Este estudo teve como finalidade mostrar a importância da Clearing de Câmbio dentro do novo projeto de reestruturação do Sistema de Pagamentos Brasileiro. Para tanto foi observado como funcionava o antigo sistema, com os riscos assumidos pelo Banco Central, principalmente no que se refere à possibilidade do risco sistêmico. No novo projeto, as Clearings são fundamentais para se evitar esse tipo de risco. Os dados utilizados permitiram que fossem feitas simulações com a presença ou não da Clearing. Para contextualizar o cenário em que se encontrava a economia antes da implantação do novo sistema fez-se uma breve análise do cenário de instabilidade pelo qual o sistema bancário atravessava e a forma como o governo conseguiu controlá-lo. Para garantir uma maior segurança em todo o sistema de pagamentos criou-se o Sistema de Transferência de Reservas adotando o processo de liquidação bruta em tempo real, conseguindo eliminar a possibilidade de risco de crédito. A Clearing de Câmbio possui um papel fundamental no novo SPB pois trabalha adotando o princípio da liquidação líquida, reduzindo a necessidade de capital para a realização das transações financeiras. O objetivo do trabalho foi mostrar os efeitos causados no mercado de câmbio e o papel da clearing nesse novo sistema. Notou-se que o mercado interbancário de câmbio tem apresentado um grande equilíbrio não só entre o número de contratos de compra e venda de moeda, mas também entre o valor desses contratos. Os dados obtidos mostraram uma tendência de aumento no total de giro e de pagamentos realizados via STR. A Clearing tem mostrado cada vez mais uma grande importância no novo SPB, com um volume de contratos crescente tanto para liquidação em D+1 quanto em D+2. Verifica-se que nos primeiros cinco meses de existência apenas 15% de toda moeda negociada foi efetivamente transferida entre as instituições, reduzindo de forma considerável o montante de moeda necessária nas negociações e em conseqüência a possibilidade do risco sistêmico. Apesar da diminuição do tempo necessário para as transferências e da certeza de liquidação financeira, um dos principais problemas que ainda dificultam o aumento nas negociações através da Clearing de Câmbio são os altos custos para se operar nesse sistema. Para consolidar ainda mais a Clearing como instituição, estuda-se o lançamento de novos produtos que venham atender à demanda do mercado financeiro, como por exemplo a possibilidade de liquidação financeira intradia e a negociação com outras moedas. A Clearing de Câmbio da BM&F é a primeira do mundo a negociar moeda e o seu sucesso pode fazer com que instituições do mesmo gênero sejam criadas pelos Bancos Centrais dos outros países. / This study had the goal to clarify the importance of the Foreign Exchange Clearinghouse related with the new project of restructuring the Brazilian System of Payments (BSP). With this purpose it was observed how the old payment system operated, with the risks assumed by the Central Bank, mainly those associated with the systemic risk. In the new project, the Clearinghouses have a fundamental role to avoid the systemic risk. The data used in the research allowed to simulate and compare the effects on the foreign exchange market, in the presence or in the absence of the Clearinghouse. To understand how the economy was before the implantation of the new project, it was done a brief analysis about the instability which the bank system was affected and the way that the government tried to control it. To guarantee more security in the whole payment system, it was created the Reserve Transfer System (RTS) that adopt a process of Real-Time Gross Settlement, achieving the goal of eliminating the possibility of credit risk. The Foreign Exchange Clearinghouse has a fundamental role in the new BSP because works adopting the principle of the net settlement, reducing the capital necessity to do financial transactions. A qualitative analysis had a purpose to show the effects due in the foreign exchange market and the Clearinghouse function in this new system. It was observed that the interbank foreign exchange market has been showed a great equilibrium in the number of contracts bought and sold, but also in their values. The data obtained presented a trend of raising in the total negotiated and in the payments done via RTS. The Clearinghouse has been showed that its importance is increasing in the new BSP, with the volume of contracts raising in both settlement D+1 and D+2. It is noted that in the first five months of existence, only 15% of whole currency negotiated was effectively transfered within institutions, reducing in a considerable manner the total of currency required and, in consequence, reducing the possibility of systemic risk. Although the diminishing of the time for transferences and of the certainty about the financial settlement, one of the main problems are the high costs to operate in this system. To consolidate the Clearinghouse importance as an institution, it has been done studies to launch new products to take care of the demand like, as example, the possibility of financial settlement intraday and the negotiation with other currencies. The BM&F Exchange Clearinghouse is the first one in the world that transacts currency and its success may influence other countries that can adopt the same system.

