The thesis begins by examining the evolution of human performance modeling from the initial stimulus-response methods introduced during the industrial revolution to model factory worker productivity, continues with a discussion of the information processing model where human cognition was modeled as a series of actions carried out in a predefined order, and ends with the concept of cognitive control whereby cognition is not considered a context-free mental process but modeled as an individual's ability to maintain control under varying contexts and to counter the effects of disturbances. The results from a preliminary evaluation conducted to determine if CCMs could be measured and if they provided any additional insight cognitive work are presented, and reveal that CCMs could be measured and the self-assessed CCM varied as predicted. A design process is developed which utilizes the CCMs as representing specific patterns of activity, thus specifying the design requirements. Following this design process, a prototype is created and evaluated using a controlled experiment to examine the effectiveness of the CWSS. The experiment examines performance, workload, and patterns of activity, and has several interesting findings. The first is that performance was independent of the almost all of the predictors and covariates including participant's Self-assessed CCM, with the exception of CCM transitions. As in the preliminary study, participants who reported transitioning between CCMs also reported decreased performance, increased frustration and actually performed worse. Second, perceived performance varied linearly with a participant's self-assessed CCM, but not with the actual performance. Third, participants report lower levels of effort when using a CWSS DM that matched their operational CCM. Finally, the design process successfully created a CWSS with DMs which support strategic and tactical CCMs. Unfortunately, no specific performance improvements were found for cases where the participant's CCM matched the DM as hypothesized, calling into question the effectiveness of creating different design modes for performance improvement. This thesis presents two methods for measuring CCMs: one direct single scale and one indirect composite scale. The measurements correlate highly. Both have a high degree of face validity and user acceptance. In the end, the composite measure may be a more robust measure of CCM because it provides a greater degree of diagnosticity by specifically inquiring after different aspects of CCM and is less susceptible to an individual's interpretation of the relative importance of the multiple dimensions of CCMs included in the definitions.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], iv, 41 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41).

Dagens samhälle präglas av digital utveckling och digitalisering inom flera områden. Detta medför att allt fler organisationer digitaliserar sin verksamhet och användningen av IT-system inom organisationen ökar. För medarbetare innebär det nya sätt att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter men också att de behöver lära sig och förstå hur de ska använda dessa nya digitala verktyg och system. Genom digitaliseringen av verksamheter och förändringar för medarbetare har det relativt nya begreppet digital arbetsmiljö vuxit fram. Digital arbetsmiljö innebär de möjligheter och problem som uppstår av att stödsystem och verktyg i arbetet digitaliseras, dessa möjligheter och problem kan i sin tur vara fysiska, psykosociala samt kognitiva. Forskningen visar att det finns principer att utgå ifrån när det kommer till att skapa en god digital arbetsmiljö. Däremot ligger mycket i betraktarens, i arbetsmiljö fall de som arbetar i den, öga att avgöra vad de upplever som god arbetsmiljö och den kan inte vara bättre än hur medarbetare upplever den. I denna studie undersöker hur medarbetare upplever sin digitala arbetsmiljö och hur de hanterar svårigheter. Detta med syfte att skapa förståelse för hur medarbetare, i administrativa yrken, upplever sin digitala arbetsmiljö, med fokus på kognitiv arbetsmiljö, samt hur de hanterar svårigheter i den digitala arbetsmiljön för att kunna utföra sina arbetsuppgifter. För att bidra med kunskaper inom ämnet utifrån ett medarbetarperspektiv. Genomförandet av studien har gjorts med en kvalitativ ansats med fallstudie som undersökningsdesign. Datainsamlingsmetoden var semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare inom fallorganisationen där så öppna frågor som möjligt ställdes för att de skulle kunna berätta fritt kring deras upplevelser av att arbeta i en digital miljö samt hur de hanterar eventuella svårigheter som uppstår. Efter datainsamlingen analyserades materialet utifrån det tolkande perspektivet och med tematisk analys som metod, detta för att generera empiri kring medarbetarnas upplevelser och deras hanteringsmetoder kring svårigheterna i den digitala arbetsmiljön. Resultatet visar att medarbetare har delade upplevelser av sin digitala arbetsmiljö, positiva och negativa samt som upplevelserna kan upplevas som motsättningar till varandra men de kan även vara starkt kopplade till varandra. De mest framträdande upplevelserna är frustration som grundar sig i system som är svåra att förstå, denna upplevelse har i sin tur vuxit fram eftersom medarbetarna inte har genomgått upplärning i systemen som de arbetar i. Trots visar resultatet att medarbetarna till viss del upplever nöjdhet med systemen då systemen uppfyller dess funktion och är anpassade efter arbetsuppgifterna. I de fall som medarbetare upplever svårigheter så hanteras detta framför allt genom självinlärning, kollegialt lärande och hjälpfunktioner i systemen. Resultatet visar också på hur komplext ämnet är genom att det inte finns