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Summaries in Afrikaans and English / What influences ministers to use specific illustrations in their sermons? Does previous secular job experience or hobbies/interests have an effect? A study was done amongst ministers in the Mosselbay area. The following conclusions were made: The longer the minister had been in the ministry, the more diverse the illustrations used. Previous secular job experience had more diverse illustrations at an earlier age. Personal interests featured strongly in illustrations but training institutions had no real influence. Lady ministers had more personal/family orientated illustrations. People are naturally inquisitive to hear the lifestory of others and compare this to their own. The Bible is a book of many life stories illustrating God's involvement therein. The preacher should give contemporary illustrations understandable to the relevant congregation to show even in this modern world God's human face and merciful heart as He is involved in our lives. / Wat beinvloed predikante om spesif ieke illustrasies te gebruik in hul preke? Het vorige werksondervinding (nie-teologies)/belangstelling 'n invloed? 'n Studie was gedoen ender predikante in die Mosselbaai area. Die volgende afleidings is gemaak: Hoe langer 'n predikant in die bediening, hoe meer uiteenlopend die aard van illustrasies. Vorige werksondervinding gee meer diverse illustrasies op 'n jonger ouderdom. Persoonlike belangstellings kom sterk na vore maar spesifieke leerskole het nie 'n groot invloed op illustrasies nie. Dames predikante maak meer gebruik van persoonlike/familie georienteerde illustrasies. Die mens is van nature nuuskierig en wil sy eie lewensondervinding altyd vergelyk met sy medemens. Die Bybel is 'n boek van vele lewenservarings en God se invloed daarin. In die prediking van die Evangelie meet die prediker hedendaagse, toepaslike illustrasies gebruik relevant en verstaanbaar vir sy gehoor. So leer ons dat God steeds vandag met 'n menslike natuur en Godelike liefde in elke mens se lewe teenwoordig is en werk. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / What influences ministers to use specific illustrations in their sermons? Does previous secular job experience or hobbies/interests have an effect? A study was done amongst ministers in the Mosselbay area. The following conclusions were made: The longer the minister had been in the ministry, the more diverse the illustrations used. Previous secular job experience had more diverse illustrations at an earlier age. Personal interests featured strongly in illustrations but training institutions had no real influence. Lady ministers had more personal/family orientated illustrations. People are naturally inquisitive to hear the lifestory of others and compare this to their own. The Bible is a book of many life stories illustrating God's involvement therein. The preacher should give contemporary illustrations understandable to the relevant congregation to show even in this modern world God's human face and merciful heart as He is involved in our lives. / Wat beinvloed predikante om spesif ieke illustrasies te gebruik in hul preke? Het vorige werksondervinding (nie-teologies)/belangstelling 'n invloed? 'n Studie was gedoen ender predikante in die Mosselbaai area. Die volgende afleidings is gemaak: Hoe langer 'n predikant in die bediening, hoe meer uiteenlopend die aard van illustrasies. Vorige werksondervinding gee meer diverse illustrasies op 'n jonger ouderdom. Persoonlike belangstellings kom sterk na vore maar spesifieke leerskole het nie 'n groot invloed op illustrasies nie. Dames predikante maak meer gebruik van persoonlike/familie georienteerde illustrasies. Die mens is van nature nuuskierig en wil sy eie lewensondervinding altyd vergelyk met sy medemens. Die Bybel is 'n boek van vele lewenservarings en God se invloed daarin. In die prediking van die Evangelie meet die prediker hedendaagse, toepaslike illustrasies gebruik relevant en verstaanbaar vir sy gehoor. So leer ons dat God steeds vandag met 'n menslike natuur en Godelike liefde in elke mens se lewe teenwoordig is en werk. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

La parròquia, poc valorada per la historiografia medieval, fou una la institució fonamental per a l'ordenació de la societat rural del bisbat de Girona entre els segles X i XIV. Constituïa un territori ben delimitat, els habitants del qual rebien els sagraments eclesiàstics dels clergues que regien l'església i, a través de l'obreria i dels obrers, participaven en la gestió del temple i de la seva economia. La parròquia va incidir directament en l'ordenació del poblament rural a través tant dels nuclis eclesials o "celleres" com dels masos dispersos pel terme d'una parròquia. A més, la parròquia era una important font de rendes: a través de la documentació generada pel bisbe de Girona, el delme era una renda en mans, sobretot, de senyors feudals, cavallers i importants institucions eclesiàstiques; els clergues parroquials només rebien les primícies i altres drets de menor valor. Finalment, la parròquia contribuí enormement a la configuració de les comunitats rurals de bona part del bisbat de Girona. / The parish, undervalued by the medieval historiography, was a fundamental institution for the arrangement of the rural society of the diocese of Girona between the 10th and the 13th centuries. It was a well delimited territory, whose inhabitants received the ecclesiastic sacraments of the clergymen who ruled the church and, across the fabric fund and the churchwardens, they took part in the management of the parish and of its economy. The parish influenced directly in the organisation of the rural settlement not only through the ecclesiastical villages, or "celleres", but also through the isolated manses into the boundaries of the parish. Besides, the parish was an important source of revenues: through the documentation generated by the bishop of Girona, the tithe appears as a revenue mainly in hands of feudal lords, gentlemen and important ecclesiastic institutions; the parochial clergymen only were receiving the first fruits, or "primícies", and other rights of minor value. Finally, the parish contributed significantly in the rural communities configuration of most of the diocese of Girona.

