In the last few decades, there has been increased interest in the incorporation of data from bi- and multilingual individuals in linguistic theory: from second language acquisition and language attrition to heritage varieties and code-switching. This dissertation discusses a range of ways in which code-switching data can provide insight into the mechanisms that underlie linguistic structures. The data will be analysed within the framework of Minimalist Generative syntax and Distributed Morphology.The first part investigates grammatical gender assignment in code- switching between English, a language without grammatical gender, and two languages with grammatical gender: French and Belgian Dutch. These languages have comparable, but different gender systems. French has two genders: masculine and feminine, whereas Belgian Dutch adds a third: neuter. The study in this part of the dissertation compares gen- der assignment strategies in bilinguals with different profiles. In addition, the code-switching data provide evidence against the default status of neuter in Belgian Dutch.The second part focuses on word order and includes two studies: one on verb-second word order in Dutch-English code-switching and one on adverb placement in English-French and Dutch-English code- switching. The verb-second chapter identifies a lacuna in the traditional Generative analysis for verb second and uses the CS data to address this. The chapter on adverb position looks at placement of the adverb between the verb and its direct object, which is allowed in Dutch and French, but not in English. For all domains investigated, it is found that the finite verb predicts word order.Taken together, these studies demonstrate that bilingual data can shine a light on elements of the theory of grammar which remain in the shadows when only monolingual data is used. / Les dernières décennies ont vu croître l’intérêt pour l’intégration à la réflexion en linguistique théorique des données produites par des locuteurs/trices bilingues ou multilingues, que celles-ci concernent l’acquisition d’une langue seconde, l’attrition, les langues d’héritage ou l’alternance codique. Le présent travail développe plusieurs exemples où les données issues de l’alternance codique éclairent les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les structures linguistiques. Les données recueillies sont interprétées dans le cadre de la syntaxe générative minimaliste et de la morphologie distribuée (« distributed morphology »).Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l’attribution du genre grammatical dans l’alternance entre l’anglais, d’une part, et le français et le néerlandais de Belgique, de l’autre. Alors qu’il n’y a pas en anglais de genre grammatical, le français et le néerlandais de Belgique marquent ce genre, mais de façon différente :si le français distingue deux genres, masculin et féminin, le néerlandais de Belgique y adjoint un troisième, le neutre. Dans cette partie de la thèse, nous dressons le profil des stratégies d’attribution du genre auprès de deux types distincts de bilingues et nous établissons également que le neutre n’est pas le genre par défaut en néerlandais de Belgique.Dans un second temps, nous nous penchons sur l’ordre des constituants. Dans une première étude, nous examinons l’ordre des mots avec « verbe second » (V2) dans l’alternance anglais-néerlandais. Nous abordons ensuite le placement de l’adverbe dans l’alternance anglais- français et anglais-néerlandais. Le chapitre consacré à V2 identifie une lacune dans la littérature générative et tire profit des données de l’al- ternance pour y proposer une solution. Le chapitre consacré à l’adverbe s’intéresse au placement de celui-ci entre le verbe et son objet, position licite en français et néerlandais mais pas en anglais. Dans ces deux études, il apparaît que c’est la langue du verbe à la forme finie qui prédit l’ordre des constituants.L’ensemble des recherches ici réunies démontre que les données bilingues mettent en lumière des aspects de la théorie grammaticale qui restent dans l’ombre lorsque le chercheur se limite à des données monolingues. / Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study investigates whether code-switching practices among Sesotho-English bilinguals promote convergence between Sesotho and English. First, the study identifies different types and patterns of code-switching between Sesotho and English and analyses them using Myers-Scotton’s (1993) Matrix Language Frame model and Myers-Scotton and Jake’s (2000) 4-M model. Second, it applies the ML turnover in order to detect convergence in Sesotho-English code-switching data and to observe which direction it takes. The study also explores other factors contributing to change in the structure of Sesotho, which are not necessarily influenced by convergence. In conducting this study, data was collected through interviews that were held with younger bilingual speakers from different tertiary institutions in and around Maseru (Lesotho) and through recorded youth-centred phone-in radio programmes. Findings from the analysis of data reveal simple to complex Sesotho-English code-switching performance of various types and strategies. Findings also show through the existence of composite language in Sesotho-English code-switching that there is a turnover in the ML, which indicates a development of an asymmetrical convergence between Sesotho and English. It was also discovered that, although other changes in the Sesotho structure are not English influenced, they are enhanced mostly by younger urban bilingual speakers’ frequent “looser” approach to Sesotho. This is an indication that Sesotho’s susceptibility to change correlates strongly with age; that is, both the length of time contact between Sesotho and English has existed, and the generation in which change is mostly found. This thesis adds and documents a different perspective to the previously recorded changes on Sesotho-English contact in Lesotho.

