Orientador: Ângelo Berchieri Junior / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: Gerson Nakazato / Resumo: Salmonella enterica sorotipo Typhimurium sintetiza cobalamina (Vitamina B12) apenas sobre condições anaeróbicas. Dois porcento do genoma da S. Typhimurium é dedicado a reações dependentes de vitamina B12 como cofator, sua síntese e absorção. Neste estudo nós preparamos mutantes de Salmonella sorotipos Enteritidis, Gallinarum e Pullorum duplo defectivos na biossintese de cobalamina, cepas ΔcobSΔcbiA. A virulência destes mutantes foi comparada com as respectivas cepas selvagens e, nenhuma deficiência na capacidade de causar doença foi observada para as cepas de S. Enteritidis ΔcobSΔcbiA e S. Pullorum ΔcobSΔcbiA. S. Gallinarum ΔcobSΔcbiA por sua vez, mostrou atenuação total. Posteriormente nós testamos a produção de B12 pelas cepas mutantes e selvagens já descritas, e incluímos neste estudo a cepa de S. Typhimurium ΔcobSΔcbiA, e sua respectiva cepa selvagem. Todas as cepas mutantes não tiveram produção de B12 detectada. As cepas selvagens mostraram produção de vitamina B12 em ambos os ensaios utilizados, com exceção da S. Gallinarum que não apresentou produção de cobalamina in vitro. Como conclusão, a produção de vitamina B12 in vitro diferiu entre os sorotipos de Salmonella testados, a deleção dos genes cbiA e cobS produziu alteração na relação parasita hospedeiro em diferentes níveis entre os sorotipos de Salmonella estudados, sendo que esta foi muito maior entre o sorotipo Gallinarum e as aves. / Abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium only synthesizes cobalamin (Vitamin B12) during anaerobiosis. Two-percent of the S. Typhimurium genome is devoted to the synthesis and uptake of Vitamin B12 and to B12-dependent reactions. In order to understand the requirement from cobalamin synthesis better, we constructed Salmonella serovar Gallinarum, Salmonella serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella serovar Pullorum mutants that are double-defective in cobalamin biosynthesis (ΔcobSΔcbiA). We compared the virulence of these mutants to that of their respective wild type strains and found no impairment in S. Enteritidis ΔcobSΔcbiA and S. Pullorum ΔcobSΔcbiA ability to cause disease in chickens. S. Gallinarum ΔcobSΔcbiA mutant showed attenuated for chickens. We then assessed B12 production by these mutants and their respective wild type strains, as well as S. Typhimurium ΔcobSΔcbiA, and their respective wild type strain. All mutants were unable to produce detectable B12. B12 was detectable in wild type strains, but, S. Gallinarum demonstrated no in vitro cobalamin production. In conclusion, the production of vitamin B12 in vitro differed across the Salmonella serotypes that were tested. Furthermore, the deletion of the cbiA and cobS genes resulted in an alteration in the relationship between the serotype Gallinarum and the birds more stronger than did to the others serotypes. / Mestre

Os consumos inadequados de cobalamina (Cbl) e de folato associados aos polimorfismos em genes de enzimas chaves do metabolismo da homocisteína podem agravar as comorbidades relacionadas a deficiências destas vitaminas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o consumo de cobalamina, de folato e de vitamina 86 por gestantes através de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas (IR24h); determinar as correlações entre as concentrações séricas de folato, de cobalamina, de metionina, de .S-adenosilmetionina (SAM), de Sadenosilhomocisteína (SAH), de homocisteína total (tHcy) e de ácido metilmalônico (MMA) com as vitaminas e as proteínas ingeridas na dieta pelas mulheres; analisar as associações entre os polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G e MTRR A66G e alterações nas concentrações das vitaminas e dos metabólitos, além de avaliar os determinantes nutricionais e genéticos das concentrações dos metabólitos tHcy\" SAM, MMA e SAM/SAH durante a gestação. Participaram do estudo 73 mulheres com idades gestacionais de 16, 28 e 36 semanas, no qual foram aplicados três IR24h para cada gestante, um em cada idade gestacional. Foram realizadas as dosagens séricas de cobalamina sérica, folato sérico e eritrocitário, homocisteína total, metionina, MMA, SAM e SAH. As genotipagens dos polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G e MTRR A66G foram feitas por PCR-RFLP. Observou-se que a ingestão de folato foi baixa em relação ao valor de 600 µg/dia recomendado para gestantes, a ingestão de cobalamina foi menor que a encontrada na literatura, a ingestão de vitamina 86 e a de proteínas totais foram semelhantes às da literatura. As concentrações de Cbl séricas foram diretamente relacionadas com a ingestão de proteínas. As concentrações de MMA estavam relacionadas inversamente com a ingestão de cobalamina, com a ingestão das proteínas totais e com a renda per capita. Houve redução das concentrações de cobalamina sérica e aumento de MMA no decorrer das idades gestacionais, sendo observada maior concentração sérica de MMA entre as mulheres que ingeriram menos cobalamina. Não houve associação entre os polimorfismos MTHFR A1298C e MTRR A66G e as variações nas concentrações de vitaminas e de metabólitos. Com relação ao polimorfismo MTHFR C677T, as mulheres portadoras do alelo 677T possuíam menores concentrações médias de foiato eritrocitário, e para o polimorfismo MTR A2756G, as mulheres com genótipos AG e GG apresentaram menores concentrações de metionina. As concentrações aumentadas de tHcy foram explicadas pelas menores concentrações de folato eritrocitário, pela menor ingestão de proteínas totais, pelas maiores concentrações de creatinina sérica e pela ingestão de vitamina 86. A creatinina sérica foi a responsável pela variabilidade das concentrações da SAM. Maiores concentrações de folato sérico e menores concentrações de creatinina sérica foram os responsáveis pelo aumento dos valores da SAM/SAH. As maiores concentrações de MMA foram atribuídas à menor ingestão de cobalamina, à menor renda per capita e à menor concentração sérica de cobalamina. Conclusões: a ingestão de folato foi menor que a metade do recomendado. A ingestão de cobalamina atingiu o recomendado, no entanto não foi suficiente para manter o metabolismo materno. Os polimorfismos não foram associados a baixa ingestão de vitaminas para explicar as alterações nas concentrações de tHcy, da SAM, da SAM/SAH e do MMA. / The inadequate intake of cobalamin and folate associated to polymorphisms in key-enzyme genes of homocysteine can worsen comorbidities related to the deficiency of these vitamins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the intake of cobalamin, foiate and vitamin 86 by pregnant women through three 24-hour dietary recaIl (IR24h); to assess the correlation between serum concentrations of folate, cobalamin, methionine, S-adenosilmethionine (SAM), S-adenosilhomocysteine (SAH), total homocysteine (tHcy) and methylmalohic acid (MMA)towards vitamins and proteins intaked by women, to analyze association between MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G and MTRR A66G polymorphisms and changes on vitamin and metabolites concentration, and to determine the nutritional and genetic determinants during a gestational period. 