The main aim of this work was to identify local adaptation processes in amphibian populations, thereby improving the general understanding of genetics and mechanisms behind the evolution and maintenance of biological diversity. Phenotypic and genetic variation in life-history traits was studied within and between populations common frog (Rana temporaria) populations along a 1600 km transect from southern Sweden to northern Finland. Embryonic and larval development and growth was investigated both under field and laboratory conditions. The results suggest ample genetic diversity in larval life-history traits among Fennoscandian common frog populations. Larval developmental rate along the gradient has evolved a countergradient variation pattern of genotypes and phenotypes as indicated by the positive relationship between developmental rate and latitude under laboratory conditions and the lack of such a relationship in the field. The data suggest that this pattern has evolved because of time constraints due to decreasing length of growth season with latitude. Neither field-caught adults nor laboratory raised larvae displayed a linear latitudinal size cline as expected from the so called Bergmanns rule. Rather, size increased towards the mid-latitude populations and decreased thereafter, indicating that body size is a product of direct environmental induction or a trade-off with other life-history characters. Age and size at hatching showed no consistent latitudinal pattern, indicating that the embryonic stage is not as time constrained as the larval stage. A large part of the variation in age and size at metamorphosis among populations was due to additive genetic effects. However, small, but significant maternal effects, mostly due to variation in egg size and non-additive genetic effects also contributed to among population variation. A comparison of divergence in presumably neutral molecular genetic markers (FST) and quantitative characters (QST) revealed that although both estimates of divergence were relatively high, estimates of QST was generally higher than those of FST, indicating that the genetic variation observed in larval traits is primarily a result of natural selection rather than genetic drift. Hence, our results reinforce the conclusion that intraspecific genetic heterogeneity in the young northern European ecosystems may be more widespread than previously anticipated

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la biologie de l'invasion de la chrysomèle des racines du maïs, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Dvv), en Europe. Les introductions multiples de cette peste sur le vieux continent à partir des années 1990 et en provenance des États-Unis ont conduit à la formation de plusieurs foyers envahissants dont deux principaux, différenciés génétiquement et situés en Italie du Nord-Ouest (Italie NO) et en Europe Centrale et du Sud-Est (Europe CSE). Ces deux foyers sont entrés en contact en 2008, en Italie du Nord, dans la région de la Vénétie. L'objectif principal de ces trois années de recherche était de détecter, d'étudier et de documenter un cas précis d'hybridation au cours d'une invasion biologique. Dans un premier temps, j'ai montré que la zone de contact détectée en Vénétie résultait bien en une zone hybride. Pour cela plusieurs types d'analyses de génétique des populations ont été réalisés à l'aide de marqueurs micro-satellites. Dans un second temps, j'ai exploité cette zone hybride et utilisé la théorie des clines neutres et le déséquilibre de liaison pour estimer la dispersion (σ) de Dvv en Italie du Nord aux alentours de 20 km.génération−1/2. Enfin j'ai montré l'absence d'impact de l'hybridation au cours de l'invasion européenne de Dvv in natura, en mesurant sur des génotypes hybrides et parentaux, de nombreux traits phénotypiques positivement liés à la fitness des individus. Ainsi, une sélection ou contre sélection des hybrides est à exclure dans ce cas précis d'hybridation et la dynamique de l'invasion de cette peste en Europe ne devrait être affectée en aucune façon.