Tree clearing is practised for greater beef production and hence monetary gains from grazing systems of central Queensland. The high rates of clearing in the past and even recently (577, 000 ha/yr during 1999-2001) were mainly to develop land for pastures. The sustainability of cleared pasture systems over the long-term is questioned. Three major types of tree communities i.e. Eucalyptus populnea F. Muell., E. melanophloia F. Muell. and Acacia harpophylla F. Muell. ex. Benth. were selected on one property in central Queensland to quantify the impacts of clearing on pasture production and composition, and soil properties. The impacts were measured over time-since-clearing (recent (&lt5 years), medium (11-13years) and old (&gt30 years)) in unreplicated cleared pastures in comparison to their replicated uncleared/intact woodland pastures of each tree community. Measures of pasture above-ground biomass production on a single property over time-sinceclearing in cleared systems showed that gains were not sustained over the long-term. The difference in response to clearing between tree communities was evident and important to support the future policy decisions. The impact of clearing on soil properties (physicochemical and biological) was confirmed, and explained the lesser availability of nutrients with time of clearing in cleared pastures. The changes in some soil properties underscored the associated risks and changes in ecosystem functions due to clearing. Less litter was produced at cleared than uncleared pastures, but nutrient release was faster at cleared compared to uncleared systems. The overall effect of clearing in terms of pasture and litter production, and major soil parameters were analysed using multivariate analyses.

Univ., Diss.--Mainz, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [200] - 206.

Title: Technique of Hurdle Clearing in 400 Meters Hurdles Authors: Jiří Jakoubek Supervisor: PhDr. Aleš Kaplan, Ph.D. Aims: The aim of this thesis is to describe technique of hurdle clearing in 400 meters hurdle race using study review and to examine this technique at particular athlete during training and racing sessions in 400 meters hurdles race. Methods: Technique was compared and examined at young athlete. Two kinograms were used for analysis, one from training and one from racing session. The comparison was made using third hurdle in second track. One hurdle clearance from each training and racing sessions with clearly visible individual phases of hurdle crossing were used. For better and well-arranged comparative analysis the same athlete was always examined. Technique of hurdle clearing is analysed thanks to using kinogram. The captured record was transmitted into appropriate format and elaborated in Kinovea program. For superior quality of presented snapshots program Corel photo-point 9.0 was used. Results: The goal of this thesis is to analyze technique of clearing the third hurdle in 400 meter race at particular athlete and to find differences and imperfections in applied technique. When comparing the technique of hurdle crossing at chosen athlete it was found that there are diferences...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:54:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Georje De Martin.pdf: 1822887 bytes, checksum: 44cf4db2a72f6678823eeb4f428a165a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-12 / The first contact of students with Endodontics Dentistry School of the Federal University of Espírito Santo is in the fifth period of the course in the Discipline of Endodontics I. In it, students know the Endodontics principles: morphology, coronary access, root canal preparation techniques, disinfection and obturation of the root canal system. Learning occurs in previously extracted teeth before the academics have any contact with the endodontic clinic at the Discipline of Endodontics II in the following period. The aim of this study was to analyze through the clearing technique the canals were prepared during this Discipline (laboratory). The quality of the preparation chemical-mechanical techniques was examined concern the shaping of the root canal and compared the best result of the same, visualized the anatomical features of the root canal system, compared the radiographic exam of the teeth and clearing technique and also checked whether the students have assimilated the knowledge of Endodontics. The data collected were subjected to Binomial test,Kappa and Chi-square test. These showed that: the modeling of root canals analyzed by the clearing technique, 67% were modeled with a statistical significance of 0.002 (p<0.05), as the comparison between the preparation chemical-mechanical techniques used in relation to the relative frequency the variable modeling of the root canals was 65.9% when modeled channels prepared with step-back technique and 68.2% of teeth modeled when prepared by Oregon Modified technique (p=0.8206) with