to integration. Canada’s strength in its immigration policy resulted in the federal government’s ability to decentralize programs and policies to the provincial level such as welcoming and integrating new immigrants. The document analysis also found inconsistencies with performance indicators measuring integration across the three streams: economic immigrants were only assessed on economic integration factors whereas family reunified immigrants and refugees were only assessed on socio-cultural integration indicators. / Graduate

Integration and immigration policies as a raised as an ‘hot topic’ in many western democracies,mostly due to an increased immigration. This has led to a debate on integration issues and howto integrate new citizens in the western societies.The Swedish government presented an inquiry on the subject of citizenship test in language andcivic skills in 2021 with an uttered aim to ‘increase the status of the citizenship and to promotean inclusive society’. This paper analyses, based on the WPR- approach, this inquiry report inregard to the purpose of the citizenship test and which problem representations that underpinthe inquiry.The inquiry report expresses a problem representation that ‘immigrants have a lack in theSwedish language and in civic skills’ which is seen as a result of ‘lack of effort’ and that it istoo easy to receive a Swedish citizenship. The ‘solution’ to this ‘problem’ is to introduce acitizenship test which tis thought to create incentives to become more ‘included’. The problemrepresentations (re)produce a ‘immigrant’s people category which need to be govern andreenforces a dichotomy of included and excluded in relation to ‘immigrants. At the same timethe scientific support in regard to create motivation for inclusion and integration by a mandatorylanguage and civic tests are contested.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The body of literature regarding occupational callings has well established the positive effects of living one’s calling. Emerging research, however, identifies the double-edged sword nature of callings or in other words, the potential negative effects living one’s calling can have in spite of the positive effects. Nevertheless, there is a lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms explaining the negative effects of callings as well as a lack of direction regarding how those living their calling may avoid or mitigate these negative effects. Drawing upon previous literature coupled with the Job Demands-Resources Model, I tested the degree to which called individuals are more susceptible to negative outcomes in the form of citizenship fatigue. I also tested a theoretical model to examine organizational citizenship behavior as the mechanism that accounts for the relationship between living a calling and citizenship fatigue. I additionally examined two moderators of this relationship: self-compassion and leader compassion. Hypotheses were tested using a two-wave survey design with 288 full-time employees. Results have implications for called individuals’ overall health and wellbeing, as well as for leaders and the company climate they foster.

This commentary describes the significance of faculty citizenship in the broader context of institutional culture and defines faculty citizenship for use across all aspects of faculty roles in the Academy. The definition includes two key components (engagement and collegiality) that can be used to measure citizenship behaviors. Continued discussion and study of faculty citizenship will further the Academy’s understanding and use of the concept.

Musik är en väsentlig del i identitetsskapandet för barn och unga världen över. Genom globaliseringen har musik, klädstilar och dylika centrala delar i uppbyggandet av jaget spridits världen över och kombinerats och inspirerats av varandra (Sernhede, 2006). Identitetsskapandet är en betydande del i huruvida ett aktivt medborgarskap tar form eller inte hos olika individer och grupper. Därav är identitetsskapandet en väsentlig del att bejaka vid undervisningen av medborgerlig bildning. Medborgare refererar till en person som reagerar på sin omgivning med medvetenhet om de sociala och politiska funktionerna i samhället (Hartsmar et al, 2013). Vad en medborgerlig bildning specifikt består av beror på vilka system, traditioner och värden som är förekommande där bildningen genomförs. Likheten med all medborgerlig bildning är att det syftar till en bildning som har målet att stärka medborgarnas förmåga att påverka samhällsutvecklingen positivt (ibid.)Ovanstående resonemang har lett mig till frågeställningarna "Hur används musik i skolor i Tanzania?", "Hur uttrycker sig lärare och elever gällande betydelsen av musikutbildning utifrån ett individ- och ett kollektivt perspektiv?" samt "Hur kan läroplanen appliceras på medborgerlig bildning för demokrati?". Anledningen till att just tanzaniska skolor står i fokus är det faktum att Tanzanias läroplan har ett ämne kallat vocational skills, där 12 ämnen ingår. Musik är ett av ämnena inom vocational skills som till störst del står för den medborgerliga bildningen i skolan. Enligt den svenska läroplanen ska medborgerlig bildning vara en del av samtliga ämnen, men skillnaden är att den tanzaniska läroplanen beskriver något mer specifikt hur det ska gå till - i synnerhet när det gäller musikundervisningen. Jag ansåg därför att det kunde vara intressant att undersöka musikens koppling till medborgerlig bildning i skolor i Tanzania. Detta har jag gjort genom en kvalitativ studie innehållande 15 intervjuer, varav tre personer var lärare och resterande elever i åldrarna 12 -14 år. Det visade sig i mitt resultat att musik ansågs vara en viktig del av identitetsskapandet och det framtida medborgarskapet, men även att detta är en möjlig väg för medborgerlig bildning, bland många andra.

