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1	Permanent magnet synchronous machine using ferrite vs rare earth magnets : how do they compare? / Synkronmaskin med permanentmagnet som använder ferrit mot sällsynta jordartsmagneter : hur jämför de sig? Manakshya, Nikhil January 2021 (has links) Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM are considered as viable options for automotive and traction applications. Rare earth magnets such as Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB is the most common choice in the PMSM for electric vehicles to achieve high power density machines. However, rare earth magnets are problematic from ethical and sustainability perspectives. From these perspectives, there are better magnet alternatives, such as ferrites. Ferrite magnets are well known for lower environmental impact, abundance and low cost. Due to a lower residual flux density of a ferrite magnet than that of a rare earth magnet, a larger amount of ferrite magnets are needed to achieve the same performance. This master thesis is aimed to compare a PMSM using NdFeB magnets with a PMSM using ferrite magnets in terms of different parameters such as torque production, power factor, drive cycle efficiency, losses mapping, cost, and environmental impact. The machines are designed based on the Volvo XC40 vehicle requirements. In order to compare both the machines, ferrite based machine with different types of rotor structures such as arc and spoke type configurations are designed in Ansys Maxwell and compared with the reference PMSM holding NdFeB magnet. The demagnetisation study was performed on the ferrite magnets at lower temperature in order to investigate the feasibility of the design. In order to reduce the risk of demagnetisation, a parametric analysis of the rotor structure has been conducted. Furthermore, the mechanical integrity was investigated at top speed. / Permanent magnet-synkronmaskiner (PMSM) betraktas som lönsamma alternativ för fordons och dragapplikationer. Sällsynta jordartsmagneter som Neodymiumbor (NdFeB) är det vanligaste valet i PMSM för elfordon att uppnå maskiner med hög effektdensitet. Sällsynta jordartsmagneter är emellertid problematiska ur etiska perspektiv och hållbarhetsperspektiv. Ur dessa perspektiv finns det bättre magnetalternativ, såsom ferriter. Ferrit är välkänt för lägre miljöpåverkan, överflöd och låga kostnader. På grund av låg restflödestäthet hos en ferritmagnet än en sällsynt jordartsmagnet behövs en större mängd ferritmagneter för att uppnå samma prestanda. Detta examensarbete syftar till att jämföra en PMSM med hjälp av NdFeB-magneter med en PMSM som använder ferritmagneter i termer av olika prestandaparametrar såsom vridmomentproduktion, effektfaktor, drivcykeleffektivitet, kartläggning av förluster, kostnad och miljöpåverkan. Maskinerna är designade baserat på Volvo XC40 fordons krav. För att jämföra båda maskinerna utformas ferritbaserad maskin med olika typer av rotorstruktur, såsom båg- och ekertypskonfiguration i Ansys Maxwell och jämförs med referensen PMSM som håller NdFeB-magneten. Demagnetiseringsstudien utfördes på ferritmagneterna vid lägre temperatur för att undersöka designens genomförbarhet. För att minska risken för demagnetisering har den parametriska analysen av rotorstrukturen genomförts. Dessutom undersöktes mekanisk integritet i toppfart. Vehicle requirement drive cycle ferrite magnet demagnetisation environmental impact. Fordonsbehov körcykel ferritmagnet avmagnetisering miljöpåverkan. Elektroteknik och elektronik
2	Towards sustainable urban transportation : Test, demonstration and development of fuel cell and hybrid-electric buses Folkesson, Anders January 2008 (has links) Several aspects make today’s transport system non-sustainable: • Production, transport and combustion of fossil fuels lead to global and local environmental problems. • Oil dependency in the transport sector may lead to economical and political instability. • Air pollution, noise, congestion and land-use may jeopardise public health and quality of life, especially in urban areas. In a sustainable urban transport system most trips are made with public transport because high convenience and comfort makes travelling with public transport attractive. In terms of emissions, including noise, the vehicles are environmentally sustainable, locally as well as globally. Vehicles are energy-efficient and the primary energy stems from renewable sources. Costs are reasonable for all involved, from passengers, bus operators and transport authorities to vehicle manufacturers. The system is thus commercially viable on its own merits. This thesis presents the results from three projects involving different concept buses, all with different powertrains. The first two projects included technical evaluations, including tests, of two different fuel cell buses. The third project focussed on development of a series hybrid-bus with internal combustion engine intended for production around 2010. The research on the fuel cell buses included evaluations of the energy efficiency improvement potential using energy mapping and vehicle simulations. Attitudes to hydrogen fuel cell buses among passengers, bus drivers and bus operators were investigated. Safety aspects of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel were analysed and the use of hydrogen compared to electrical energy storage were also investigated. One main conclusion is that a city bus should be considered as one energy system, because auxiliaries contribute largely to the energy use. Focussing only on the powertrain is not sufficient. The importance of mitigating losses far down an energy conversion chain is emphasised. The Scania hybrid fuel cell bus showed the