no statistically significant difference between techniques, and as the concordance of the results of variable modeling of the root canals between the radiographic examination (73.8%) and clearing technique (67%) yielded a Kappa value=0.511 showing a moderate agreement between the two visualization techniques. It was concluded that: the modeling of channels was satisfactory showing that students are assimilating the knowledge of the Discipline; radiography proved to be limited in view of the channel modeling and also in view of the anatomical features of the root canal system, and also that the clearing technique is a visualization technique accessible and essential to the development of education in the Discipline of Endodontics / O primeiro contato dos acadêmicos do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo com a Endodontia ocorre no quinto período do curso na Disciplina de Endodontia I. Nele, os acadêmicos conhecem os princípios que permeiam a Endodontia: morfologia, acesso coronário, técnicas de preparo, desinfecção e a obturação do sistema de canais radiculares. O aprendizado ocorre em dentes previamente extraídos e precede o contato dos acadêmicos com a clínica endodôntica na Disciplina de Endodontia II no período seguinte. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar através da técnica de diafanização, os canais radiculares preparados durante a Disciplina de Endodontia I (laboratorial). Nestes se analisaram a qualidade das técnicas de preparo químico-mecânico quanto a modelagem do canal radicular e comparativamente o melhor resultado das mesmas, visualizou-se as características anatômicas do sistema de canais radiculares, comparou-se o exame radiográfico e a diafanização dos dentes e também se verificou se os alunos assimilaram os conhecimentos da Endodontia. Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao teste Binomial, teste Kappa e ao teste Qui-quadrado. Estes demonstraram que: quanto a modelagem dos canais radiculares analisados pela técnica da diafanização, 67% foram modelados com significância estatística de 0,002 (p<0,05); quanto à comparação entre as técnicas de preparo químicomecânico utilizadas, a freqüência relativa em relação à variável modelagem dos canais foi de 65,9% de canais modelados quando preparados pela técnica Escalonada Regressiva e de 68,2% de dentes modelados quando preparados pela técnica de Oregon Modificada (p=0,8206) estatisticamente não havendo diferença entre as técnicas; e quanto à concordância dos resultados da variável modelagem do canal, entre o exame radiográfico (73,8%) e a técnica da diafanização (67%) obteve-se um valor Kappa=0,511 mostrando uma concordância moderada entre as duas técnicas de visualização. Concluiu-se que: a modelagem dos canais foi satisfatória mostrando que os alunos estão assimilando os conhecimentos da Disciplina; a radiografia revelou-se limitada na visualização da modelagem dos canais e na visualização das características anatômicas do sistema de canais radiculares; e que a diafanização é uma técnica de visualização acessível e imprescindível para a evolução do ensino na Disciplina de Endodontia

L'objet du présent travail est le droit forestier du point de vue comparé: entre la France et la Grèce. Dans ces deux pays, le droit forestier est très hétérogène, tant au niveau de ses structures qu'au niveau de ses missions. En effet, le droit forestier est un droit fortement centralisé qui doit concilier la valorisation de la ressource forestière et, en même temps, sa protection. En approfondissant ce défi d'harmonisation, plusieurs questions se révèlent. La définition de la forêt, la domanialité adaptée, le rôle de la propriété privée, les interventions réalisées pour la forêt sont des problématiques juridiques, auxquelles le droit forestier doit répondre. En Grèce, la Constitution de 1975 a expressément inscrit la protection de l'environnement dans son article 24 et a consacré un paragraphe à sa protection en posant le principe de non modification de la destination forestière des forêts publiques et des étendues forestières, sauf si cette modification est importante pour l'économie nationale. En France, une étape majeure pour la protection de l’environnement a été la loi constitutionnelle du 1er mars 2005 relative à la Charte de l'environnement qui donne aux principes environnementaux un rang constitutionnel. Les fondements de l'harmonisation souhaitée en matière forestière s'élaborent d'abord au niveau national. Cette harmonisation requiert la prise en compte des particularités de chaque pays, laquelle implique des réponses aux questions du droit forestier. Hormis le niveau national, il est évident que l'Union Européenne est susceptible d'harmoniser les objectifs du droit forestier. Or, pour l'instant il n'y a pas de politique forestière européenne. C'est pourquoi il convient d'examiner l'intérêt que représenterait son adoption à l'avenir. / The objective of the present work is