73 pregnant women participated in this study, with gestational ages of 16,28 and 36 weeks, onto whom were applied three IR24h to each woman, being one in each gestational age. Serum concentrations of cobalamin, foiate and red blood cell foiate, total homocysteine, methionine, MMA, SAM and SAH were evaluated. The polymorphisms of MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G and MTRRA66G were performed by PCR-RFLP. It was observed that folate intake was low in relationship to recommended value for pregnant women of 600 µg/day. Cobalamin intake was less than the one found in literature. Vitamin 86 and total protein intake was similar to the one found in literature. Serum Cbl concentrations were directly related to protein intake. MMA concentrations were in,verselycorrelated to cobalamin intake, to total proteins intakes and mounth per capita income. There were reduction of serum cobalamin concentration and enhance of MMAthroughout pregnancy weeks, being observed higher serum concentration of MMAamongst women that intaked less cobalamin. There was no association between MTHFRA1298Cand RRA66Gpolymorphism and the change in vitamins and metabolites concentrations. The women carrying allele 2756G for MTR polymorphism presented lesser serum methionine concentrations and alieie 677T for MTHFR C677T had less concentration of red blood cell folate. The red blood cell folate concentrations, intake of total proteins, serum creatinine concentrations and intake of vitamin 86 were eterminant of tHcy concentration. Serum creatinine was responsible for SAMconcentrations variability. Higher concentrations of serum foiate and lesse r concentrations of serum creatinine were responsible for the enhance of SAM/SAHvalues. The higher concentrations of MMAwere attributed to lesse r cobalamin intake, to lower per capita income and to lesser seruro concentration Df coba}amin. ConcJusions: lo/ate intake was less than ha(f of recommended amount, and cobalamina intake reached the recommended amount, however this amount was not enough to keeping the maternal metabolism. The poly~orphisms were not associated to low vitamin intake for explaining the changes Inserum concentrationsof tHcy,SAM,SAM/SAHand MMA.

O aborto espontâneo recorrente (AER) é definido pela ocorrência de três ou mais abortos espontâneos consecutivos com idade gestacional de até 20 semanas. O AER é um evento multifatorial, tem um índice de elucidação da causa na ordem de 50% e, mesmo com os avanços da medicina diagnóstica ainda assim 40% dos casos permanecem com sua causa desconhecida. O crescimento fetal é totalmente dependente do aporte de nutrientes oirundos da mãe, dentre esses nutrientes a cobalamina e o ácido fólico desempenham um papel fundamental para a viabilidade fetal. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar se existe associação entre polimorfismos em genes relacionados ao metabolismo da cobalamina (MTHFR c.677C>T, TCN2 c. 776C>G e TCN2 c. 67A>G), e o aborto espontâneo recorrente. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo foram: 1 determinar se os polimorfismos MTHFR c. 677C>T, TCN2 c. 776C>G e TCN2 c. 67A>G estão associados ao aborto primário e secundário. 2 - Avaliar se os genótipos dos polimorfismos estudados estão relacionados com as concentrações séricas de cobalamina, folato e homocisteína total em mulheres com aborto espontâneo recorrente. Foram incluídas 256 mulheres com história de abortos espontâneos recorrentes, provenientes do Ambulatório de Obstetrícia da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e 264 mulheres saudáveis, sem história de aborto espontâneo e que tenham tido pelo menos duas gestações normais (grupo controle), pareadas segundo as idades. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a realização das dosagens bioquímicas, hormonais e das vitaminas e também para a realização das genotipagens dos polimorfismos por meio de PCR-RPFL (MTHFR c.677C>T , TCN c.776C>G e c. 67A>G). As dosagens bioquímicas e hormonais apresentaram resultados dentro dos limites de variação do normal. Quanto as concentrações de folato e cobalamina, houve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos p<0,05. As frequências dos genótipos e alelos para os polimorfismos estudados comparadas entre os grupos abortos primário, aborto secundário e grupo controle não apresentaram diferença estatística significante. Optamos a seguir por dividir o grupo de estudo entre abortos primários, onde não existe história de feto viável, e secundário neste caso onde há história de feto viável. Desta forma foram refeitas as análises estatísticas entre os grupos e encontramos diferença estatísticamente significante p<0,05 quando confrontamos os genótipos do polimorfismo TCN c.776C>G entre o grupo primário e o grupo controle. Em conclusão, quando comparamos as frequência dos genótipos e alelos em conjunto não apresentaram associação com o AER. Quando comparado separadamente o grupo de aborto primário e grupo controle houve diferença estatística significante associando o polimorfismo TCN2 c.776C>G ao AER primário. / The recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined by the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages with gestational age up to 20 weeks. The AER is a multifactorial event, has an index of elucidating the cause of around 50% and, even with advances in diagnostic medicine still remain 40% of cases with a known cause. Fetal growth is totally dependent on the supply of nutrients from the mother oirundos among these nutrients cobalamin and folic acid play a key role in fetal viability. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between polymorphisms in genes related to metabolism of cobalamin (MTHFR c.677C> T, c TCN2. 776c> G and c TCN2. 67A> G), and recurrent miscarriage. The specific objectives of this study were: 1 determine whether MTHFR c. 677C> T, TCN2 c. 776c> G and c TCN2. 67A> G are associated with abortion primary and secondary. 2 - Assess whether the genotypes studied polymorphisms are associated with serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate and total homocysteine in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. We included 256 women with a history of recurrent miscarriages, from the Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, USP and 264 healthy women with no history of miscarriage and have had at least two normal pregnancies (group control), matched according to age. Blood samples were collected to perform the biochemical, hormonal and vitamins and also to perform the genotyping of polymorphisms by PCR-RPFL (MTHFR c.677C> T, TCN c.776C> G and c. 67A> G). The biochemical and hormonal results presented within the limits of normal variation. As the concentrations of folate and cobalamin, statistically significant difference between groups p <0.05. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles for the polymorphisms studied compared between groups abortions primary, secondary and abortion control group showed no statistically significant difference. We chose then to divide the study group between primary abortions where there is a history of viable fetus, and secondary in this case where there is a history of viable fetus. Thus were repeated statistical analyzes between groups and found statistically significant difference p <0.05 when confronted TCN genotypes of polymorphism c.776C> G between the primary group and the control group. In conclusion, when comparing the frequency of genotypes and alleles together apresntaram no association with AER. When compared separately the group of abortion primary and control group was statistically significant associated polymorphism TCN2 c.776C> G the primary AER.