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The purpose of the present study is to investigate code-switching at a structural level among youths in Sweden speaking Persian. According to the theoretical framework of this essay code-switching occurs at certain places in sentences and follow certain grammatical rules. The aim of the conducted study is to demonstrate if there are word classes between which code-switches occur more frequently, whether or not it is possible to find out certain verbs that are borrowed from Swedish to Persian more often than others and if Persian compound verbs are often constructed with a Swedish main verb and the Persian light verb kardan. Eight students participated in the investigation and the ages of the participants varied from sixteen to nineteen years. The methods used consist of recorded interviews and elicitations and took place during a native language class. The result clearly showed that the most common word class from which switches from Swedishto Persian occurs is nouns. Among the verbs, the vast majority were compound verbs, constructed with a Swedish main verb and the Persian light verb kardan. Other light verbs used were raftan and xordan, however, these were only used one time each, implying that kardan is without doubtthe most common light verb used when building a Persian compound verb with a Swedish main verb. The present study does not indicate certain simple verbs used more often than others, on the contrary, it seems possible to choose almost any Swedish main verb in infinitive, or even a Swedish compound verb, and put it together with the Persian light verb kardan to form a Swedish/Persian compound verb.

in English This work consists of five chapters: a theoretical part, which specifies the theoretical basis of the text (especially concepts related to bilingualism and language contact); methodological part, which specifies the objectives and methods of field research (identification of target group, subject of research, qualitative and quantitative methods, technical part of the survey); historical part relating to the origin and life of the Bulgarian minority in the Czech Republic; sociolinguistic part analyzing the sociolinguistic influences of Czech language on Bulgarian language; language part, analyzing the interference from language perspective. The objective of this work is sociolinguistic and linguistic analysis of the speech behavior of Bulgarian-speaking bilingual individuals in Czech linguistic environment, due to which to understand what impact a foreign language - Czech (E2) has on the mother tongue - Bulgarian (E1) in speech events in E1; which are the factors that cause it and how it is manifested in speech acts of bilingual individuals. We analyze the effect of E2 on E1 by sociolinguistic aspects, taking into account all sociolinguistic factors that affect the speech acts of individuals. After analyzing the ways of impact of E2 to E1, a linguistic analysis is made, i.e. a...

The role of students’ first language (L1) in second and foreign language teaching has been an issue within language teaching. Whether to use the students’ L1 is a conflicted matter whereas certain teaching theories collide with actual practices. Teachers in Sweden are dependent on the National Curriculum as it is the guideline for their teaching and the fact that the syllabus for English does not mention the use of the students’ L1 leaves it up for interpretation. The aim of the present study was to investigate teachers’ perceptions of their students’ L1 when teaching English as a second or foreign language in the Swedish primary school in years 4-6. Furthermore, the study aims to obtain a general view of which situations teachers tend to switch to their students’ L1 and to what extent. Data was collected through a mixed-method approach, using both a questionnaire and conducting follow-up email interviews. The results showed that teachers generally see their students’ L1 as a facilitating factor when teaching English. However, there were participants who reported the desire to use English as much as possible when teaching. Independent of the situation, the overall most frequent answer was that the participants used their students’ L1 sometimes. Factors that affect the use of L1 are the students' age and guidelines from the teacher training program. These results contribute to the field of research in a Swedish context and shows that this subject area merits further investigation.