Les membres de la classe des professions, qu'ils soient narrateurs ou personnages, occupent une place à la fois centrale et équivoque dans le texte victorien, dans sa construction, sa composition. En effet, si cette place prépondérante paraît indiquer une prise de pouvoir de ces derniers, elle s'accompagne fréquemment d'une mise en question, voire d'une mise en danger de leur statut au sein du récit. Cette position paradoxale semble être le résultat du lien quasi-systématique (mais souvent sous-jacent) entre l'apparition d'un narrateur ou d'un personnage issu des professions et la déstabilisation des notions de signification et de vérité dans l'ensemble du texte. Nous étudierons les modalités et les outils de cette déstabilisation, mais aussi ses conséquences sur le corps du texte. Pour ce faire, nous nous concentrerons sur le support de la nouvelle véhiculée par les périodiques pour son caractère propice à l'expérimentation et sa grande diffusion auprès du lectorat victorien. Par ailleurs, nous avons centré notre corpus de textes sur Conan Doyle, Wilkie Collins et Le Fanu car ces derniers ont participé activement à la diffusion dans la littérature des idées propres aux classes moyennes et ont abondamment illustré les mutations sociales de cette classe durant la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle. Cela s’est fait à travers leurs nouvelles notamment, qui apparaissent comme le lieu privilégié de l’expression des interrogations concernant l'instabilité de certains discours structurants de la société : loi, religion et médecine. Ainsi, Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, fils d’un homme d’église et féru de théologie, Arthur Conan Doyle, lui-même médecin de formation et William Wilkie Collins, homme de lettres portant un grand intérêt à la chose scientifique (comme le suggère son long roman didactique Heart and Science paru en 1883) ont tous trois contribué à la définition des relations particulières entre les membres des professions et le reste de la société victorienne. De plus, leur participation active à la publication des périodiques les plus lus de leur époque atteste de leur contribution importante à la définition de la pensée victorienne. / Members of the middle class, particularly clergymen, doctors, and lawyers occupy a central place in Victorian literature, both as narrators and characters. However, it seems that this prominent place fosters questioning as much as empowerment. This paradoxical position seems to stem from the recurrent appearance of members of the professions in texts within which the principles of truth and meaning are undermined. Therefore, we will show how members of the professions, both as narrators and characters, put forward discursive strategies which allow them to manipulate the notion of truth and to destabilize meaning. In order to do so, we will study predominantly short stories, as this genre was favoured by Victorian writers as the locus of narrative and literary experimentation. Besides, this genre was widely read by Victorian audiences and can be seen as a privileged media for authors to express their doubts and commentaries on contemporary society. We have chosen to study the works of three authors in particular, who played a vital role in the bringing of the middle classes on the forefront of Victorian literary representation. Indeed, we will focus on Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, the son of a clergyman and a man fascinated by the arcana of theology, Arthur Conan Doyle, a doctor himself, before he became a writer and William Wilkie Collins, who had a passion for science and the transformations its growing influence imposed on Victorian society. What is more, these three writers' active role in the establishment of the most popular Victorian periodicals attests to their vast contribution to the development of Victorian values.