Luminogens are molecules that emit light upon exposure to high-energy light, and fluorophores are one class of luminogens. Applications of fluorophores range from microviscosity sensors to light emitting diodes (LEDs), as well as biosensors, just to name a few. Many of these applications require the fluorophore to be in the aggregate or solid state. Some fluorophores become highly emissive in the aggregate state; these fluorophores are aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens. Currently, very few quantum mechanical mechanisms have been proposed to describe the unique AIE behavior of luminogens. Boron difluorohydrazone (BODIHY) dyes are a new type of AIE fluorophore. The bright emission is from the S>1 excited state (“anomalous” emission) contrary to Kasha’s Rule. Thus, the mechanism Suppression of Kasha’s Rule (SOKR) was proposed to be responsible for the family of BODIHY dyes. We hypothesize that the SOKR mechanism can explain AIE as well as the anomalous emission of other fluorophores. New BODIHY derivatives (para-CO2H BODIHY, aluminum difluorohydrazone (ALDIHY), and paranitro ALDIHY) were predicted to be bright anomalous fluorophores through density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) investigations. In addition, a series of anomalous fluorophores were investigated to determine if their photophysical properties could be explained by the SOKR mechanism (azulene, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5hexatriene, and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin). Finally, several triazolopyridinium and triazoloquinolinium dyes were computationally investigated by DFT and TDDFT calculations, and an accurate computational model for the large Stokes shifts of these dyes was developed. In conclusion, a better understanding of the photophysical properties through DFT and TDDFT modeling and spectroscopic investigation of hydrazone-based fluorophores has been achieved. In addition, the metal active sites and cofactors of metalloproteins were probed by optical spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and DFT modeling. In conjunction, these techniques can be used to elucidate the electronic structure responsible for the unique function of these metalloproteins. Specifically, a novel ironsulfur cluster of a metalloprotein that may be involved in endospore formation of Clostridium difficile, CotA, was characterized by magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. We propose that CotA contains a high-spin [4Fe-4S] cluster and a Rieske [2Fe-2S] cluster. It appears that the multimerization of the protein is related to the cluster conversion at the interface of monomeric subunits where two [2Fe-2S] clusters combine to form the [4Fe-4S] cluster. In addition, a putative cobalamin acquisition protein from Phaeodactylum tricornutum, CBA1, was not expressed at sufficient concentrations in Escherichia coli for spectroscopic investigation. Finally, a new technique was developed using cobalt-59 NMR spectroscopy to better understand the nucleophilic character of cobalt tetrapyrroles, such as cobalamin (vitamin B12), as biological cofactors as well as synthetic catalysts. New insight into the electronic structure provides valuable information related to the mechanism of these metalloproteins.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_jb_me_jabo.pdf: 902974 bytes, checksum: d01d6993a37d78f84e978b7b9def9ecd (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Salmonella enterica sorotipo Typhimurium sintetiza cobalamina (Vitamina B12) apenas sobre condições anaeróbicas. Dois porcento do genoma da S. Typhimurium é dedicado a reações dependentes de vitamina B12 como cofator, sua síntese e absorção. Neste estudo nós preparamos mutantes de Salmonella sorotipos Enteritidis, Gallinarum e Pullorum duplo defectivos na biossintese de cobalamina, cepas ΔcobSΔcbiA. A virulência destes mutantes foi comparada com as respectivas cepas selvagens e, nenhuma deficiência na capacidade de causar doença foi observada para as cepas de S. Enteritidis ΔcobSΔcbiA e S. Pullorum ΔcobSΔcbiA. S. Gallinarum ΔcobSΔcbiA por sua vez, mostrou atenuação total. Posteriormente nós testamos a produção de B12 pelas cepas mutantes e selvagens já descritas, e incluímos neste estudo a cepa de S. Typhimurium ΔcobSΔcbiA, e sua respectiva cepa selvagem. Todas as cepas mutantes não tiveram produção de B12 detectada. As cepas selvagens mostraram produção de vitamina B12 em ambos os ensaios utilizados, com exceção da S. Gallinarum que não apresentou produção de cobalamina in vitro. Como conclusão, a produção de vitamina B12 in vitro diferiu entre os sorotipos de Salmonella testados, a deleção dos genes cbiA e cobS produziu alteração na relação parasita hospedeiro em diferentes níveis entre os sorotipos de Salmonella estudados, sendo que esta foi muito maior entre o sorotipo Gallinarum e as aves. / Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium only synthesizes cobalamin (Vitamin B12) during anaerobiosis. Two-percent of the S. Typhimurium genome is devoted to the synthesis and uptake of Vitamin B12 and to B12-dependent reactions. In order to understand the requirement from cobalamin synthesis better, we constructed Salmonella serovar Gallinarum, Salmonella serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella serovar Pullorum mutants that are double-defective in cobalamin biosynthesis (ΔcobSΔcbiA). We compared the virulence of these mutants to that of their respective wild type strains and found no impairment in S. Enteritidis ΔcobSΔcbiA and S. Pullorum ΔcobSΔcbiA ability to cause disease in chickens. S. Gallinarum ΔcobSΔcbiA mutant showed attenuated for chickens. We then assessed B12 production by these mutants and their respective wild type strains, as well as S. Typhimurium ΔcobSΔcbiA, and their respective wild type strain. All mutants were unable to produce detectable B12. B12 was detectable in wild type strains, but, S. Gallinarum demonstrated no in vitro cobalamin production. In conclusion, the production of vitamin B12 in vitro differed across the Salmonella serotypes that were tested. Furthermore, the deletion of the cbiA and cobS genes resulted in an alteration in the relationship between the serotype Gallinarum and the birds more stronger than did to the others serotypes.

