The family of algebraic surfaces X dened by the single equation zn = (y a1x) (y anx)(x 1) over an algebraically closed eld k of characteristic zero, where a1; : : : ; an 2 k are distinct, is studied. It is shown that this is a rational surface with a non-rational singularity at the origin. The ideal class group of the surface is computed. The terms of the Chase-Harrison-Rosenberg seven term exact sequence on the open complement of the ramication locus of X ! A2 are computed; the Brauer group is also studied in this unramied setting. The analysis is extended to the surface eX obtained by blowing up X at the origin. The interplay between properties of eX , determined in part by the exceptional curve E lying over the origin, and the properties of X is explored. In particular, the implications that these properties have on the Picard group of the surface X are studied. / by Drake Harmon. / Vita. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (MSc (Mathematics))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / This is an exposition of the explicit approach to Local Class Field Theory due to J. Tate and J. Lubin. We mainly follow the treatment given in [15] and [25]. We start with an informal introduction to p-adic numbers. We then review the standard theory of valued elds and completion of those elds. The complete discrete valued elds with nite residue eld known as local elds are our main focus. Number theoretical aspects for local elds are considered. The standard facts about Hensel's lemma, Galois and rami cation theory for local elds are treated. This being done, we continue our discussion by introducing the key notion of relative Lubin-Tate formal groups and modules. The torsion part of a relative Lubin-Tate module is then used to generate a tower of totally rami ed abelian extensions of a local eld. Composing this tower with the maximal unrami ed extension gives the maximal abelian extension: this is the local Kronecker-Weber theorem. What remains then is to state and prove the theorems for explicit local class eld theory and end our discussion.

Orientador: Dmitri Maximovitch Gitman / Banca: Abraham Hirsz Zimerman / Banca: Jeferson de Lima Tomazelli / Banca: Antonio Edson Gonçalves / Banca: Bruto Max Pimentel Escobar / Resumo: Estudamos a radiação síncrotron (RS) de uma partícula carregada em um campo magnético uniforme e constante com influência do solenóide de Aharonov-Bohm dentro do quadro da teoria quântica relativística. Usando as soluções de Klein-Gordon são calculadas e analisadas as características da radiação espontânea de um fóton, tais como a intensidade, a distribuição angular e a polarização. É também apresentado uma análise detalhada da dependência angular da RS. Estudando as intensidades da RS espectral descobrimos um comportamento inesperado completamente diferente da intensidade da RS total. Essa diferença consiste em que as linhas espectrais possuem uma tendência à desconcentração no plano da órbita quando aumentamos a energia da partícula / Abstract: Synchrotron radiation of a charged particle in a constant uniform magnetic field and in the presence of the Aharonov-Bohm solenoid field is investigated with reference to the relativistic quantum theory. To start with, the exact solution of the Klein-Gordon equation is found. Using this solution, all the characteristics of one photon spontaneous irradiation, such as intensity, angular distribution and polarization were calculated and analyzed. We have also made a detailed analysis of angular dependence of the synchrotron radiation (SR). By studying the spectral SR-intensities, we have found a new unexpected angular behavior which is completely different from that of the integral SR-intensity. Particularly, for any given synchrotron frequency the spectral ones have the tendency to disperse themselves on the orbit plane, in contrast with the integral SR-intensity, with increasing particle energy / Doutor

