This diploma thesis analysis and evaluates operating costs of the bus line no. 67 provided by the Brno transport company. The first part deals with history and current status of the Brno Transport Company and bus transport. The second part describes bus line no. 67. The last part deals with operating costs and indicators that affect fuel consumption.

City busses are operated on roads where the GPS signal is weak, because of the tall buildings surrounding these roads. The localization of city busses, needs to therefore rely on alternate technique in order to improve the accuracy. Recent standardization of inter vehicular communication has made this a readily available tool which can be used for localization. This thesis presents an approach towards localization of a city bus by means of vehicular ad hoc network. The two main components of localization by this approach is the initialization of location estimate component, and the real time location estimation component. In particular, the thesis develops the use of minimum mean square estimation for initialization and an extended Kalman filtering approach for real time location estimation. The localization method is mathematically described, considering the operating scenarios of a city bus. The accuracy of the proposed method is mathematically evaluated. The developed localization method is implemented in a simulation tool kit for inter vehicular communication. Simulation experiments were performed for operating scenarios of city bus. The result of initialization by minimum mean square error is compared to that of initialization by GPS, in-terms of localization accuracy. Different setups of road side units are compared in-terms of accuracy and update interval. The results show that the proposed method is feasible for localization of a city bus. This thesis was carried out in association with Scania AB, Södertälje. / Stadsbussar åker på vägar som är omgivna av byggnader, vilket försämrar stadsbussarnas GPSmottagning. Lokaliseringen av stadsbussar måste därför förlita sig på alternativ teknik för att förbättra noggrannheten. Nyligen standardiserad kommunikation mellan fordon har blivit till ett lättillgängligt verktyg som kan användas för lokalisering. Den här uppsatsen presenterar en strategi för lokalisering av en stadsbuss med hjälp av fordonets ad hoc-nätverk. Huvudkomponenterna för lokalisering är en initialiseringskomponent och realtidslägesuppskattningskomponent. Speciellt utvecklar arbetet användningen av minsta medelkvadratberäkning för initialisering och en utvidgad kalmanfiltreringsmetod för realtidslägesuppskattning. Lokaliseringsmetoden beskrivs matematiskt med tanke på driftsscenarierna för en stadsbuss. Noggrannheten hos den föreslagna metoden utvärderas matematiskt. Den utvecklade lokaliseringsmetoden implementeras i ett simuleringsverktyg för kommunikation mellan fordon. Simuleringsexperiment utfördes för driftsscenarier för stadsbussar. Resultatet av initialisering med minsta medelkvadratberäkning jämförs med initialiseringen med GPS, i termer av lokaliseringsnoggrannhet. Olika inställningar av vägrensenheter jämförs med avseende på noggrannhet och uppdateringsintervall. Resultaten visar att den föreslagna metoden är möjlig för lokalisering av en stadsbuss. Denna arbetet genomfördes i samarbete med Scania AB, Södertälje.