O aborto espontâneo recorrente (AER) é definido pela ocorrência de três ou mais abortos espontâneos consecutivos com idade gestacional de até 20 semanas. O AER é um evento multifatorial, tem um índice de elucidação da causa na ordem de 50% e, mesmo com os avanços da medicina diagnóstica ainda assim 40% dos casos permanecem com sua causa desconhecida. O crescimento fetal é totalmente dependente do aporte de nutrientes oirundos da mãe, dentre esses nutrientes a cobalamina e o ácido fólico desempenham um papel fundamental para a viabilidade fetal. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar se existe associação entre polimorfismos em genes relacionados ao metabolismo da cobalamina (MTHFR c.677C>T, TCN2 c. 776C>G e TCN2 c. 67A>G), e o aborto espontâneo recorrente. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo foram: 1 determinar se os polimorfismos MTHFR c. 677C>T, TCN2 c. 776C>G e TCN2 c. 67A>G estão associados ao aborto primário e secundário. 2 - Avaliar se os genótipos dos polimorfismos estudados estão relacionados com as concentrações séricas de cobalamina, folato e homocisteína total em mulheres com aborto espontâneo recorrente. Foram incluídas 256 mulheres com história de abortos espontâneos recorrentes, provenientes do Ambulatório de Obstetrícia da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e 264 mulheres saudáveis, sem história de aborto espontâneo e que tenham tido pelo menos duas gestações normais (grupo controle), pareadas segundo as idades. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a realização das dosagens bioquímicas, hormonais e das vitaminas e também para a realização das genotipagens dos polimorfismos por meio de PCR-RPFL (MTHFR c.677C>T , TCN c.776C>G e c. 67A>G). As dosagens bioquímicas e hormonais apresentaram resultados dentro dos limites de variação do normal. Quanto as concentrações de folato e cobalamina, houve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos p<0,05. As frequências dos genótipos e alelos para os polimorfismos estudados comparadas entre os grupos abortos primário, aborto secundário e grupo controle não apresentaram diferença estatística significante. Optamos a seguir por dividir o grupo de estudo entre abortos primários, onde não existe história de feto viável, e secundário neste caso onde há história de feto viável. Desta forma foram refeitas as análises estatísticas entre os grupos e encontramos diferença estatísticamente significante p<0,05 quando confrontamos os genótipos do polimorfismo TCN c.776C>G entre o grupo primário e o grupo controle. Em conclusão, quando comparamos as frequência dos genótipos e alelos em conjunto não apresentaram associação com o AER. Quando comparado separadamente o grupo de aborto primário e grupo controle houve diferença estatística significante associando o polimorfismo TCN2 c.776C>G ao AER primário. / The recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined by the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages with gestational age up to 20 weeks. The AER is a multifactorial event, has an index of elucidating the cause of around 50% and, even with advances in diagnostic medicine still remain 40% of cases with a known cause. Fetal growth is totally dependent on the supply of nutrients from the mother oirundos among these nutrients cobalamin and folic acid play a key role in fetal viability. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between polymorphisms in genes related to metabolism of cobalamin (MTHFR c.677C> T, c TCN2. 776c> G and c TCN2. 67A> G), and recurrent miscarriage. The specific objectives of this study were: 1 determine whether MTHFR c. 677C> T, TCN2 c. 776c> G and c TCN2. 67A> G are associated with abortion primary and secondary. 2 - Assess whether the genotypes studied polymorphisms are associated with serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate and total homocysteine in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. We included 256 women with a history of recurrent miscarriages, from the Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, USP and 264 healthy women with no history of miscarriage and have had at least two normal pregnancies (group control), matched according to age. Blood samples were collected to perform the biochemical, hormonal and vitamins and also to perform the genotyping of polymorphisms by PCR-RPFL (MTHFR c.677C> T, TCN c.776C> G and c. 67A> G). The biochemical and hormonal results presented within the limits of normal variation. As the concentrations of folate and cobalamin, statistically significant difference between groups p <0.05. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles for the polymorphisms studied compared between groups abortions primary, secondary and abortion control group showed no statistically significant difference. We chose then to divide the study group between primary abortions where there is a history of viable fetus, and secondary in this case where there is a history of viable fetus. Thus were repeated statistical analyzes between groups and found statistically significant difference p <0.05 when confronted TCN genotypes of polymorphism c.776C> G between the primary group and the control group. In conclusion, when comparing the frequency of genotypes and alleles together apresntaram no association with AER. When compared separately the group of abortion primary and control group was statistically significant associated polymorphism TCN2 c.776C> G the primary AER.

