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Many divergent opinions have been expressed concerning the possible priority of the use of copper or iron in the early history of mankind. Too often have archaeologists based their. conclusion solely upon the relative abundance of these meta;ts, which have since been found in ancient ruins, especially in graves and tombs. It is true that among such remains copper has usually proven to be the more predominant metal. This need not, however, be too readily regarded as an indication of its earlier use by mankind, as some writers have been prone to conclude. The higher corrodibility of iron as compared with copper, and particularly with its alloys, would tend to destroy evidences of that metal within a relatively short time. Furthermore, it must be remembered that it was the custom of early peoples to place in the graves of their kindred, articles of intrinsic value, and this practice could tend to account for the absence of iron in such ruins. Excavations of the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland have revealed intermingled remnants of both stone and bronze implements. It has been found however, that the latter are of such perfection as to be attributable only to a later civilization, and thus they were probably introduced at a subsequent date. Moreover, from the standpoint of economic geology and metallurgy it would seem that the use of either iron or copper would depend largely upon the nature and accessibility of the particular deposits, as well as upon the cultural background of the people. Ordinarily, iron can be more readily reduced and worked than copper, while the reduction of bronze requires considerably more skill, and tin, an essential constituent of the alloy, has never been an abundant metal. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The purpose of the study, based mainly on modern research, is to investigate the elements composing the transmission of Hellenic knowledge to the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates through Syriac and Arabic. The emphasis of the study is placed upon the period of the mid-800’s when the potently intellectual and cultural achievements of the most famous Abbasid capital, Baghdad, reached an unprecedented level of activity. One scholarly accomplishment built under the patronage of the Caliph al-Ma’mun was the Bayt al-Hikmat (House of Knowledge) where Syriac and Arabic translations from Greek texts were encouraged. The record of greatest output of accurate translations at the Bayt al-Hikmat was held by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his school which flourished during the reign of al-Mutawakkil. Both earlier and later translating bodies will be discussed, but the concentration of the thesis lies upon Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his school of Baghdadi translators.

The following thesis examines and historicizes the assortment of tools and practices—material, epistemic, and institutional—that developed over the last century in U.S.-based newsrooms as a result of news organizations’ first sporadic, then increasingly conscious, attempts at incorporating data-driven methods of information gathering, classification, archiving, and distribution into their organizational operations. In its methods this thesis presents, first, a historical narrative that reaches from the early decades of the twentieth century into the early 2020s, and second, showcases empirical evidence through five case studies. Of the case studies one is historical and is explored in the third chapter through previously not consulted archival material. The other four are recent or current—two involved computational data collection and web scraping (seen in chapters four and five), one relied on ethnographic embedding, and one on interviews (mixed in with the previous two and also featured in chapters four and five). In its conclusion, the thesis will argue that, at the very least, current and future organizational histories of journalism ought to more readily take into account the approaches and findings of the histories of technology and the sociologies of scientific knowledge, especially because understanding the contemporary epistemic and technological intrusions of computer science, statistics, data science, and software development into journalism requires the exploration of both the parallels and fault lines between these domains. In its Conclusion, then, this thesis will speculate on the potential future trajectories that such convergences might take and asks hopefully generative questions, both analytical and (mildly) normative. These include: Can news organizations maintain a unique position among technology companies, intelligence services, and private data brokers in such a way that public and personal data can be responsibly collected, analyzed, and made transparent? Should the multi-lingual journalistic media corpus (text and images both) constitute a significant part of the training data used by generative language models and computer vision algorithms? Should investigative reporters work alongside computer scientists, statisticians, geographers, and data scientists, or should they incorporate the skills of the aforementioned domain knowledges into their own area of expertise? Does it benefit news organizations to rely on external data-analytic products for their work, or should they develop their own proprietary ones? And finally (and very broadly): What is the role of news stories today in not only the traditional sense of framing and giving account of current events but as automatically becoming the data that are inevitably ingested into the machines that “read,” “make sense of," and invariably produce much of the public intelligence on which humans rely?

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Fonseca Micsik.pdf: 20350551 bytes, checksum: dfaf22f4b11ff030434d83dca34a6921 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims to analyze questions about the study of rites of passage, more specifically those that involve the Dying and Death in order to outline the importance of funerary rituals in the Hindu and Egyptian civilizations. Anchored in the structures of analysis about the death of literature from the areas of Anthropology, History and Egyptology norteio my reflections on the theories developed to understand the encounters with thinking about the myth of immortality, and the relations of related strains in obtaining direct of eternal life. With that as a starting point, develop questions about the different treatments of the bodies within the funerary rituals, especially rituals of mummification made in ancient Egypt, and the cremation used by Hindus to be able to outline the importance of relations between conservation and destruction of bodies. We understand that funeral rituals are part of the collective memory of civilizations, just as the archaeological remains are part of the documents-monuments preserved for the studies of history and archeology that form the reference, since they keep the traditions of old cultures. To illustrate this concept use me iconographic references to better illustrate the permanence of these cultures. The methodology used to analyze the organization initially predicted iconographic and pictorial description of the sets of books, and photographic collections specialist, found the Internet and photos taken by me to visit the British Museum in London and the Vatican in Italy / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar questões sobre os estudos dos rituais de passagem, mais especificamente àqueles que envolvem o Morrer e a Morte com o intuito de traçar a importância dos rituais funerários nas civilizações Egípcia e Hindu. Ancorada nas estruturas de analise sobre a morte a partir de levantamento bibliográfico nas áreas de Antropologia, História e Egiptologia norteio minhas reflexões nas teorias desenvolvidas para entender os encontros com o pensar sobre o mito da imortalidade, e as relações de tensões relacionadas na obtenção do direto da vida eterna. Tendo isso como ponto inicial, desenvolvo questões sobre os diferentes tratamentos dos corpos dentro dos rituais funerários, em especial os rituais de mumificação realizados no antigo Egito, e os de cremação utilizados pelos Hindus para que se possa delinear a importância das relações entre conservação e destruição dos corpos. Podemos entender que os rituais funerários fazem parte da memória coletiva das civilizações, da mesma forma que os vestígios arqueológicos são parte dos documentos-monumentos conservados a favor dos estudos de história e arqueologia que nos constituirão referencia, uma vez que elas guardam as tradições de culturas milenares. Para ilustrar tal conceito utilizo-me de referencias iconográficas para melhor ilustrar a permanência dessas culturas. A metodologia utilizada para a análise iconográfica previu inicialmente a organização e descrição dos conjuntos imagéticos em livros, e acervos fotográficos especializados, encontrados na internet e fotos tiradas por mim em visita aos museus Britânico em Londres e do Vaticano na Itália