Indian cities rely predominantly on buses for public transport. The issues of performance measurement and efficiency analyses for the bus company have been gaining significance due to severe operating conditions and financial constraints in which these bus companies provide the service. Performance is defined as the levels of success of the service with respect to different parameters such as quality of service, cost effectiveness and safety. Performance is measured in terms of operational efficiency and financial efficiency. Operational Efficiency of an organization is the ability to utilize its available resources to the maximum extent. Financial Efficiency is a measure of the organization’s ability to translate its financial resources into revenue. Public bus transportation plays a pivotal role in India in bringing about greater mobility both within and between urban and rural areas. Through increased mobility, road transport also contributes immensely to social and economic development of different regions of the country. Public transport is provided by surface road transport using buses by the State Road Transport Undertakings (SRTUs) and by private operators. In this thesis, scientific analysis of the performance of SRTUs is carried out at different levels considering physical and financial parameters through multivariate techniques, non-parametric techniques and qualitative techniques. A comprehensive study on all the SRTUs of Karnataka at depot, division level are done and determined which quantitative method is suited for depot level and division level studies. From quantitative and qualitative studies of SRTUs strategies are developed and recommendations are made to improve the performance of SRTUs. Further, in addition to Bangalore metropolitan transport corporation (BMTC) performance analyses, the routes are analyzed to reduce the dead kilometer. Major contributions from this work: 1. Both inter and intra city operations of the public transport corporation in the state of Karnataka have been exhaustively analysed using operational and financial parameters. 2. Large amount of data over a long period has been collated from State road transport units and a standard format has been developed for collecting both operational and financial parameters for SRTU’s. 3. A generic framework and plan for performance evaluation of SRTU’s has been developed using ratio and benchmarking analysis, and, non-parametric and multivariate techniques like DEA (constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS)), DEA-principal component analysis (PCA), DEA- bootstrapping. These analyses have been carried out at different levels, like transport corporations level (KSRTC NEKRTC, NWKRTC, BMTC), division level (33 divisions), and Depot level (193 depots). 4. Non parametric and multivariate Models have been developed and validated using DEAP and GAMS software before embarking on the above detailed analyses. 5. Analytical hierarchy approach (AHP), which is multi criteria structured technique, has been adopted to evaluate and analyze performance of the SRTU’s, divisions and depots based on qualitative and quantitative data. 6. User and operator perception studies of different SRTU’s of Karnataka have been done to evaluate the performance of these corporations from qualitative techniques. 7. From these comprehensive non parametric techniques, the efficiency of the SRTU’s have been evaluated and found that KSRTC has been the best operating unit among the SRTU’s considered for the study. The same has been observed from the AHP as well as perception surveys carried out as part of this thesis. 8. Operation and financial performance including profitability studies of Mysore urban transportation (Mysore city transport division) has been carried out before and after implementation of intelligent transport system (ITS). 9. The dead kilometer minimization model was formulated, which is a mixed integer programming problem, to get the optimal solution considering the capacity of the depot and time period of operation for the chosen network. An optimization technique has been developed for solving the dead kilometer problem in the operations of BMTC buses for the Volvo division (division operates 794 schedules). The alternative depot locations have been identified to reduce the dead kilometer, leading to large amount of savings for the corporation. 10. From the detailed analyses using non parametric techniques, multivariate and multi-criteria techniques along with perception surveys, strategies and recommendations have been arrived at to improve performance of the public transport corporations. This thesis consists of nine chapters and they are as below; Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction of public bus transport systems in India, their problems and need for performance evaluation of SRTUs. The impacts study of Mysore ITS, dead kilometer minimization problem for BMTC along with evaluating the performance of SRTUs by quantitative and qualitative data. This chapter provides the objective of the work and scope of the work. The main objectives of this research are 1. To develop a generic framework and plan for evaluation by identifying the performance indicators and data sources for evaluation.

The transport sector contributes significantly to global energy use and emissions due to its traditional dependency on fossil fuels. Climate change, security of energy supply and increasing mobility demand is mobilising governments around the challenges of sustainable transport. Immediate opportunities to reduce emissions exist through the adoption of new bus technologies, e.g. advanced powertrains. This thesis analysed energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of conventional, hybrid-electric, and plug-in hybrid-electric city buses including two-axle, articulated, and biarticulated chassis types (A total of 6 bus types) for the operation phase (Tank-to-Wheel) in Curitiba, Brazil. The systems analysis tool – Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) and a carbon balance method were applied. Seven bus routes and six operation times for each (i.e. 42 driving cycles) are considered based on real-world data. The results show that hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric two-axle city buses consume 30% and 58% less energy per distance (MJ/km) compared to a conventional two-axle city bus (i.e. 17.46 MJ/km). Additionally, the energy use per passenger-distance (MJ/pkm) of a conventional biarticulated city bus amounts to 0.22 MJ/pkm, which is 41% and 24% lower compared to conventional and hybrid-electric two-axle city buses, respectively. This is mainly due to the former’s large passenger carrying capacity. Large passenger carrying capacities can reduce energy use (MJ/pkm) if the occupancy rate of the city bus is sufficient high. Bus routes with fewer stops decrease energy use by 10-26% depending on the city bus, because of reductions in losses from acceleration and braking. The CO2 emissions are linearly proportional to the estimated energy use following from the carbon balance method, e.g. CO2 emissions for a conventional two-axle city bus amount to 1299 g/km. Further results show that energy use of city bus operation depends on the operation time due to different traffic conditions and driving cycle characteristics. An additional analysis shows that energy use estimations can vary strongly between considered driving cycles from real-world data. The study concludes that advanced powertrains with electric drive capabilities, large passenger carrying capacities and bus routes with a fewer number of bus stops are beneficial in terms of reducing energy use and CO2 emissions of city bus operation in Curitiba.