Os consumos inadequados de cobalamina (Cbl) e de folato associados aos polimorfismos em genes de enzimas chaves do metabolismo da homocisteína podem agravar as comorbidades relacionadas a deficiências destas vitaminas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o consumo de cobalamina, de folato e de vitamina 86 por gestantes através de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas (IR24h); determinar as correlações entre as concentrações séricas de folato, de cobalamina, de metionina, de .S-adenosilmetionina (SAM), de Sadenosilhomocisteína (SAH), de homocisteína total (tHcy) e de ácido metilmalônico (MMA) com as vitaminas e as proteínas ingeridas na dieta pelas mulheres; analisar as associações entre os polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G e MTRR A66G e alterações nas concentrações das vitaminas e dos metabólitos, além de avaliar os determinantes nutricionais e genéticos das concentrações dos metabólitos tHcy\" SAM, MMA e SAM/SAH durante a gestação. Participaram do estudo 73 mulheres com idades gestacionais de 16, 28 e 36 semanas, no qual foram aplicados três IR24h para cada gestante, um em cada idade gestacional. Foram realizadas as dosagens séricas de cobalamina sérica, folato sérico e eritrocitário, homocisteína total, metionina, MMA, SAM e SAH. As genotipagens dos polimorfismos MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G e MTRR A66G foram feitas por PCR-RFLP. Observou-se que a ingestão de folato foi baixa em relação ao valor de 600 &#181;g/dia recomendado para gestantes, a ingestão de cobalamina foi menor que a encontrada na literatura, a ingestão de vitamina 86 e a de proteínas totais foram semelhantes às da literatura. As concentrações de Cbl séricas foram diretamente relacionadas com a ingestão de proteínas. As concentrações de MMA estavam relacionadas inversamente com a ingestão de cobalamina, com a ingestão das proteínas totais e com a renda per capita. Houve redução das concentrações de cobalamina sérica e aumento de MMA no decorrer das idades gestacionais, sendo observada maior concentração sérica de MMA entre as mulheres que ingeriram menos cobalamina. Não houve associação entre os polimorfismos MTHFR A1298C e MTRR A66G e as variações nas concentrações de vitaminas e de metabólitos. Com relação ao polimorfismo MTHFR C677T, as mulheres portadoras do alelo 677T possuíam menores concentrações médias de foiato eritrocitário, e para o polimorfismo MTR A2756G, as mulheres com genótipos AG e GG apresentaram menores concentrações de metionina. As concentrações aumentadas de tHcy foram explicadas pelas menores concentrações de folato eritrocitário, pela menor ingestão de proteínas totais, pelas maiores concentrações de creatinina sérica e pela ingestão de vitamina 86. A creatinina sérica foi a responsável pela variabilidade das concentrações da SAM. Maiores concentrações de folato sérico e menores concentrações de creatinina sérica foram os responsáveis pelo aumento dos valores da SAM/SAH. As maiores concentrações de MMA foram atribuídas à menor ingestão de cobalamina, à menor renda per capita e à menor concentração sérica de cobalamina. Conclusões: a ingestão de folato foi menor que a metade do recomendado. A ingestão de cobalamina atingiu o recomendado, no entanto não foi suficiente para manter o metabolismo materno. Os polimorfismos não foram associados a baixa ingestão de vitaminas para explicar as alterações nas concentrações de tHcy, da SAM, da SAM/SAH e do MMA. / The inadequate intake of cobalamin and folate associated to polymorphisms in key-enzyme genes of homocysteine can worsen comorbidities related to the deficiency of these vitamins. The aims of this study were to evaluate the intake of cobalamin, foiate and vitamin 86 by pregnant women through three 24-hour dietary recaIl (IR24h); to assess the correlation between serum concentrations of folate, cobalamin, methionine, S-adenosilmethionine (SAM), S-adenosilhomocysteine (SAH), total homocysteine (tHcy) and methylmalohic acid (MMA)towards vitamins and proteins intaked by women, to analyze association between MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G and MTRR A66G polymorphisms and changes on vitamin and metabolites concentration, and to determine the nutritional and genetic determinants during a gestational period. 73 pregnant women participated in this study, with gestational ages of 16,28 and 36 weeks, onto whom were applied three IR24h to each woman, being one in each gestational age. Serum concentrations of cobalamin, foiate and red blood cell foiate, total homocysteine, methionine, MMA, SAM and SAH were evaluated. The polymorphisms of MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G and MTRRA66G were performed by PCR-RFLP. It was observed that folate intake was low in relationship to recommended value for pregnant women of 600 &#181;g/day. Cobalamin intake was less than the one found in literature. Vitamin 86 and total protein intake was similar to the one found in literature. Serum Cbl concentrations were directly related to protein intake. MMA concentrations were in,verselycorrelated to cobalamin intake, to total proteins intakes and mounth per capita income. There were reduction of serum cobalamin concentration and enhance of MMAthroughout pregnancy weeks, being observed higher serum concentration of MMAamongst women that intaked less cobalamin. There was no association between MTHFRA1298Cand RRA66Gpolymorphism and the change in vitamins and metabolites concentrations. The women carrying allele 2756G for MTR polymorphism presented lesser serum methionine concentrations and alieie 677T for MTHFR C677T had less concentration of red blood cell folate. The red blood cell folate concentrations, intake of total proteins, serum creatinine concentrations and intake of vitamin 86 were eterminant of tHcy concentration. Serum creatinine was responsible for SAMconcentrations variability. Higher concentrations of serum foiate and lesse r concentrations of serum creatinine were responsible for the enhance of SAM/SAHvalues. The higher concentrations of MMAwere attributed to lesse r cobalamin intake, to lower per capita income and to lesser seruro concentration Df coba}amin. ConcJusions: lo/ate intake was less than ha(f of recommended amount, and cobalamina intake reached the recommended amount, however this amount was not enough to keeping the maternal metabolism. The poly~orphisms were not associated to low vitamin intake for explaining the changes Inserum concentrationsof tHcy,SAM,SAM/SAHand MMA.