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Fonseca Micsik.pdf: 20350551 bytes, checksum: dfaf22f4b11ff030434d83dca34a6921 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims to analyze questions about the study of rites of passage, more specifically those that involve the Dying and Death in order to outline the importance of funerary rituals in the Hindu and Egyptian civilizations. Anchored in the structures of analysis about the death of literature from the areas of Anthropology, History and Egyptology norteio my reflections on the theories developed to understand the encounters with thinking about the myth of immortality, and the relations of related strains in obtaining direct of eternal life. With that as a starting point, develop questions about the different treatments of the bodies within the funerary rituals, especially rituals of mummification made in ancient Egypt, and the cremation used by Hindus to be able to outline the importance of relations between conservation and destruction of bodies. We understand that funeral rituals are part of the collective memory of civilizations, just as the archaeological remains are part of the documents-monuments preserved for the studies of history and archeology that form the reference, since they keep the traditions of old cultures. To illustrate this concept use me iconographic references to better illustrate the permanence of these cultures. The methodology used to analyze the organization initially predicted iconographic and pictorial description of the sets of books, and photographic collections specialist, found the Internet and photos taken by me to visit the British Museum in London and the Vatican in Italy / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar questões sobre os estudos dos rituais de passagem, mais especificamente àqueles que envolvem o Morrer e a Morte com o intuito de traçar a importância dos rituais funerários nas civilizações Egípcia e Hindu. Ancorada nas estruturas de analise sobre a morte a partir de levantamento bibliográfico nas áreas de Antropologia, História e Egiptologia norteio minhas reflexões nas teorias desenvolvidas para entender os encontros com o pensar sobre o mito da imortalidade, e as relações de tensões relacionadas na obtenção do direto da vida eterna. Tendo isso como ponto inicial, desenvolvo questões sobre os diferentes tratamentos dos corpos dentro dos rituais funerários, em especial os rituais de mumificação realizados no antigo Egito, e os de cremação utilizados pelos Hindus para que se possa delinear a importância das relações entre conservação e destruição dos corpos. Podemos entender que os rituais funerários fazem parte da memória coletiva das civilizações, da mesma forma que os vestígios arqueológicos são parte dos documentos-monumentos conservados a favor dos estudos de história e arqueologia que nos constituirão referencia, uma vez que elas guardam as tradições de culturas milenares. Para ilustrar tal conceito utilizo-me de referencias iconográficas para melhor ilustrar a permanência dessas culturas. A metodologia utilizada para a análise iconográfica previu inicialmente a organização e descrição dos conjuntos imagéticos em livros, e acervos fotográficos especializados, encontrados na internet e fotos tiradas por mim em visita aos museus Britânico em Londres e do Vaticano na Itália

This article is mainly based on the image link of how overseas Chinese think about mainland China, discussing how¡§CHINDIA¡¨ theory took shape by Sino-India scholar, Tan Yun-Shan and inherited by his son Tan Chung. To observe from the history, although the Tans live in the different background of environment and period, their proposition is still closely link with Chinese history. Tan Yun-Shan, an education scholar of overseas Chinese in early Republic of China, had developed Chinese culture in south Asia, was consequent invited to India by Tagore, and had done a cooperation of establish ¡§Cheena Bhavan¡¨. During Sino-Japanese Wars, Tan Yun-Shan advocate that China and India should against Japan together, he works as a translator between China and India, delver the important messages from Sino-India government to China government. After the War Tan Yun-Shan also worked hard dedicating the affairs of Cheena Bhavan and keep on develop the relationship between Sino-India and China, due to his great achievement we now respect Tan as ¡§Modern Xuanzang ¡¨. Tan Chung inherit the ideal of creating friendly relations between Sino-India and China from Tagore and his father, trying to find out the lost relationship between the two ancient civilizations China and India. By teaching in university of India, he found that there¡¦s possibly of China and India has the similar friendly civilization in his research of China history. Meanwhile, he also leads the spirits of critical western theory in India academic circle. After retired from India academia, Tan Chung his own Sino-India friendly relations academic theory was almost matured, Spread the theory of ¡§CHINDIA¡¨, face to ¡§the rising of China and India,¡¨ Tan Chung promote a peace development contribute world. As we could see, the Tans¡¦ proposition shows the importance of culture between China and India, they hope to practice the ideal of ¡§CHINDIA¡¨through the interactive of swooping culture and traditional habits .

Thesis (Magisterarbeit)--Universität Freiburg (Breisgau), 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.