några räta eller fel svar och det är flera faktorer som kan spela in till varför en upplevelse är på ett visst sätt och att även hanteringsmetoderna kan ha en stor påverkan på upplevelsen. / Today's society is characterised by digital development and digitalisation in several areas. This means that more and more organisations are digitising their operations and the use of IT-systems within the organisation is increasing. For employees, this means new ways of performing their tasks, but also that they need to learn and understand how to use these new digital tools and systems. Through the digitalisation of businesses and changes for employees, the relatively new concept of digital work environment has emerged. Digital work environment means the opportunities and problems that arise from the digitisation of support systems and tools at work; these opportunities and problems can in turn be physical, psychosocial, and cognitive. The research shows that there are principles to start from when it comes to creating a good digital work environment. However, it is very much in the eye of the beholder, in this case those who work in the work environment, to determine what they perceive as a good work environment, and it cannot be better than how employees perceive it. This study examines how employees experience their digital work environment and how they deal with difficulties. This with the aim of creating an understanding of how employees, in administrative professions, experience their digital work environment, with a focus on cognitive work environment, and how they deal with difficulties in the digital work environment to be able to perform their tasks. To contribute with knowledge in the subject from an employee perspective. The study was carried out using a qualitative approach with a case study as the research design. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with employees of the examined organisation. The questions in the semi-structured interviews were open so that the employees could have the opportunity to talk more freely about their experiences of working in a digital environment and how they handle difficulties that arise. The material of the collected data was analysed through interpretative perspective and with a thematic analysis to generate empirical data regarding employees’ experiences and how they handle difficulties in the digital work environment. The result shows that employees have altered experiences of their digital work environment, positive and negative, and that the experiences can be perceived as contradictory to each other, but they can also be strongly linked to each other. The most prominent experiences are frustration based on systems that are difficult to understand. This experience has in turn emerged because employees have not undergone training in the systems in which they work. Nevertheless, the results show that the employees to some extent experience satisfaction with the systems when the systems fulfil their function and are adapted to the work tasks. In cases where employees experience difficulties, this is handled primarily through self-learning, peer learning and help functions in the systems. The result also shows how complex the subject is in that there are no right or wrong answers and there are several factors that can play a role in why an experience is in a certain way and that even the handling methods can have a major impact on the experience.

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Sweden has the ambition to be the world leading country leveraging the opportunities of digitalization in the healthcare sector. In parallel, the Swedish Research Council highlights that conducting more clinical studies is essential to improve the healthcare. Henceforth, considering the need for increased operational efficiency as an enabler for increased clinical activity, a digital transformation of the industry was identified as a potential catalyst. The study thus utilizes a cognitive work analysis framework to investigate the potential benefits and risks of digitizing the functional operations at a contract management department for clinical studies at a Swedish university hospital. The aim is thereafter to determine the appropriate properties necessary to consider managing a digital transformation. The analysis identified three key benefits from a digitization. 1) transparent data sharing, 2) standardized contract management and 3) efficient operations. These three aspects are currently insufficient at the department hindering the objective of increasing the clinical activity. The study found that a digital transformation would be suitable in order to mitigate these insufficiencies and consequently facilitating the achievement of the objectives. Thereafter, the study found the key properties to consider managing a digital transformation to be interoperability, quality, adaptability and usability. In addition, safety was found critical to be considered in the transformation as the contract management department acts under rigid laws and regulations on ethics and patient security with which digitized processes must comply. The results contribute to the field of cognitive systems engineering. However, the study has limitations regarding the reliability and generalizability of the results. The findings are based on a single case study, which may not be representative for the industry in general nor for university hospitals in particular. In addition, since no actual digitalization effort was performed at the organization during the study, appropriate properties key to consider in the digital transformation are speculative by design. Consequently, it is necessary to study an actual implementation process in future research and whether the proposed