O aborto espontâneo recorrente (AER) é caracterizado pela ocorrência de três ou mais abortos consecutivos e acomete 2-4% das mulheres em idade fértil. A etiologia está associada a vários fatores de risco, tais como anomalias uterinas, aberrações cromossômicas, autoimunidade, trombofilias, elevação na concentração de homocisteína (tHcy), porém cerca de 40% dos casos permanece sem causa definida. O metabolismo de unidades de carbono desempenha papel fundamental na disponibilidade de folato na célula, sendo essencial para o desenvolvimento placentário e fetal. Deficiência de vitaminas que regulam este metabolismo, como o ácido fólico, e polimorfismos em genes que codificam enzimas relacionadas ao metabolismo de folato (MTHFR, RFC1, GCP2 e MTHFD1) podem levar à redução das concentrações desta vitamina e ao aumento das concentrações de tHcy. Objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre polimorfismos em genes relacionados ao metabolismo do folato (RFC1, GCP2, MTHFR e MTHFD1) e o risco de se ter AER, bem como avaliar a associação entre estes polimorfismos e as alterações nas concetranções de folato, cobalamina e homocisteína. Foram constituídos três grupos: AER primário: 117 mulheres com AER e nenhum feto viável; AER secundário: 139 mulheres com AER e pelo menos um feto viável; e Controle: 264 mulheres sem história de aborto espontâneo. Nenhuma das mulheres estava grávida no momento da coleta do sangue. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas para dosagens bioquímicas (folato, Cbl, tHcy, entre outras), imunológicas e extração de DNA genômico. As genotipagens foram feitas por PCR-RFLP ou PCR em tempo real. As concentrações séricas de folato e Cbl foram maiores no AER primário e secundário (p<0,05). A distribuição dos genótipos de todos os polimorfismos foi semelhante nos três grupos. O aumento nas concentrações de folato sérico (OR: 1,05, 95% IC: 1,03 - 1,07, p<0,001), Cbl (OR: 1,00, 95% IC: 1,00 - 1,00, p= 0,016), tHcy (OR: 1,03, 95% IC: 0,97 - 1,11, p= 0,033) e T4 (OR: 1,02, 95% IC: 1,00 - 1,03, p= 0,006) e a presença de FAN reagente (1:160) (OR: 2,90, 95% IC: 1,25 - 6,75, p= 0,013) foram considerados fatores de risco para aborto primário. Para o aborto secundário, foram considerados fatores de risco o aumento nas concentrações de folato sérico (OR: 1,04, 95% IC: 1,02 - 1,05, p<0,001), Cbl (OR: 1,00, 95% IC: 1,00 - 1,00, p= 0,019) e tHcy (OR: 1,05, 95% IC: 1,00 - 1,09, p= 0,039), maiores idades (OR: 1,02, 95% IC: 0,98 - 1,06, p= 0,031), hábito de fumar (OR: 2,54, 95% IC: 1,41 - 4,60, p= 0,002) e ter maior IMC (OR:1,42, 95% IC: 1,07 - 1,88, p= 0,015). Os polimorfismos estudados não foram associados ao maior risco de se ter AER, quando analisados isoladamente, e também não foram associados a alterações nas concentrações séricas de folato, Cbl e tHcy, com exceção do genótipo MTHFR 677TT, cujas portadoras apresentaram maior concentração de tHcy, quando comparadas com as portadoras de genótipos 677CC e 677CT nos três grupos. As variáveis concentrações de folato, Cbl, tHcy e T4 e presença de FAN reagente foram associadas ao maior risco de se ter aborto primário. As variáveis idade, IMC, tabagismo, concentrações de folato, Cbl e tHcy foram associadas ao maior risco de aborto secundário. / The recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is characterized by the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages and affects 2-4% of women of childbearing age. The etiology is associated with several risk factors such as uterine abnormalities, chromosomal aberrations, autoimmunity, thrombophilia, increased concentration of homocysteine (tHcy). About 40% of cases remains unknown cause. The units of carbon metabolism plays an essential role in the availability of the cell folate, is essential for the placental and fetal development. A deficiency of the vitamins that regulate this metabolism, like folic acid, and polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes related to folate metabolism (MTHFR, RFC1, and GCP2 MTHFD1) may lead to decreased concentrations of this vitamin and increased concentrations of tHcy. Objective was to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in genes related to folate metabolism (RFC1, GCP2, MTHFD1 and MTHFR) and the risk of having AER, and to evaluate the association between these polymorphisms and changes in concetranções folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine. Three groups were divided: AER primary: 117 women with RSA and no viable fetus, AER secondary: 139 women with RSA and at least one viable fetus and Control: 264 women with no history of miscarriage. None of the women was pregnant at time of blood collection. Blood samples were taken for biochemical (folate, Cbl, tHcy, etc.), immunological and genomic DNA extraction. The genotyping were carried out by PCR-RFLP or real time PCR. Serum concentrations of folate and Cbl were higher in groups 1 and 2 (p <0.05). The distribution of genotypes of MTHFR c.677C> T, MTHFR c.1298A> C, MTHFD1 c.1958G> A, RFC1 c.80G>GCP2 A and c.1561C> T was similar among the three groups. The increased concentrations of serum folate (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.07, p <0.001), Cbl (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.00, p = 0.016), tHcy (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.11, p = 0.033) and T4 (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.03, p = 0.006) and the presence of ANA (1:160) (OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.25 - 6.75, p = 0.013) were considered risk factors primary for abortion. For secondary abortion, were considered risk factors increased the concentrations of serum folate (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.05, p <0.001), cobalamin (OR: 1.00, 95 % CI: 1.00 to 1.00, p = 0.019) and tHcy (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.09, p = 0.039), higher age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.06, p = 0.031), cigarette smoking (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.60, p = 0.002) and had a higher BMI (OR : 1,42,95% CI: 1.07 to 1.88, p = 0.015). The studied polymorphisms were not associated with increased risk of having RSA when analyzed separately, and were not associated with changes in serum folate, Cbl and tHcy, with the exception of the MTHFR 677TT genotype, whose patients had a higher concentration of total tHcy compared with those with 677CC and 677CT genotypes in the three groups. The variable concentrations of folate, Cbl, tHcy, and T4, presence of ANA and have been associated with increased risk for miscarriage primary. The variables age, BMI, smoking, concentrations of folate, Cbl and tHcy were associated with increased risk of secondary miscarriage.