forestry law from the point of view of comparative law between France and Greece. In these two countries, the forestry law is very heterogeneous, both in its structures and in terms of its missions. ln fact, forestry law is a highly centralized law and must reconcile the exploitation of forest resources and at the same time, its protection. As we delve deeper into the challenge of harmonization, several questions are revealed. The definition of the forest, the adapted state ownership, the role of private property, the interventions for the forest are legal issues, to which the forestry law should respond. ln Greece, Constitution of 1975 has expressly registered environmental protection in the article 24 and devoted a paragraph to its protection by establishing the principle of not changing forest destination of public forests and forest areas, unless the change is important to the national economy. In France, a major step for the protection of the environment was the Constitutional Law of 1 March 2005 on the Environmental Charter that gives to environmental principles constitutional status. Following the adoption of the Charter of the environment, the forest as part of the environment enjoys constitutional protection. The foundations of the desired harmonization in forestry will first develop nationally. This lignment requires consideration of the peculiarities of each country, which involves responses to forestry law's questions. Apart from the national level, it is obvious that the European Union is liable to harmonize the objectives of forestry law. But for the moment, there is no European forest policy. That is why it is appropriate to consider the interest that would present its adoption in future.

Este estudo teve como finalidade mostrar a importância da Clearing de Câmbio dentro do novo projeto de reestruturação do Sistema de Pagamentos Brasileiro. Para tanto foi observado como funcionava o antigo sistema, com os riscos assumidos pelo Banco Central, principalmente no que se refere à possibilidade do risco sistêmico. No novo projeto, as Clearings são fundamentais para se evitar esse tipo de risco. Os dados utilizados permitiram que fossem feitas simulações com a presença ou não da Clearing. Para contextualizar o cenário em que se encontrava a economia antes da implantação do novo sistema fez-se uma breve análise do cenário de instabilidade pelo qual o sistema bancário atravessava e a forma como o governo conseguiu controlá-lo. Para garantir uma maior segurança em todo o sistema de pagamentos criou-se o Sistema de Transferência de Reservas adotando o processo de liquidação bruta em tempo real, conseguindo eliminar a possibilidade de risco de crédito. A Clearing de Câmbio possui um papel fundamental no novo SPB pois trabalha adotando o princípio da liquidação líquida, reduzindo a necessidade de capital para a realização das transações financeiras. O objetivo do trabalho foi mostrar os efeitos causados no mercado de câmbio e o papel da clearing nesse novo sistema. Notou-se que o mercado interbancário de câmbio tem apresentado um grande equilíbrio não só entre o número de contratos de compra e venda de moeda, mas também entre o valor desses contratos. Os dados obtidos mostraram uma tendência de aumento no total de giro e de pagamentos realizados via STR. A Clearing tem mostrado cada vez mais uma grande importância no novo SPB, com um volume de contratos crescente tanto para liquidação em D+1 quanto em D+2. Verifica-se que nos primeiros cinco meses de existência apenas 15% de toda moeda negociada foi efetivamente transferida entre as instituições, reduzindo de forma considerável o montante de moeda necessária nas negociações e em conseqüência a possibilidade do risco sistêmico. Apesar da diminuição do tempo necessário para as transferências e da certeza de liquidação financeira, um dos principais problemas que ainda dificultam o aumento nas negociações através da Clearing de Câmbio são os altos custos para se operar nesse sistema. Para consolidar ainda mais a Clearing como instituição, estuda-se o lançamento de novos produtos que venham atender à demanda do mercado financeiro, como por exemplo a possibilidade de liquidação financeira intradia e a negociação com outras moedas. A Clearing de Câmbio da BM&F é a primeira do mundo a negociar moeda e o seu sucesso pode fazer com que instituições do mesmo gênero sejam criadas pelos Bancos Centrais dos outros países. / This study had the goal to clarify the importance of the Foreign Exchange Clearinghouse related with the new project of restructuring the Brazilian System of Payments (BSP). With this purpose it was observed how the old payment system operated, with the risks assumed by the Central Bank, mainly those associated with the systemic risk. In the new project, the Clearinghouses have a fundamental role to avoid the systemic risk. The data used in the research allowed to simulate and compare the effects on the foreign exchange