One issue that has been neglected and is gaining currency in the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) literature is the extent to which individuals consider OCB to be part of the job (OCB role definition). A recent meta-analytic review reveals that employees are more likely to perform OCB when they define OCB as in-role rather than as extra-role. However, little attention has been paid to the influences of organizational practices on employee OCB role definition. This neglect is of particular relevance because researchers have argued that how employees view their role obligations are likely to be subject to some purposeful organizational practices. Thus, this paper focuses on the effects of high-performance work systems (HPWS) on employee OCB role definition. This paper adopts multiple theoretical perspectives (e.g., social exchange, organizational identification, ability-motivation-opportunity, and trust) to understand how, why, and when HPWS cause employees to expand their job requirements to include OCBs like helping and voice. Using a multisource data collected at 4 waves from 208 supervisor-employee dyads in Taiwan, I examined the following: (a) the direct effect of employee-experienced HPWS on employee helping and voice role definitions, (b) the mediating roles of employee helping and voice role definitions in the employee-experienced HPWS and actual employee helping and voice relationships, (c) the mediating roles of employee social exchange and organizational identification perceptions toward the organization, as well as employee efficacy, instrumentality, and autonomy perceptions toward helping and voice in the relationships between employee-experienced HPWS and OCB role definitions, (d) the direct effect of employee trust in supervisor on employee helping and voice role definitions, and (e) the moderating role of employee trust in supervisor in the relationships between employee-experienced HPWS and employee helping and voice role definitions. The results confirm the direct effects of employee-experienced HPWS and trust in supervisor, the mediating effects of employee helping and voice role definition, and employee efficacy, instrumentality, and autonomy perceptions toward helping and voice, as well as the moderating effects of employee trust in supervisor, such that employee trust in supervisor strengthened the effects of employee-experienced HPWS on employee helping and voice role definitions when trust in supervisor was high than when it was low. Implications for research and practice are discussed. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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I en alltmer globaliserad värld där utbudet av produkter ökar är det svårt att skapa ett starkt och hållbart varumärke på marknaden. Då det idag finns få verktyg och koncept inom intern varumärksuppbyggnad har jag valt att undersöka hur varumärket kan stärkas inifrån och ut. I studien har jag tittat närmare på begreppet Brand citizenship behaviour, ett område som är relativt nytt och bygger på den anställdes inverkan på varumärket. En explorativ fallstudie har genomförts för att undersöka vilka berättelser som återges i ämnet. Detta genom att ha intervjuat sju anställda på företaget Saltå kvarn. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån teorier som handlar om Brand citizenship behaviour, Organizational citizenship behaviour och organisationsteorier. Utifrån befintliga teorier och studiens analys har jag tagit fram en modell som kan användas av personer i ledande befattning och chefer. Denna kan brukas som ett verktyg för att främja ett Brand citizenship behaviour på arbetsplatsen och vidare uppmuntra medarbetarna till personligt engagemang vilket påverkar företaget, varumärket och organisationen. Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse kring ämnet samt att den visar på den anställdes inverkan på varumärket, något som kan stärka hela företaget inifrån och ut. / In an increasingly globalized world where the supply of products increases, it is difficult to create a strong and sustainable brand in the market. Since there are currently few tools and concepts in the field of internal brand building I have chosen to study how the brand can be strengthened from the inside out. In the study, I have looked into the concept of Brand citizenship behavior, an area that is relatively new and is based on the employee's impact on the brand. An explorative case study was used to examine the stories reproduced in substance. This by interviewing seven employees at the company Saltå kvarn. The empirical material is analyzed from theories about Brand citizenship behavior, Organizational citizenship behavior and organizational theories. Based on existing theories and the study's analysis, I have developed a model that can be used by executive senior management and CEO’s. This can be used as a tool to promote Brand citizenship behavior in the workplace and encourage employees to further personal involvement, which affects the company, brand and organization. The study contributes to a better understanding about the subject and it shows on the employee's impact on the brand, something that can strengthen the whole company from the inside and out.

The expansion of globalization continues to increase the rate at which people move across borders, work and live in countries different from their countries of origin. To ease the migration and integration of immigrants, several countries now offer dual citizenship to their citizens and immigrants willing to naturalize in their country. This has led to a substantial increase in the number of people holding dual citizenship globally. While this has achieved the purpose of immigrant integration, there is a popular concern that it might lead to a case of divided loyalty where individuals with dual citizenship show more loyalty to one of their states than to the other. In light of this, this study explored the loyalty of citizens in Malmo, Sweden to Sweden as their host country and their respective countries of origin.   This study adopted a cross-sectional qualitative survey methodology. Eight inhabitants of Malmo, Sweden were recruited as the study participants using a snowballing sampling technique. A face-to-face interview session guided by a semi-structured interview guide was used as the data collection instrument. The loyalty of study participants was evaluated using four metrics including self-identification, social activity, economic activity and political activity involvement following the communitarianism theory of citizenship.    The socio-demographic profile of the study participants showed that four of them emigrated from Asia, three from Africa and one from Europe. Five of the study participants were male and the other three were female. Seven of them were also employed and only one was unemployed. In addition, all the participants have spent at least six years residing in Sweden.  The results of the study showed that the majority of dual citizens in Sweden prefer to identify with their home country than to identify as a Swede. Also, dual citizens in Malmo, Sweden engage in social, economic and political activities in Sweden more than they do in their home countries. The study concluded that dual citizens in Sweden are more loyal to their host country (Sweden) than they are to their host country. However, this finding mostly applies to immigrants from developing countries as they are the only ones involved in this study as study participants.

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a functional home room citizenship program; to determine the changes to be made in one school year in the civic attitudes of a given group through an especially arranged curriculum.