Einleitung: Vitamin B12 hat wichtige Funktionen im Energiestoffwechsel sowie bei der Erythropoese. Beide Funktionskreise werden bei Hochleistungskühen besonders beansprucht und können bei Belastungen und ungenügender Vitamin-B12-Versorgung Ausgangspunkt für klinische Störungen werden. Ziele der Untersuchungen: In den vorliegenden Studien wurde der Fragestellung nachgegangen, wie sich die Vitamin-B12-Konzentration im Blutserum von Milchkühen in der Frühlaktation verhält und welche Zusammenhänge zu Stoffwechselparametern, dem Erythrogramm sowie dem Gesundheitsstatus der Kühe bestehen. Des Weiteren wurde geprüft, inwieweit der postpartale Stoffwechsel und der Gesundheitsstatus durch orale Vitamin-B12-Substitutionen stabilisiert werden können. Material und Methoden: Die Untersuchungen zur Vitamin-B12-Statuserhebung erfolgten an 157 Kühen der Rasse Holstein Friesian. Blutproben zur Stoffwechselanalytik wurden 2-6 Tage p.p. sowie 4-5 Wochen p.p. entnommen. Parallel dazu wurden klinische Daten zu Leistung und Gesundheitsstatus bis 3 Monate p.p. erhoben. In einem zweiten Versuch wurden die Kühe in 2 Gruppen eingeteilt, wobei die Versuchsgruppe (65 Kühe) eine orale Vitamin-B12-Substitution in Höhe von 0,5 g Cyanocobalamin/Kuh/Tag 4-6 Wochen a.p. beginnend bis zur Kalbung erhielt. 71 Kühe, die das stallübliche Mineralfutter erhielten, dienten als Kontrollgruppe. Auch hier erfolgten die Blutkontrollen 2-6 Tage p.p. sowie 4-5 Wochen p.p. Es wurden die Milchleistung sowie auftretende Erkrankungen dokumentiert. Die Blutentnahme erfolgte aus der Vena caudalis mediana. Neben den hämatologischen Untersuchungen wurden folgende Parameter aus dem Serum bestimmt: Freie Fettsäuren (FFS), Betahydroxybutyrat (BHB), Glukose, Bilirubin, Cholesterol, Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT), Creatinkinase (CK), Harnstoff, Calcium, Eisen, anorganisches Phosphat (Pi), Cyanocobalamin und Cobalt. Ergebnisse: Die Vitamin-B12-Konzentration zeigt eine signifikante Laktationsdynamik. Alle untersuchten Kühe hatten 4 Wochen p. p. gegenüber 2–6 Tage p. p. erniedrigte Vitamin-B12-Konzentrationen (p ≤ 0,05). Bei den p.p. kranken Kühen sank gegenüber den gesunden Kühen die Vitamin-B12-Konzentration weniger stark ab (p ≤ 0,05), d.h., höhere Vitamin-B12-Konzentrationen können auf klinische Probleme hinweisen. Gesunde sowie auch p.p. kranke Kühe wiesen 2–6 Tage p. p. höhere Werte für die Parameter Erythrozytenzahl, Hämatokrit und Hämoglobinkonzentration auf als 4 Wochen p. p. Die BHB-, FFS- und Bilirubin-Konzentrationen waren bei allen Kühen 2–6 Tage p. p. infolge der partusbedingten Lipolysesteigerung erhöht (p ≤ 0,05). Bei allen Kühen korrelierte die Aktivität der cholestaseanzeigenden GGT eng mit der Vitamin-B12-Konzentration (p ≤ 0,01). Aufgrund dieser engen Korrelation mit der GGT-Aktivität sowie der Bilirubinkonzentration kann Vitamin B12 bei einer Serumkonzentration ≥ 227 ng/l bei Kühen cholestatische Stoffwechselbelastungen anzeigen. Nach Vitamin-B12-Substitution blieben in der Versuchsgruppe 60 % und in der Kontrollgruppe 47,9 % der Kühe in der Frühlaktation gesund. In der Kontrollgruppe hatten 12,7 % eine Nachgeburtsverhaltung und 40,8 % eine Mastitis, in der Versuchsgruppe betrugen die Anteile 21,5 % sowie 26,2 %. Mit x̃ = 320 pg/ml war die Vitamin-B12-Konzentration 2-6 Tage p.p. in der Vitamin-B12-substituierten Gruppe gegenüber x̃ = 224 pg/ml in der Kontrollgruppe gesichert höher. Auch vier Wochen p.p. war die Differenz noch signifikant. Cobalt, die Parameter des Leber- und Energiestoffwechsels sowie Harnstoff und CK unterschieden sich zwischen der Vitamin-B12-substituierten Gruppe und der Kontrollgruppe nicht gesichert. Die Erythrozytenzahlen sowie die Hämoglobin-Konzentrationen waren in der Vitamin-B12-substituierten Gruppe gesichert höher. Der Milchfettgehalt (%) war bei den Vitamin-B12-substituierten Kühen gegenüber den Kontrollkühen signifikant erhöht (p = 0,022), die Milchleistung unterschied sich unwesentlich. Schlussfolgerungen: Signifikant höhere Vitamin-B12- und Hämoglobin-Konzentrationen, höhere Erythrozytenzahlen sowie geringere Morbidität sprechen für positive Effekte der Vitamin-B12-Substitution. Anhand der Parameter des Leber-Energiestoffwechsels sowie der Milchleistung ließ sich dies nicht bestätigen. Cholestase stört die Vitamin-B12-Bewertung im Blut bzw. ist bei der Interpretation zu beachten. / Introduction: Vitamin B12 has important functions in energy metabolism and erythropoiesis. Both functional groups are particularly stressed in high-yielding dairy cows and can be a starting point for clinical disorders under stress and insufficient vitamin B12 supply. Objective: The studies presented were designed to ascertain the characteristics of the serum vitamin B12 concentration of dairy cows in early lactation and to check the relations with metabolic parameters, the erythrogram as well as the health status of the cows. Furthermore, it was examined to what extent the postpartum metabolism can be stabilized by oral vitamin B12 substitutions. Material and methods: The investigations on vitamin B12 status survey were carried out on 157 cows of the Holstein Friesian breed. Blood samples were taken for metabolic analysis at 2-6 days p.p. and at 4-5 weeks p.p. In parallel, clinical findings on the milk yield and the health status were compiled up to 3 months p.p. In a second trial the cows were divided into 2 groups in which the experimental group (65 cows) received an oral vitamin B12 substitution in the amount of 0.5 g cyanocobalamin/cow/day starting 4-6 weeks a.p. up to calving. 