The overall goal of this study was to develop a comprehensive model of moral development to explicate the complexities of everyday morality. Based on a holistic and complementary perspective, the model relates the constructs of “worldview” and “self-view” to represent the influence of cultural individualism-collectivism and personality on moral development. It posits that worldview shapes self-view and moral inclusiveness [what is included in one’s moral consideration (Carter, 1980)] and then worldview, self-view, and moral inclusiveness jointly influence moral orientation (the main hypothesis). Interacting with situational factors, moral orientation would further influence moral judgment and behavior, thus connecting habitual morality with reflective morality. The specific objectives were: (a) to examine the relational structures among worldview, self-view, moral inclusiveness, and moral orientation; and (b) to construct a moral orientation index that measures various moral orientations, including egocentric, family, care, norm, justice, biocentric, and religious orientations, reflecting the corresponding worldviews, self-views, and levels of moral inclusiveness. Moral inclusiveness was operationalized as relationship closeness to different social groups at expanding levels of moral inclusiveness: (1) self only, (2) family, (3) peers, (4) society, (5) humanity, (6) nature, and (7) God. Survey data were gathered from 640 Grades 8-12 students and 472 adults. Structural equation models (SEM) were developed using the student data while making some comparative references to the adult data. Results of SEMs generally supported the main hypothesis. For example, individuals scoring higher on vertical individualism, social Darwinism, and independent self scored higher on egocentric orientation; individuals scoring higher on vertical collectivism and closeness to family scored higher on family orientation; and individuals scoring higher on horizontal collectivism and interdependent self scored higher on care orientation, at Levels 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Individuals scoring higher on collectivism, horizontal worldview, and moral self scored higher on justice orientation, but individuals scoring higher on closeness to nation scored lower on justice orientation at Level 5. The primacy of worldview, particularly collectivism, over self-view and moral inclusiveness in moral orientation development has implications for education. Exploring the roots of habitual morality, this study advances theory by integrating different schools of moral psychology with cultural psychology. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