market, in the presence or in the absence of the Clearinghouse. To understand how the economy was before the implantation of the new project, it was done a brief analysis about the instability which the bank system was affected and the way that the government tried to control it. To guarantee more security in the whole payment system, it was created the Reserve Transfer System (RTS) that adopt a process of Real-Time Gross Settlement, achieving the goal of eliminating the possibility of credit risk. The Foreign Exchange Clearinghouse has a fundamental role in the new BSP because works adopting the principle of the net settlement, reducing the capital necessity to do financial transactions. A qualitative analysis had a purpose to show the effects due in the foreign exchange market and the Clearinghouse function in this new system. It was observed that the interbank foreign exchange market has been showed a great equilibrium in the number of contracts bought and sold, but also in their values. The data obtained presented a trend of raising in the total negotiated and in the payments done via RTS. The Clearinghouse has been showed that its importance is increasing in the new BSP, with the volume of contracts raising in both settlement D+1 and D+2. It is noted that in the first five months of existence, only 15% of whole currency negotiated was effectively transfered within institutions, reducing in a considerable manner the total of currency required and, in consequence, reducing the possibility of systemic risk. Although the diminishing of the time for transferences and of the certainty about the financial settlement, one of the main problems are the high costs to operate in this system. To consolidate the Clearinghouse importance as an institution, it has been done studies to launch new products to take care of the demand like, as example, the possibility of financial settlement intraday and the negotiation with other currencies. The BM&F Exchange Clearinghouse is the first one in the world that transacts currency and its success may influence other countries that can adopt the same system.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-26T14:51:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ferreira, Ana Linda (TESE) EngCivil14.pdf: 3085122 bytes, checksum: d948f8fbcdf65b938ccf579d975895d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T14:51:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Ferreira, Ana Linda (TESE) EngCivil14.pdf: 3085122 bytes, checksum: d948f8fbcdf65b938ccf579d975895d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / CAPEs / O aporte excessivo de nutrientes como o fósforo e o nitrogênio são uma das principais causas da eutrofização das águas, um grave problema ambiental resultante de descargas de efluentes domésticos e industriais, bem como do uso intensivo de fertilizantes em campos agrícolas. Não obstante, é preocupante o facto das reservas de fósforo estarem a diminuir mundialmente. Este trabalho objetiva a remoção simultânea de fósforo e nitrogênio e o estudo das condições de funcionamento para o estabelecimento de uma comunidade específica de microrganismos para esse fim, tratando efluente real de origem domestica. Para isso foram instalados dois reatores em batelada sequencial com 140L de volume útil na ETE Mangueira em Recife/PE. Os resultados revelam que a adição de propionato para o enriquecimento do lodo melhora a sua sedimentabilidade enquanto que a adição de acetato favorece o desenvolvimento de organismos filamentosos. A aplicação de aeração continua inibiu a nitrificação e desnitrificação simultânea, enquanto que a aeração escalonada favoreceu esse processo. Dependendo da forma de como se procede a aeração do reator é possível reduzir a fonte de carbono na fase anóxica e também o TDH global de operação do reator. Foi possível remover DQO com eficiência acima de 90%, além de remover nitrogênio e fósforo em reatores RSB, mesmo com esgotos diluídos. A remoção de fósforo ocorreu através do mecanismo de remoção biológica de fósforo avançado (EBPR). / Excessive discharges of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen are one of the main causes of water eutrophication, a serious environmental problem resulting mainly from discharges of domestic and industrial effluents as well as the intensive use of fertilizers in agricultural fields. Nevertheless, it is being motif of concern that phosphorus reserves are declining worldwide. This work aims for simultaneous removal of phosphorus and nitrogen and the study of the operating conditions for the establishment of a specific community of microorganisms for this purpose, treating real domestic wastewater. For this two reactors were installed in sequencing batch with 140L working volume in ETE Mangueira in Recife / PE. The results show that the addition of propionate to the enrichment of the sludge settle ability improves their while adding acetate favors the growth of filamentous organisms. The application of continued aeration inhibited simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), while the stepped aeration favored this process. Depending on how one proceeds as aeration reactor is possible to reduce the carbon source in the anoxic phase and also the overall HRT of reactor operation. COD could be removed with efficiency above 90%, in addition to removing nitrogen and phosphorus in SBR reactors, even with diluted sewage. The phosphorus removal occurred through the mechanisms of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal(EBPR).