long-term potential of fuel cells, advanced auxiliaries and hybrid-electric powertrains, but technologies applied in that bus are not yet viable in terms of cost or robustness over the service life of a bus. Results from the EU-project CUTE show that hydrogen fuelled fuel cell buses are viable for real-life operation. Successful operation and public acceptance show that focus on robustness and cost in vehicle design were key success factors, despite the resulting poor fuel economy. Hybrid-electric powertrains are feasible in stop-and-go city operation. Fuel consumption can be reduced, comfort improved, noise lowered and the main power source downsized and operated less dynamically. The potential for design improvements due to flexible component packaging is implemented in the Scania hybrid concept bus. This bus and the framework for its hybrid management system are discussed in this thesis. The development of buses for a more sustainable urban transport should be made in small steps to secure technical and economical realism, which both are needed to guarantee commercialisation and volume of production. This is needed for alternative products to have a significant influence. Hybrid buses with internal combustion engines running on renewable fuel is tomorrow’s technology, which paves the way for plug-in hybrid, battery electric and fuel cell hybrid vehicles the day after tomorrow. / QC 20100722 acceptance analysis auxiliary system bus Clean Urban Transport for Europe concept CUTE demonstration driver drive cycle duty cycle energy flow evaluation fuel cell heavy duty vehicle hybrid management hybrid vehicle hydrogen passenger PEM safety Sankey diagram series hybrid sustainable test urban transport vehicle simulation acceptans analys hjälpaggregat buss Clean Urban Transport for Europe koncept CUTE demonstration körcykel förare energiflöde utvärdering bränslecell tunga fordon hybridsystemkontroll hybridfordon vätgas passagerare PEM säkerhet Sankey-diagram seriehybrid uthållig hållbar test stadstransport fordonssimulering Vehicle engineering Farkostteknik Chemical engineering Kemiteknik
3	Assessing the potential of fuel saving and emissions reduction of the bus rapid transit system in Curitiba, Brazil Dreier, Dennis January 2015 (has links) The transport sector contributes significantly to global energy use and emissions due to its traditional dependency on fossil fuels. Climate change, security of energy supply and increasing mobility demand is mobilising governments around the challenges of sustainable transport. Immediate opportunities to reduce emissions exist through the adoption of new bus technologies, e.g. advanced powertrains. This thesis analysed energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of conventional, hybrid-electric, and plug-in hybrid-electric city buses including two-axle, articulated, and biarticulated chassis types (A total of 6 bus types) for the operation phase (Tank-to-Wheel) in Curitiba, Brazil. The systems analysis tool – Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) and a carbon balance method were applied. Seven bus routes and six operation times for each (i.e. 42 driving cycles) are considered based on real-world data. The results show that hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric two-axle city buses consume 30% and 58% less energy per distance (MJ/km) compared to a conventional two-axle city bus (i.e. 17.46 MJ/km). Additionally, the energy use per passenger-distance (MJ/pkm) of a conventional biarticulated city bus amounts to 0.22 MJ/pkm, which is 41% and 24% lower compared to conventional and hybrid-electric two-axle city buses, respectively. This is mainly due to the former’s large passenger carrying capacity. Large passenger carrying capacities can reduce energy use (MJ/pkm) if the occupancy rate of the city bus is sufficient high. Bus routes with fewer stops decrease energy use by 10-26% depending on the city bus, because of reductions in losses from acceleration and braking. The CO2 emissions are linearly proportional to the estimated energy use following from the carbon balance method, e.g. CO2 emissions for a conventional two-axle city bus amount to 1299 g/km. Further results show that energy use of city bus operation depends on the operation time due to different traffic conditions and driving cycle characteristics. An additional analysis shows that energy use estimations can vary strongly between considered driving cycles from real-world data. The study concludes that advanced powertrains with electric drive capabilities, large passenger carrying capacities and bus routes with a fewer number of bus stops are beneficial in terms of reducing energy use and CO2 emissions of city bus operation in Curitiba. advanced powertrain Advanced Vehicle Simulator ADVISOR Brazil BRT bus rapid transit carbon dioxide CO2 city bus Curitiba driving cycle emissions energy consumption energy efficiency energy use fuel economy hybrid propulsion hybrid-electric parallel hybrid passenger carrying capacity plug-in hybrid-electric Tank-to-Wheel analysis vehicle simulation Analyse Brasilien Emissionen Energieeffizienz Energienutzung Energieverbrauch Fahrzeugsimulation Fahrzeugwirkungsgrad Fahrzyklus Fortschrittlicher Antriebsstrang Hybridantrieb Hybridelektrofahrzeug Kohlenstoffdioxid Kraftstoffverbrauch Passagiertransportkapazität Schnellbussystem Stadtbus Steckdosen-Hybrid Vollhybrid analys bränsleförbrukning drivlina energianvändning energieffektivit energiförbrukning fordonssimulering hybriddrift koldioxidutsläpp körcykel laddhybrid passagerarkapacitet stadsbuss strombuss Energy Engineering Energiteknik Energy Systems Energisystem Vehicle Engineering Farkostteknik

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