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Cette thèse traite de deux problèmes dont le lien n’est pas apparent (1) A` quoi ressemble l’abélianisé AK du groupe de Galois absolu d’un corps quadratique imaginaire K, comme groupe topologique? (2) A` quoi ressemble le groupe des points adéliques d’une courbe elliptique sur Q, comme groupe topologique? Pour la première question, la restriction au groupe de Galois abélianisé nous permet d’utiliser la théorie du corps de classes pour analyser AK . Les travaux précédents dans ce domaine, qui remontent à Kubota et Onabe, décrivent le dual de Pontryagin de AK en termes de familles in- finies d’invariants de Ulm à chaque premier p, très indirectement. Notre approche directe par théorie du corps de classes montre que AK con- tient un sous-groupe UK d’indice fini isomorphe au groupe des unités Oˆ* de la complétion profinie Oˆ de l’anneau des entiers de K, et décrit explicitement le groupe topologique UK , essentiellement indépendamment du corps quadratique imaginaire K. Plus précisément, pour tout corps quadratique imaginaire différent de Q(i) et Q(v-2),on a UK ∼= U = Zˆ2 × Y Z/nZ. (n=1) Le caractère exceptionnel de Q(v-2) n’apparaît pas dans les travaux de Kubota et Onabe, et leurs résultats doivent être corrigés sur ce point.Passer du sous-groupe universel UK à AK revient à un problème d’extension pour des groupes adéliques qu’il est possible de résoudre en passant à une extension de quotients convenables impliquant le quotient Zˆ-libre maximal UK/TK de UK . Par résoudre , nous entendons que, pour chaque K suffisamment petit pour permettre des calculs de groupe de classes explicites, nous obtenons un algorithme praticable décidant le comportement de cette extension. Si elle est totalement non-scindée, alors AK est isomorphe comme groupe topologique au groupe universel U . Réciproquement, si l’extension tensorisée par Zp se scinde pour un premier p impair, alors AK n’est pas isomorphe à U . Pour le premier 2, la situation est particulière, mais elle reste contrôlée grâce à l’abondance de résultats sur la 2-partie des groupes de classes de corps quadratiques.Nos expérimentations numériques ont permis de mieux comprendre la distribution des types d’isomorphismes de AK quand K varie, et nous conduisent à des conjectures telles que pour 100% des corps quadratiques imaginaires K de nombre de classes premier, AK est isomorphe au groupe universel U .Pour notre deuxième problème, qui apparaît implicitement dans [?, Section 9, Question 1] (dans le but de reconstruire le corps de nombres K à partir du groupe des points adéliques E(AK ) d’une courbe elliptique convenable sur K), nous pouvons appliquer les techniques usuelles pour les courbes elliptiques sur les corps de nombres, en suivant les mêmes étapes que pour déterminer la structure du groupe Oˆ* rencontré dans notre premier problème. Il s’avère que, dans le cas K = Q que nous traitons au Chapitre 4, le groupe des points adéliques de presque toutes les courbes elliptiques sur Q est isomorphe à un groupe universel E = R/Z × Zˆ × Y Z/nZ (n=1)de nature similaire au groupe U . Cette universalité du groupe des points adéliques des courbes elliptiques provient de la tendance qu’ont les représentations galoisiennes attachées (sur le groupe des points de torsion à valeurs dans Q) à être maximales. Pour K = Q, la représentation galoisienne est maximale si est seulement si la courbe E est une courbe de Serre, et Nathan Jones [?] a récemment démontré que presque toutes les courbes elliptiques sur Q sont de cette nature. En fait, l’universalité de E(AK ) suit d’hypothèses bien plus faibles, et il n’est pas facile de construire des familles de courbes elliptiques dont le groupe des points adéliques n’est pas universel. Nous donnons un tel exemple à la fin du Chapitre 4. / The present thesis focuses on two questions that are not obviously related. Namely,(1) What does the absolute abelian Galois group AK of an imaginary quadratic number field K look like, as a topological group?(2) What does the adelic point group of an elliptic curve over Q look like, as a topological group?For the first question, the focus on abelian Galois groups provides us with class field theory as a tool to analyze AK . The older work in this area, which goes back to Kubota and Onabe, provides a description of the Pontryagin dual of AK in terms of infinite families, at each prime p, of so called Ulm invariants and is very indirect. Our direct class field theoretic approach shows that AK contains a subgroup UK of finite index isomorphic to the unit group Oˆ∗ of the profinite completion Oˆ of the ring of integers of K, and provides a completely explicit description of the topological group UK that is almost independent of the imaginary quadratic field K. More precisely, for all imaginary quadratic number fields different from Q(i) and Q(√−2), we have UK ∼= U = Zˆ2 × Y Z/nZ. (n=1)The exceptional nature of Q(√−2) was missed by Kubota and Onabe, and their theorems need to be corrected in this respect.Passing from the ‘universal’ subgroup UK to AK amounts to a group extension problem for adelic groups that may be ‘solved’ by passing to a suitable quotient extension involving the maximal Zˆ-free quotientUK/TK of UK . By ‘solved’ we mean that for each K that is sufficiently small to allow explicit class group computations for K, we obtain a practical algorithm to compute the splitting behavior of the extension. In case the quotient extension is totally non-split, the conclusion is that AK is isomorphic as a topological group to the universal group U . Conversely, any splitting of the p-part of the quotient extension at an odd prime p leads to groups AK that are not isomorphic to U . For the prime 2, the situation is special, but our control of it is much greater as a result of the wealth of theorems on 2-parts of quadratic class groups.Based on numerical experimentation, we have gained a basic under- standing of the distribution of isomorphism types of AK for varying K, and this leads to challenging conjectures such as “100% of all imagi- nary quadratic fields of prime class number have AK isomorphic to the universal group U ”.In the case of our second question, which occurs implicitly in [?, Section 9, Question 1] with a view towards recovering a number field K from the adelic point group E(AK ) of a suitable elliptic curve over K, we can directly apply the standard tools for elliptic curves over number fields in a method that follows the lines of the determination of the structure of Oˆ∗ we encountered for our first question.It turns out that, for the case K = Q that is treated in Chapter 4, the adelic point group of ‘almost all’ elliptic curves over Q is isomorphic to a universal groupE = R/Z × Zˆ × Y Z/nZ (n=1)that is somewhat similar in nature to U . The reason for the universality of adelic point groups of elliptic curves lies in the tendency of elliptic curves to have Galois representations on their group of Q-valued torsion points that are very close to being maximal. For K = Q, maximality of the Galois representation of an elliptic curve E means that E is a so-called Serre-curve, and it has been proved recently by Nathan Jones [?] that ‘almost all’ elliptic curves over Q are of this nature. In fact, universality of E(AK ) requires much less than maximality of the Galois representation, and the result is that it actually requires some effort to construct families of elliptic curves with non-universal adelic point groups. We provide an example at the end of Chapter 4.