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-16T20:05:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_LauraFernandaOsmariVendrame.pdf: 3061643 bytes, checksum: d06cb3bc35f9d2bedf0c39b9c8e35276 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T20:05:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_LauraFernandaOsmariVendrame.pdf: 3061643 bytes, checksum: d06cb3bc35f9d2bedf0c39b9c8e35276 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / The use of C60 fullerenes, functionalized or in pristine form, as chemical and biological sensors has become a large field of study and application High stability and low chemical reactivity of these nanostructures provide some difficulties in studying the chemical and physical properties. These difficulties can be overcome through the functionalization process. The purpose of this work is to evaluate through abs initio calculations the structural and electronic properties of the temozolamide molecule interacting with functionalized fullerenes. This drug is very important for the treatment of brain tumors. This study is based on the density functional theory, using the SIESTA computational code. First of all, it was evaluated the isolated functionalized fullerenes behavior, as well as the temozolamide molecule. Subsequently, it was studied the interaction of functionalized fullerenes with temozolamide in order to understand the energetic and structural properties of these structures to support the use of these nanomaterials in future biomedical applications. From the results it is possible to observe the depending on the studied configuration, the binding energy values are not the same. It was found a weak interaction for all functionalized C60 interacting with temozolamide through physical adsorption, with values between 0.43 eV and 1.02 eV for all stable configurations. An interaction through physical adsorption was also observed for themozolamide with pristine fullerenes, with energy value of 0.23 eV. Despite some high energy values, the distance in the interaction between the nearest atoms of the nanostructure and temozolomide does not represent chemical bonds. The interaction of the temozolamide drug with fullerenes is important for the future development of central nervous system nanodrugs improving the performance and slowing the elimination of the drug by the body. / O uso de fulerenos C60, funcionalizados ou na forma pura, como carreadores de fármacos tem se tornado um grande campo de estudo e aplicação. A alta estabilidade e baixa reatividade química destas nanoestruturas trazem algumas dificuldades de manipulação no estudo de suas propriedades químicas e físicas. Estas dificuldades podem ser superadas através do processo de funcionalização. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, por meio de cálculos ab initio as propriedades estruturais e eletrônicas da molécula de temozolamida interagindo com fulerenos puros e funcionalizados. A temozolamida é um medicamento muito importante no tratamento de tumores cerebrais. Este estudo é baseado na teoria do funcional da densidade, utilizando o código computacional SIESTA. Primeiramente, estudamos os fulerenos funcionalizados isolados, bem como a molécula de temozolamida. Posteriormente, estudamos a interação do fulereno puro e funcionalizado, com a temozolamida a fim de compreender suas propriedades energéticas e estruturais. A partir dos resultados é possível observar que, dependendo da configuração estudada, os valores de energia de ligação não são os mesmos. Obtivemos uma interação fraca para todos os C60 funcionalizados interagindo com a temozolamida via adsorção física, com valores entre 0,43 eV e 1,02 eV para as configurações mais estáveis. Uma interação via adsorção física tambem foi observada para a interação da temozolamida com fulerenos puros, com energia de 0,23 eV Apesar de alguns valores altos de energia, a distância na interação entre os átomos mais próximos entre a nanoestrutura e a temozolamida e a baixa transferência de carga, não representam características de ligações covalentes. A interação da temozolamida com fulerenos, através da funcionalização, neste estudo, é importante para contribuir com o futuro desenvolvimento de nanomedicamentos do sistema nervoso central melhorando o desempenho e reatardando a eliminação do medicamento pelo organismo.