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Forskning visar att matematikinlärning kan vara problematisk för flerspråkiga elever och att lärare skulle behöva mer kunskap i området. Forskningen visar vidare att lärare tenderar att missgynna de lärandemöjligheter som flerspråkiga elever behöver och att lärarens förhållningssätt till flerspråkigheten i klassrummet avgör vilken lärandemiljö som skapas.Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka en lärares förståelse av fenomenet flerspråkighet i matematikundervisning genom tolkning av hens utsagor och handlingar. Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie som bygger på en intervju och två observationer av en lärare. Studien har en fenomenologisk teoretisk utgångspunkt och det som studeras är lärarens förståelse för fenomenet. Resultatet analyseras tematiskt och utifrån analysverktyget LAR-modellen.Resultatet visar att läraren upplever att elevernas språkliga tillkortakommanden är något som kan kompenseras för med olika typer av stöttning såsom praktiskt material, bildstöd och studiestöd. Det visar vidare att läraren uppfattar flerspråkighet som en resurs, utifrån ett bristperspektiv, där modersmålet ska agera likt en hävstång för att möjliggöra att eleverna når målspråket svenska. Läraren upplever tydlighet som extra viktigt vid undervisning av flerspråkiga elever och lyfter vikten av att använda ett formellt matematikspråk framför informellt. I analysen är läraren till viss del rörlig i LAR-modellen men befinner sig nästan uteslutet i nedre vänstra kvadranten där hen separerar på såväl matematik som språk.

Code-switching has been shown to be beneficial for students’ language learning and forstrengthening their identities. Despite this, it can be interpreted that code-switching isnot encouraged in the syllabus for English in upper secondary school in Sweden.Because of this potential disagreement, this study aims to broaden the knowledge ofhow upper secondary school teachers relate to code-switching in their differentclassrooms. Thereby, this study seeks to examine some upper secondary school EFLteachers’ understanding of code-switching as well as the use of code-switching in theirdifferent classrooms. In this qualitative study, four upper secondary school teachers ofEnglish participated in semi-structured interviews followed by classroom observations.The teachers represent all courses of English at upper secondary school level and theyrepresent schools with different programs and students with different first languages.The results show that the teachers have limited knowledge of code-switching and thatthey believe that a large amount of target language use in the classroom is favorable.Nevertheless, the results also show that the teachers as well as their students use codeswitchingboth intentionally and unintentionally for various purposes, but none of theparticipating teachers seem to use code-switching as a strategy to promote long-standinglanguage acquisition. However, the results indicate that the teachers seem to effectivelyadapt their code-switching behavior to their student group. The findings of this studyare in line with earlier research where it, for instance, is argued that code-switching ismore suitable for classes with students with lower language proficiency.

This degree project aims to explore, in the context of translanguaging, teachers' perceptionsof the use of pupils’ first language within English as a second language education inSweden. Following a review of the concept of translanguaging from a historic andpedagogical perspective, teachers’ views on the roles of their pupils’ first and secondlanguages as reported in international research, recent research pertaining to teachers'perceptions and pedagogical methods within translanguaging is highlighted. Results from amethodological triangulation examination of data emanating from a survey, interviews andclassroom observations show that: even though the term translanguaging is relativelyunknown, teacher respondents use translanguaging as a method within ESL education inSweden; a majority of teachers value their English-use higher than their use of the pupils’first language, but are not averse to using translanguaging when deemed appropriate; and amore positive attitude is displayed towards the pupils use of their first language, but the useof English is preferred.