Nous démontrons deux nouveaux résultats de densité à propos du 16-rang des groupes des classes de corps de nombres quadratiques. Le premier des deux est que le groupe des classes de Q(sqrt{-p}) a un élément d'ordre 16 pour un quart des nombres premiers p qui sont de la forme a^2+c^4 avec c pair. Le deuxième est que le groupe des classes de Q(sqrt{-2p}) a un élément d'ordre 16 pour un huitième des nombres premiers p=-1 (mod 4). Ces résultats de densité sont intéressants pour plusieurs raisons. D'abord, ils sont les premiers résultats non triviaux de densité sur le 16-rang des groupes des classes dans une famille de corps de nombres quadratiques. Deuxièmement, ils prouvent une instance des conjectures de Cohen et Lenstra. Troisièmement, leurs preuves impliquent de nouvelles applications des cribles développés par Friedlander et Iwaniec. Quatrièmement, nous donnons une description explicite du sous-corps du corps de classes de Hilbert de degré 8 de Q(sqrt{-p}) lorsque p est un nombre premier de la forme a^2+c^4 avec c pair; l'absence d'une telle description explicite pour le sous-corps du corps de classes de Hilbert de degré 8 de Q(sqrt{d}) est le frein principal à l'amélioration des estimations de la densité des discriminants positifs d pour lesquels l'équation de Pell négative x^2-dy^2=-1 est résoluble. Dans le cas du deuxième résultat, nous donnons une description explicite d'un élément d'ordre 4 dans le groupe des classes de Q(sqrt{-2p}) et on calcule son symbole d'Artin dans le sous-corps du corps de classes de Hilbert de degré 4 de Q(sqrt{-2p}), généralisant ainsi un résultat de Leonard et Williams. Enfin, nous démontrons un très bon terme d'erreur pour une fonction de comptage des nombres premiers qui est liée au 16-rang du groupe des classes de Q(sqrt{-2p}), donnant ainsi des indications fortes contre une conjecture de Cohn et Lagarias que le 16-rang est contrôlé par un critère de type Chebotarev. / We prove two new density results about 16-ranks of class groups of quadratic number fields. The first of the two is that the class group of Q(sqrt{-p}) has an element of order 16 for one-fourth of prime numbers p that are of the form a^2+c^4 with c even. The second is that the class group of Q(sqrt{-2p}) has an element of order 16 for one-eighth of prime numbers p=-1 (mod 4). These density results are interesting for several reasons. First, they are the first non-trivial density results about the 16-rank of class groups in a family of quadratic number fields. Second, they prove an instance of the Cohen-Lenstra conjectures. Third, both of their proofs involve new applications of powerful sieving techniques developed by Friedlander and Iwaniec. Fourth, we give an explicit description of the 8-Hilbert class field of Q(sqrt{-p}) whenever p is a prime number of the form a^2+c^4 with c even; the lack of such an explicit description for the 8-Hilbert class field of Q(sqrt{d}) is the main obstacle to improving the estimates for the density of positive discriminants d for which the negative Pell equation x^2-dy^2=-1 is solvable. In case of the second result, we give an explicit description of an element of order 4 in the class group of Q(sqrt{-2p}) and we compute its Artin symbol in the 4-Hilbert class field of Q(sqrt{-2p}), thereby generalizing a result of Leonard and Williams. Finally, we prove a power-saving error term for a prime-counting function related to the 16-rank of the class group of Q(sqrt{-2p}), thereby giving strong evidence against a conjecture of Cohn and Lagarias that the 16-rank is governed by a Chebotarev-type criterion.

Thesis (MSc (Mathematical Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Class field theory describes the abelian extensions of a given field K in terms of various class groups of K, and can be viewed as one of the great successes of 20th century number theory. However, the main results in class field theory are pure existence results, and do not give explicit constructions of these abelian extensions. Such explicit constructions are possible for a variety of special cases, such as for the field Q of rational numbers, or for quadratic imaginary fields. When K is a global function field, however, there is a completely explicit description of the abelian extensions of K, utilising the theory of sign-normalised Drinfeld modules of rank one. In this thesis we give detailed survey of explicit class field theory for rational function fields over finite fields, and of the fundamental results needed to master this topic.

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Neste projeto, propomos estudar a chamada \"Teoria de Corpos de Classe,\" que oferece uma descrição simples das extensões abelianas de corpos locais e globais, bem como algumas de suas aplicações, como os teoremas de Kronecker-Weber e Scholz-Reichardt / In this work, we study the so called \"Class Field Theory\", which give us a simple description of the abelian extension of local and global elds. We also study some applications, like the Kronecker-Weber and Scholz-Reichardt theorems