La recherche d'une « plus grande proximité » avec le consommateur n'est pas qu'une formule à la mode désignant un phénomène conjoncturel, comme en témoigne l'utilisation récurrente de ce concept dans différents champs des sciences humaines pour analyser les relations interpersonnelles, inter-entreprises ou entre clients et fournisseurs. L'objectif de ce travail doctoral est de spécifier le concept de proximité perçue du point de vue du marketing et d'analyser son rôle dans la gestion de la relation du client au point de vente. Cette recherche, menée, dans le cadre spécifique de la vente directe de produits alimentaires, démontre l'intérêt théorique et managérial du concept de proximité.Une revue de littérature et une étude qualitative par entretiens semi directifs menée auprès de 35 acheteurs, dans différents formats de vente directe de produits alimentaires (AMAP, Marchés et Points de ventes collectifs) permet tout d'abord de démontrer que le concept de proximité perçue est multiforme : 1- la proximité d'accès correspond à la facilité et la praticité perçue qu'a le consommateur pour se rendre sur le point de vente; 2- la proximité relationnelle, exprime la force de la relation directe entre le personnel en contact et le consommateur ; 3- la proximité identitaire, renvoie à un partage de valeurs avec le le point de vente et enfin 4- la proximité de processus, est liée au partage de connaissances sur son fonctionnement interne. Une échelle de mesure de ces formes de proximité est proposée, puis validée.Dans un second temps, l'application empirique de cette échelle de mesure, auprès de 579 acheteurs, dans trois formats de vente directe fournit une mesure effective de la proximité perçue dans ce contexte. Ces études permettent, via un modèle d'équations structurelles, de tester l'impact des différentes formes de proximité sur la confiance, attestant du pouvoir prédictif du concept. Les résultats montrent en effet que la confiance à l'égard du circuit de vente directe est influencée positivement par : la proximité identitaire, la proximité de processus, et la proximité d'accès. En revanche, la proximité relationnelle n'influence pas directement la confiance à l'égard du circuit. Elle y participe néanmoins via son rôle dans la construction des autres formes de proximité.Dans un troisième temps, prenant appui sur ces mêmes enquêtes, nous démontrons le pouvoir discriminant du concept. Tout d'abord vis-à-vis des formats de vente. Les Points de vente collectifs génèrent en effet une proximité identitaire plus forte, accompagnée par une formalisation et une communication plus importantes de leurs valeurs et principes d'action. Les AMAP créent quant à elles davantage de proximité de processus. Proposant à leurs adhérents de participer aux activités de production mais également à l'organisation et la gestion de la distribution, elles renforcent le sentiment de contrôle des consommateurs. Sur les marchés, où la dynamique collective est quasi inexistante et les principes de fonctionnement ni formalisés ni communiqués, les différentes proximités perçues sont significativement plus faibles.Le concept de proximité discrimine également les consommateurs. Une segmentation en fonction de la proximité perçue montre qu'il est possible de distinguer trois types de consommateurs : les intimes, caractérisés par une proximité multiforme (identitaire, relationnelle et de processus), les affiliés qui se sentent proches des valeurs et des manières de travailler mais prennent peu de temps pour échanger et les distants qui ne se sentent proches du point de vente qu'à travers les valeurs qu'il représente.Enfin, une enquête quantitative complémentaire conduite auprès de 1208 clients de boucheries, petits commerces d'alimentation et primeurs nous permet de démontrer la spécificité de la vente directe uniquement en terme de proximité identitaire, remettant en cause l'idée d'une proximité relationnelle plus forte dans ces circuits. / The desire for a "closer relationship" with the consumer is not just a buzzword denoting a conjunctural phenomenon. The recurrent use of this concept in social sciences to analyze interpersonal and inter-enterprise relationships or relationships between customers and suppliers testifies it. This thesis specifies the concept of perceived closeness from the marketing point of view and analyzes its role in the management of customer relationship to the point of sale. Conducted in the specific context of direct selling of food products, this research demonstrates the theoretical and managerial interests of the concept of closeness.A literature review and a qualitative study using semi-directive interviews conducted with 35 customers in different formats of direct sale of food products (CSA, Markets and farm shops) demonstrates that the concept of perceived closeness takes many forms: 1- the access closeness is the ease and convenience perceived by the consumer to go to the point of sale 2- relational closeness expresses the strength of the direct relationship between the salesperson in contact and the consumer 3- identity closeness refers to values shared with the point of sale and finally 4- process closeness is related to the sharing of knowledge about the internal functioning of the point of sale. A measurement-scale of these forms of closeness is given, and then validated.In a second time, the empirical application of this measurement scale, to 579 customers in three formats of direct sales provides an effective measure of perceived closeness in this context. These studies, using a structural equation model, allow to test the impact of different forms of closeness on trust, demonstrating the predictive power of the concept. Results show that trust in the direct point of sale is positively influenced by identity closeness, process closeness and access closeness. However, relational closeness does not directly influence customer trust in the point of sale. It participates to it via its role in the construction of other forms of closeness.In a third part, we demonstrate the discriminative power of the concept. Firstly towards the sales formats. Farm shops generate a stronger identity closeness accompanied by a greater formalization and communication of their values and principles. CSA create for their part greater process closeness. By allowing their members to participate in production but also in the organization and management of the distribution of products, they reinforce the consumer's sense of control. On the markets, where the collective dynamics is almost nonexistent and the principles of operation neither formalized nor communicated, the different forms of perceived closeness are significantly lower.The concept of closeness is also discriminant for consumers. A segmentation according to the perceived closeness shows that it is possible to distinguish three types of consumers: the intimates, characterized by a multifaceted closeness (identity, relational and process), the affiliates who feel close to the values and ways of working but take little time to exchange, and the distants who feel close to the point of sale only through the values it represents.Finally, a complementary quantitative survey of 1208 customers of small food shops, of butcheries, and of fruit and vegetables shops, allows us to demonstrate the specificity of direct sale only in terms of identity closeness, challenging the idea of a stronger relational closeness in these circuits.

The dissertation thesis focuses on the prototypical analysis of interactions between partners. The theoretical part builds on a number of findings described predominantly in foreign sources. It offers an overview of many important topics related to intimacy. In the empirical part, prototypical analysis reveals specific interactions that are perceived by the general public as critical for the development and maintenance of intimacy in heterosexual relationships. The research study is divided into two consecutive parts. A total of 283 respondents participated in the first part and 663 respondents in the second part. They were aged 25 to 45 years. It turns out that the quality of partner intimacy is based on mutual interactions of a certain form and a certain intensity. Their most typical representatives are identified. The results of the analysis further confirm the existence of several subtypes of intimacy, namely emotional, physical and intellectual. Sexual intimacy has a specific role. Differences in experiencing and viewing intimate interactions between men and women are monitored in many aspects. Based on the statistical analysis of the data, it was found that both sexes are significantly similar in terms of preferences. However, there is a mild inclination towards interactions that are...