71 cows, which recieved the common mineral feed, served as control group. Again the blood tests were performed at 2-6 days p.p. and at 4-5 weeks p.p. The milk yield and emerging diseases were documented. The blood samples werde taken from the Vena caudalis mediana. In addition to haematological investigations the following parameteres were measured: Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, bilirubin, cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), creatinkinase (CK), urea, calcium, ferric, anorganic phosphor, cyanocobalamin and cobalt. Results: The vitamin B12 concentration shows a significant dynamic in lactation. All examined cows had decreased vitamin B12 concentrations at 4 weeks p. p. compared to 2-6 days p. p. (p ≤ 0.05). In the p.p. morbid cows the vitamin B12 concentration fell less than in the healthy cows (p ≤ 0.05), which means higher vitamin B12 concentrations may indicate clinical problems. Healthy as well as p.p. morbid cows showed higher values for the parameters erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration at 2-6 days p.p. than 4 weeks p.p. BHB, FFS, and bilirubin levels were increased in all cows at 2-6 days p.p. as a result of partus related rise in lipolysis (p ≤ 0.05). In all cows, the activity of the GGT, which indicates cholestasis, was closely correlated with the vitamin B12 concentration p ≤ 0.01). Because of this close correlation with GGT activity and bilirubin concentration, vitamin B12 may show cholestatic metabolic stress in cows at a serum concentration ≥ 227 ng/l. After vitamin B12 substitution 60 % of the cows in the experimental group and 47.9 % of the cows in the control group remained healthy during early lactation. In the control group 12.7 % had a Retentio secundinarum and 40.8 % had a mastitis, in the experimental group the proportions were 21.5 % and 26.2 %. At two to six days p.p. the vitamin B12 concentration in the vitamin B12 substituted group was significant higher (x̃ = 320 pg/ml) than in the control group (x̃ = 224 pg/ml). This difference was still significant at four weeks p.p. Cobalt, parameters of liver and energy metabolism as well as urea and CK did not differ significantly between the vitamin B12 substituted group and the control group. Erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin concentrations were significant higher in the vitamin B12 substituted group. Milk fat content (%) was significant higher in the vitamin B12 substituted group compared to the control group (p = 0.022), the milk yield did not differ significantly. Conclusions: Significant higher vitamin B12 and hemoglobin concentrations, higher erythrocyte counts as well as lower morbidity speak for positive effects of vitamin B12 substitution. Based on the parameters of hepatic and energy metabolism as well as milk yield this could not be confirmed. Cholestasis interferes with the evaluation of vitamin B12 in the blood respectively should be considered in the interpretation.

Contexte : Les maladies pulmonaires comme l'asthme ou la mucoviscidose représentent des problèmes majeurs de santé publique. Elles se manifestent par une inflammation chronique avec une production accrue de cytokines pro-inflammatoires et à terme une dégradation de la fonction respiratoire. Les efforts thérapeutiques tentent, d'un côté, de contrôler la réaction inflammatoire et aussi d'améliorer la biodisponibilité médicamenteuse. Objectif : Notre objectif est d'explorer l'implication des phospholipases dans l'inflammation et le rôle des transporteurs peptidiques dans le transport des antibiotiques dans la mucoviscidose. Nous avons aussi cherché à comprendre l'effet d'une supplémentation en cobalamine sur l'efficacité de la dexaméthasone dans un contexte inflammatoire. Méthodes : Des techniques immunologiques, électrophorétiques, de culture cellulaire, d'immunoprécipitation et d'expression génique sont utilisées sur des lignées bronchiques humaines normales ou mucoviscidosiques. Résultats : 1) La PC-PLC est constitutivement suractivée dans les cellules mucoviscidosiques et conduit à une surproduction d'arachidonate, à une surexpression de Cox-2, une surproduction de PGE2, une surexpression d'interleukine-8, et au défaut de régulation beta-adrénergique de la sécrétion. L'inhibition de cette enzyme par le D609 permet de corriger tous ces défauts. 2) L'activité du transporteur peptidique, impliquée dans le transport d'antibiotiques, PEPT2, a été caractérisée dans les cellules bronchiques normales (Vm = 115 pmol/106 cellules/min ; Km = 15µM). Ce transporteur n'est pas influencé par un contexte inflammatoire. Ce transporteur est inactif dans les cellules CF. 3) La cobalamine potentialise l'effet de la déxaméthasone sur la sécrétion et l'expression des cytokines pro-inflammatoires induite par le TNFa et l'histamine. Conclusions/perspectives : Cette étude devrait permettre 1) de mettre en lumière l'importance de la PC-PLC comme cible pharmacologique potentielle dans la mucoviscidose. 2) de comprendre la relative faible efficacité de l'antibiothérapie dans cette maladie et 3) de mettre en évidence une possible participation du cycle de la méthionine dans le processus inflammatoire / Background: Lung diseases such as asthma or cystic fibrosis are major public health problems. They are manifested by chronic inflammation with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines leading to respiratory failure. Current therapeutic is aimed at controling the inflammatory response and also at improving drug bioavailability. Objective: The objective is to explore the involvement of phospholipases in inflammation and the role of peptide transporters in the transport of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis. We also sought to understand the effect of cobalamin supplementation on the effectiveness of dexamethasone in an inflammatory context. Methods: immunological techniques, electrophoresis, cell culture, immunoprecipitation and gene expression are used on normal or cystic fibrosis human bronchial cell lines. Results : 1) PC-PLC is constitutively overactivated in cystic fibrosis cells and leads to overproduction of arachidonate, to overexpression of Cox-2 , an overproduction of PGE2 , an interleukin -8 overexpression , and to alteration of beta-adrenergic secretion. Inhibition of this enzyme by D609 corrects these defects. 2) The activity of the dipeptide carrier involved in the transport of antibiotics, PEPT2, was characterized in normal bronchial cells (Vm = 115 pmol/106 cells / min, Km = 15µM). This transporter is not affected by an inflammatory context. However, it was shown to be inactive in CF cells. 3) Cobalamin potentiates the effect of dexamethasone on the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by TNFa and histamine. Conclusions : This study should help 1) to highlight the importance of PC-PLC as a potential pharmacological target in cystic fibrosis. 2) to understand the relative ineffectiveness of antibiotics in this disease , and 3) to highlight a possible involvement of methionine cycle in the inflammatory process