Cette thèse présente une série d'études théoriques partageant une méthodologie commune: l'utilisation des modèles stock-flux cohérents. Sur la base de l'échec de l'outil d'analyse économique traditionnel, les modèles DSGE, je tente de montrer quels sont les principaux inconvénients de ces modèles, qui comprennent à la fois des problèmes méthodologiques et l'omission de certains aspects de la réalité qui sont cruciales (par exemple, le rôle de la monnaie et des marchés financiers). Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse je montre pourquoi les modèles stock-flux cohérents offrent un véhicule plus précis à la compréhension des économies modernes. Ces raisons, qui sont reliés à une préoccupation plus élevé avec le réalisme, la précision comptable et l'interaction entre les différents agents économiques et des institutions sociales, expliquent pourquoi les modèles stock-flux cohérents ont réussi à détecter les instabilités qui se accumulaient dans les années avant l'éclatement de la crise financière mondiale. Après avoir expliqué la motivation pour étudier la dynamique macroéconomique par des modèles stock-flux cohérents je présente trois chapitres dans lesquels ces modèles sont adaptés à l'étude de certains problèmes spécifiques du monde réel, qui ont été et sont toujours pertinentes et ont une place privilégiée dans le agenda politique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je étudie certaines des différentes alternatives pour la réforme du système monétaire international qui ont été proposées depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. A partir d'un modèle qui décrit l'état actuel des choses, il est montré comment ce modèle peut être modifié afin d'examiner comment chacun des solutions alternatives pourraient fonctionner. Ces solutions comprennent des options qui ont été largement débattues depuis des décennies, comme l'introduction du DTS (la monnaie émise par le FMI) et le bancor (la monnaie internationale que Keynes a proposé, avec la création d'une chambre de compensation internationale). Après avoir construit les modèles, des exercices de simulation sont menées. Ces expériences montrent de quelle façon chaque solution pourrait offrir un meilleur environnement mondial pour le développement des relations économiques internationales. En particulier, il est constaté que la mise en place d'une chambre de compensation comme laquelle Keynes a proposé ne serait pas seulement avantageuse à réduire les déséquilibres mondiaux, mais aussi elle pourrait produire un haut niveau de demande effective dans une échelle mondiale... / His  thesis  presents  a  series  of  theoretical  studies  sharing  a  common  methodology:  the  use  of  stock-­‐flow consistent models. Based on the failure of the state of the art analytical tool of the mainstream, the so-­‐called DSGE models, I attempt to show what are the main drawbacks of these models, which include both methodological problems and the omission of some aspects of reality that are crucial (e.g., the role of money and financial markets). In the first chapter of this thesis I show  why  stock-­‐flow  consistent  models  offer  a  more  accurate  vehicle  to  the  understanding  of  modern economies. These reasons, which are connected to a higher concern with realism, accounting  accuracy  and  the  interaction  between  the  different  economic  agents  and  social  institutions, explain why stock-­‐flow consistent models have been successful in detecting the instabilities that were accumulating in the years before the outbreak of the global financial crisis...