During adolescence, the need for social connection increases. Yet, fostering emotional closeness in relationships becomes more complex, as the need for autonomy also increases and social environments must adapt to become conducive to these seemingly competing needs. This complexity necessitates more research on what happens to close relationships during adolescence, so parents, scholars, and practitioners are better equipped to help individuals navigate the unique social atmosphere of adolescence. The current study draws upon multi-level modeling techniques to estimate growth models of Australian adolescents' closeness to parents and closeness to friends from ages 12-17 and examine predictors of these trajectories. Findings reveal that on average, adolescents' levels of closeness to parents exhibit a moderate decrease while remaining relatively high, and boys appear to have a closer relationship with their parents than girls throughout the period examined. Levels of closeness to friends similarly decline while remaining relatively high, with girls exhibiting both greater levels of closeness and a faster decrease than boys throughout the timeframe examined. These results are discussed in light of the current literature and recommendations for future studies are provided.

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The present study aimed to examine intra- and interpersonal associations between poor mental health and mother–daughter relationship closeness in a sample of 467 dyads. An Actor–Partner Interdependence Model was utilized to examine bidirectional processes between mothers (mean age = 42.64, SD = 6.5) and their adolescent daughters (mean age = 15.37, SD = 1.15). The independent variable was self-reported poor mental health and the dependent variable was relationship closeness. Additionally, communication satisfaction was examined as a potential interpersonal mediator of the pathway between poor mental health and relationship closeness. Daughters’ self-reported poor mental health negatively predicted their own perception of closeness as well as mothers’ perception of closeness. Additionally, we find evidence that perceived communication may explain (i.e., mediate) both the actor effect (one’s own poor mental health on one’s own perception of closeness) and the partner effect (partner’s poor mental health on one’s own perception of closeness). Our results suggest that when daughters’ mental health is poor, relationship closeness as perceived by mother and daughter may be weakened, and that this effect may in part be explained by poor communication between mother and daughter. Strategies to promote family communication, especially for families experiencing mental health problems, may aid in the development of closer mother–daughter relationships. Further, our results suggest the importance of investigating the potential bidirectional influence of mothers’ and daughters’ mental health on parent-adolescent relationship quality within a dyadic unit.

Research shows that physical touch is essential to human well-being. At the same time there is a fear in society about the subject. The preschool curriculum, Lpfö 18, emphasizes that children's integrity must be taken into consideration in parallel with the fact that children should be treated based on their individual needs. Our study is based on examining how educators navigate based on this. The purpose of our research is to investigate how educators talk about physical touch. How do educators reason about which children it is offered to and for what purpose physical touch is given? The study consists of qualitative interviews with five educators. The empirical analysis is analyzed from a care-ethical perspective as well as an intersectional perspective in order to document similarities and differences from the educators' stories. The result shows that the concept of physical touch creates a fear among educators of violating the child's integrity, which can result in a taboo perspective. Despite this, educators use physical touch as a tool to increase the child's well-being. They find the benefits to be greater than their fear. The educators state that the purpose of physical touch is to treat the child well, give love and to guide the child. It is mainly children who give clear signals of being in need of physical touch who are given access to the educator's closeness. Based on the results and from an intersectional perspective, our conclusion is that younger girls are the category that get the most physical touch. Although physical touch is seen as a natural element in the profession, the meaning of physical touch is rarely discussed among educators.

We as humans seek connections and closeness, and psychology enlightens us as to why that is. Our close relationships are essential to our health, well-being, personal happiness, and even personality develop - ment. (1.) These are the bonds that hold together our minds on a small scale and hold together our society on a bigger scale. For it being such an essen - tial part of our life, why is it that so many of us feel lost when it comes to building a strong bond with a person? Closeness and intimacy can express themselves in many ways, and these expressions differ from person to person. We get taught by things we see in the media, on the streets, in society. Like holding hands, kisses, and the giving of gifts. Then there is what we see from our parents and our family. Our personal background shapes our idea of how inti - macy is expressed. Per usual the majority of what we know on how to form strong relations is expe - rience-based knowledge, either our own or that of the people close to us. But what about all the knowl - edge out there scientifically captured from the wild, don’t we have access to this? And if so why are we not engaging with it? Building on the main psychological concepts of inti - macy I aim to make a bridge between the academic world and the real world.(2) As a student, I have access to certain knowledge and as a designer, I can figure out how to communicate them. I am exploring how I can make intimacy visible, tangible, and with that, more readily available. I am doing this by designing artifacts that act between two people. These artifacts aim to facilitate intimate practices that inspire trust, closeness, and self-disclosure. 1. Mashek and Aron. Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy. (New York: Routledge, 2013). 2. Richard Bunchanan, “Wicked Problems in Design Thinking.” Design Issues 8, no. 2 (Spring 1992): 5-21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1511637