Pygmy tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus) of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia are the only species of tarsier known to live exclusively at high altitudes. This study was the first to locate and observe multiple groups of this elusive primate. This research tested the hypothesis that variation in pygmy tarsier behavior and morphology correlates with measurable ecological differences that occur along an altitudinal gradient. As a response to decreased resources at higher altitudes and the associated effects on foraging competition and energy intake, pygmy tarsiers were predicted to exhibit lower population density, smaller group sizes, larger home ranges, and reduced sexually selected traits compared to lowland tarsiers. Six groups containing a total of 22 individuals were observed. Pygmy tarsiers were only found between 2000 and 2300 m, indicating allopatric separation from lowland tarsiers. As expected, the observed pygmy tarsiers lived at a lower density than lowland tarsier species, in association with decreased resources at higher altitudes. The estimated population density of pygmy tarsiers was 92 individuals per 100 ha, with 25 groups per 100 ha. However, contrary to expectation, home range sizes were not significantly larger than lowland tarsier home ranges, and average NPL was smaller than those of lowland tarsiers. The average home range size for the observed pygmy tarsiers was 2.0 ha, and the average nightly path length (NPL) was 365.36 m. Pygmy tarsiers exhibited a nonrandom, clumped distribution near forest edges. While insect abundance and biomass were found to decrease as altitude increased, insect abundance and biomass was higher along anthropogenic edges. Thus, tarsiers within the study area may mitigate the decreased availability of insects at high altitudes by remaining close to forest edges, which in turn may be related to smaller than expected home range sizes. Further, estimates of pygmy tarsier abundance may be inflated because of increased insect abundance along anthropogenic edges. Contrary to the prediction for smaller group sizes as a response to feeding competition, the observed pygmy tarsiers lived in relatively large groups with multiple adult males. However, in support of the prediction for energetic constraints on body proportions, the observed pygmy tarsiers did not exhibit sexually selected traits. The pygmy tarsiers exhibited low sexual dimorphism and small relative testes mass, a trend opposite from lowland tarsier species, which may indicate a constraint on the development of those traits. Considered together, these results suggest that the observed pygmy tarsiers have adapted to life in an environment with limited resources. Future studies should explore the possible contributing effects of seasonality and topography.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Right after the arising of the Panama isthmus, the family Canidae colonized South America, around 2.6-2.4 million years ago. Although canids radiation in South America is recent, this region holds the largest canid diversity in the world, with more than 10 extant species. This great diversity is also notable when dealing with the ecomorphological variation of these animals. The maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), a large omnivore, and the bush-dog (Speothos venaticus), a small hypercarnivore, are the extreme exemples of this variation. Such shape diversity can be potentially explained by both abiotic, such as climate, and biotic factors, like competition. These factors may have contributed for stabilizing the south-american canids community. Thus, this study aimed to investigate what drives this ecomorphological amplitude, as well as to understand how can similar species coexist when overlapping their distributional ranges, such as the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), which has sympatric areas with Lycalopex vetulus and L. gymnocercus, two foxes ecologically similar to Cerdocyon thous. To answer these questions, 431 especies were photographed in nine South-American museums. Through geometric morphometric procedures, it was possible to quantify the phenotypic variation of eight canid species (Atelocynus microtis, C. thous, C. brachyurus, L. culpaeus, L. griseus, L. gymnocercus, L. vetulus e S. venaticus) throughout their geographical range and then test the contribution of biotic and abiotic factors driving this variation. The evidences presented in this study suggest C. thous alters its shape and body size when in sympatry with two Lycalopex species, pattern described by character displacement , which is when similar species shift their phenotype in order to minimize competition. Besides, C. thous also follows the Bergmann s rule, which predicts that body size increases at larger latitudes. When considering the canid community as a whole, climate was identified as the main factor contributing to phenotypic variation in these animals. Competition has a weaker impact in south-american canids skull morphology, although it may have played a larger role in the past, when the ecomorphological diversity in the subcontinent was even larger. / Logo após a emergência completa do istmo do Panamá, a família Canidae colonizou a América do Sul, há, aproximadamente, 2.6-2.4 milhões de anos atrás. Embora a radiação dos canídeos seja recente na América do Sul, esta região compõe a maior diversidade atual de espécies desta família no mundo, com mais de 10 espécies viventes. Esta grande biodiversidade também é notável na variação ecomorfológica destes animais. Exemplo disso são os dois extremos desta variação: o lobo-guará (Chrysocyon thous), um animal onívoro de grande tamanho corporal; e o cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus), espécie hipercarnívora de pequeno porte. Tamanha diversidade de formas pode potencialmente ser explicada tanto por fatores abióticos, como o clima, e bióticos, como a competição. Ambos os fatores podem ter contribuído para a estabilização da comunidade de canídeos sul-americana. Por isso, este estudo se propôs a investigar o que impulsionou esta amplitude ecomorfológica, bem como entender como espécies mais similares coexistem quando em sobreposição distribucional, como o graxaim-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous), que possui área simpátrica a Lycalopex vetulus e L. gymnocercus, duas raposas ecologicamente similares a Cerdocyon thous. Para tanto, 431 espécimens foram fotografados em nove museus da América do Sul. Através de procedimentos de morfometria geométrica, foi possível quantificar a variação fenotípica de oito espécies de canídeos (Atelocynus microtis, C. thous, C. brachyurus, L. culpaeus, L. griseus, L. gymnocercus, L. vetulus e S. venaticus), ao longo de sua distribuição geográfica, e então testar a contribuição dos fatores bióticos e abióticos nesta variação. As evidências deste estudo sugerem que C. thous altera sua forma e tamanho corporal quando em simpatria com as duas espécies de Lycalopex, padrão descrito pelo deslocamento de caráter , quando espécies semelhantes alteram seu fenótipo em simpatria, a fim de minimizar a competição. Além disso, C. thous também segue a regra de Bergmann, que prevê um aumento de tamanho corporal com o aumento da latitude. Ao considerar a comunidade de canídeos como um todo, o clima foi identificado como o fator que mais contribuiu para a variação fenotípica destes animais. A competição, por sua vez, tem um impacto mais fraco na morfologia do crânio dos canídeos sul-americanos, embora possa ter tido uma maior contribuição no passado, quando a diversidade ecomorfológica no subcontinente era ainda maior.

No description available.