considerations are sufficient in order to realize the suggested benefits of such a digitalization. / Sverige har ett övergripande mål att vara det ledande landet när det gäller att dra nytta av digitaliseringens möjligheter inom sjukvården. Dessutom understryker Vetenskapsrådet att det är centralt för förbättrad sjukvård att öka antalet kliniska studier i landet. Följaktligen, med tanke på behovet av en ökad operativ effektivitet, identifierade författarna det av intresse att studera digitalisering av branschen. Studien tillämpar således ett kognitivt ramverk för arbetsanalys i syfte att undersöka de potentiella fördelarna eller riskerna med att digitalisera den funktionella verksamheten hos en kontrakthanteringsavdelning för kliniska studier vid ett stort svenskt universitetssjukhus. Målsättningen är därefter att ta fram lämpliga egenskaper som är nödvändiga att beakta vid hanteringen av den digitala transformationen. Kontrakthanteringsavdelningen fanns att inneha brister i sina arbetsprocesser gällande transparens, effektivitet och standardisering vilket hindrar målet avseende ökad klinisk aktivitet. Studien visade att en digital transformation skulle vara nödvändig för att motverka dessa brister, samt för att möjliggöra en uppskalning av organisationen. Ett annat specifikt förbättringsområde som skulle underlättas av en digital transformation visade sig vara förbättrad synkronisering mellan arbetsprocesser. Vidare fann studien att de mest kritiska egenskaperna nödvändiga att beakta, vid hantering av en digital transformation, skulle vara interoperabilitet, kvalitet, anpassningsförmåga och användbarhet. Dessutom är säkerhet en egenskap som visat sig vara kritisk att beakta vid digitalisering då kontrakthanteringsavdelningen lyder under stränga lagar och föreskrifter beträffande etik och patientsäkerhet. Resultaten bidrar till forskningsområdet cognitive systems engineering. Studien har dock vissa begränsningar gällande tillförlitlighet och generaliserbarhet. Resultaten är baserade på en enfallstudie, som eventuellt inte är representativ för branschen i allmänhet eller för universitetssjukhus i synnerhet. Dessutom, då ingen digitaliseringsinsats utfördes under studien är de viktiga egenskaperna att beakta i den digitala transformationen enbart spekulativa. Således är det i framtida forskning viktigt att studera en faktisk implementation och då studera om föreslagna beaktanden är tillräckliga för att utnyttja digitaliseringens möjligheter.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2005. / Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [2], vi, 72, [22] p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-37).

The following degree project is written within the department of Information Technology at Uppsala University. The subject studied is the difference between academic user research and such user research performed by professionals at commercially driven companies. Academic’s and professional’s agendas, interests and approaches seem to differ and consequently a gap emerges. To perform a comparison between academically defined and practically defined user research a case study and a literature study were conducted. During the literature study three main academic approaches to perform user research were studied and summarized in a unified view. The case study was performed over 4 months at Spotify in the User Research team to gain insights into how user research is conducted in a commercially driven company. The degree project shows that academics and professionals can benefit from each other. For example, academics can integrate various mix methods to better understand design and concepts and base assumptions on more reliable data. Professionals can benefit from academics by adapting a similar systematic approach to perform user research and have a larger impact on the development.

L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier plusieurs aspects de l’appropriation d’une culture scientifique (acculturation scientifique) chez des élèves français de seconde et des élèves tunisiens du secondaire, à partir de l’analyse des interactions langagières (sur les plans de la conduite argumentative, du travail cognitif et de la prise en charge énonciative).Dans cette recherche, nous considérons qu’en classe comme au sein de la communauté scientifique, les savoirs scientifiques appartiennent à deux catégories : celle des questions scientifiques stabilisées et celle des questions socialement vives. Nous étudions ainsi l’influence de la nature de la question débattue sur l’appropriation de la culture scientifique chez des élèves français de seconde. Deux types de débat ont été examinés : l’un portant sur une question scientifique stabilisée et l’autre sur une question socialement vive. Nous étudions également l’influence de l’appartenance socioculturelle des apprenants sur leur acculturation scientifique, dans le cas où la question débattue est socialement vive. / The aim of the thesis is to study several aspects of the appropriation of a scientific culture (scientific acculturation) among French pupils of 14-15 years and secondary sector Tunisians pupils (high school), on the base of the study of linguistic interactions (argumentative behaviour, cognitive work and enunciative level bearing).In this research we consider that, within classroom as within scientific community, the scientific knowledge falls into two categories: the one of stabilized scientific issues and the one of burning social ones. So, two types of debate have been studied: one dealing with a stabilized scientific issue; the other dealing with a burning social issue. We also examine the effects of sociocultural characteristics of the learners on their scientific acculturation, when the issue discussed is dealing with a hot topic.