Bakgrund: Caring (vårdande vård) är kärnan inom nursing (omvårdnad) och det sker i mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient. Det bygger på en intim, personlig relation som på många sätt påminner och en vänskapsrelation dock skiljer sig denna relation från en autentisk vänskap då det ingår i sjuksköterskans ansvar att sörja för patienten. Att sörja för patienten på ett caring sätt och samtidigt upprätthålla en professionell distans är svårt och sjuksköterskor kan bli för engagerade med exempelvis utbrändhet som följd. Hur detta ska undvikas utan att förlora caring är dock inte utrett. Balansakten mellan närhet och distans är således komplicerad. Syfte: Att beskriva hur sjuksköterskan hanterar balansakten mellan närhet och distans i vårdandet. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats där tio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserats med inspiration från innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre teman framkom med tillhörande underteman; Inre förutsättningar; att bygga på kunskap, att välja sin egen väg och att acceptera situationen, Gränssättningar; att skydda självet och att skifta mellan roller och Yttre förutsättningar; att ha tillgång till support, att ha tid att vårda, att ta hänsyn till kontext och att patienten bestämmer nivån. Slutsats: God balans är inte något statiskt där ett tillvägagångssätt gäller för alla. Sjuksköterskor lär sig, genom erfarenhet och självkännedom, var gränsen för det personliga engagemanget går för just dem. Sjuksköterskan som är villig inför och förberedd på den emotionella investeringen arbetet innefattar är mer benägen att klara av det. Klinisk betydelse: Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för sjuksköterskans balansakt mellan närhet och distans samt påvisar vikten av effektiv handledning då autentisk vårdande vård oundvikligt är en emotionell investering för sjuksköterskan. / Background: Caring is the essence of nursing and it occurs in the encounter between nurse and patient. It is built on an intimate, friendship like relationship but it differs from an authentic friendship in as much as it is the nurse’s assignment to care for the patient. To truly care for the patient and at the same time uphold a professional distance is difficult and nurses can become over-involved that can lead to burn outs. How to avoid over-involvement, without losing caring, is not as yet undisputed. The act of balancing between closeness and distance is thus complicated. Aim: To describe how nurses deal with the act of balancing between closeness and distance in caring. Method: A qualitative literary review of ten scientific articles analyzed with inspiration from content analysis. Findings: Three themes emerged with associated sub themes; Internal conditions; to build on knowledge, to choose your own path and to accept the situation, Setting limits; to protect the self and to switch between roles and External conditions; to have access to support, to have the time to care, to have regard for context and that the patient determines the level. Conclusion: Good balance is not something static where one truth serves all. Nurses learn, through experience and self-knowledge where to draw their personal line regarding emotional involvement. The nurse who is willing and prepared for the emotional investment that comes with the job is more likely to endure it. Clinical meaning: This study increases understanding of the act of balancing between closeness and distance that the nurse exercises in her or his work and underlines the need for effective tutoring as authentic caring is unavoidably an emotional investment for the nurse.

We explored how individuals high in narcissism maintained positive self-evaluations when faced with threats from romantic partners, and the role of attentiveness to attractive alternatives in self-evaluation maintenance. Participants and their romantic partners completed surveys measuring narcissism, closeness, attention to alternative partners, and IQ tests. They were given false feedback concerning their performance on the IQ tasks in relation to their partners, then asked to take additional surveys measuring closeness change. Ultimately, there was no significant connection between narcissism and reduction of closeness following a threat. Attention to alternative partners did not act as a mediator between narcissism and closeness reduction. Couples-level analyses yielded that couples with higher narcissism reported lower closeness. There was also a significant narcissism by condition interaction, with highly narcissistic couples in the non-threat condition reporting lower closeness scores than highly narcissistic couples who were in the threat condition. Limitations and future directions are discussed.