We are sometimes led to a different picture of things when something unexpected occurs which needs explaining. The aim of this thesis is to examine a series of related issues in the philosophy of mind in the light of the unusual condition known to psychologists as ‘synaesthesia’. Although the emphasis will be on the philosophical issues a view of synaesthesia itself will also emerge. Synaesthesia is a distinct type of cross-modal association: stimulation of one sensory modality automatically triggers an additional phenomenal character of experience associated with a second sensory modality in the absence of any direct stimulation of the second modality. Chapter 1 introduces synaesthesia to a philosophical audience by outlining the early history of synaesthesia studies, by summarising contemporary research and by indicating areas of philosophical interest to be considered in the rest of the thesis. Chapter 2 uses synaesthesia to examine one important philosophical model of the mind, Fodor’s modularity hypothesis, and, in turn, investigates the nature of synaesthesia in the light of that model. Fodor claims that cognitive modules can be thought of as belonging to a psychological natural kind in virtue of their possession of most or all of nine specified properties. The most common form of synaesthesia possesses Fodor’s nine specified properties of modularity, and hence it should be understood in terms of an extra cognitive module, and thus as belonging to the abovementioned psychological natural kind. Many psychologists believe that synaesthesia involves a breakdown in modularity. A breakdown in modularity would also explain the apparent presence of the nine specified properties in synaesthesia. I discuss the two concepts of function which underlie the respective theories, defending the breakdown thesis, arguing, in any case, that properties deriving from evolutionary history should also be used to decide between the two theses and thus ultimately membership of a psychological natural kind such as Fodor suggests. The argument is then used to respond to two challenges to the notion of a psychological natural kind. Chapter 3 focuses on the phenomenal character of synaesthetic experience. Externalists about the phenomenal character of experience tend to argue that the character of perceptual experience is to be explained either by the properties objects present to percipients, or by the properties objects are represented by percipients as having. Some internalists argue that there is a need to postulate hrther properties of the individual - in other words, qualia - to account for the individuation of the character of perceptual experience. The existence of additional phenomenal characters of experience in synaesthesia, which cannot directly be explained by reference to features of objects, suggests the existence of extra qualia and thus the presence of qualia in normal perception. The aim of this chapter is to meet the challenge presented by synaesthesia and the extra quaZia argument, and contrariwise, use synaesthesia as a way of fbrther clarifjmg the merits of the respective externalist positions. In the previous chapters the locution of ‘coloured hearing’ will have been adopted. Occasionally the process underlying synaesthesia is described as one of ‘hearing colours’. Chapter 4 rejects the latter usage. In so doing it focuses on the place of synaesthesia vis-a-vis normal perceptual processes. Considerations from previous chapters are further developed in order to shed light both on the metaphysical individuation of perceptual modalities and on how we know the distinctive perceptual modalities. Given the actual content of our concepts of perceptual modalities, it is argued that the actual world is one in which even synaesthetes are unable to hear colours. Consideration is given as to whether there is a possible world in which people could hear colours. The justification of the usage of ‘coloured-hearing’ then leads to a discussion of the relative importance of the individuating conditions of modes of perception. The thesis focuses largely on coloured hearing. What merits the preceding considerations have might be supported if they can be generalised. Chapter 5 goes a small way in that direction.

Systems biology aims to describe and understand biology at a global scale where biological systems function as a result of complex mechanisms that happen at several scales. Modelling and simulation are computational tools that are invaluable for description, understanding and prediction these mechanisms in a quantitative and integrative way. Thus multi-scale methods that couple the design, simulation and analysis of models spanning several spatial and temporal scales is becoming a new emerging focus of systems biology. This thesis uses an exemplar – Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling – to illustrate a generic approach to model biological systems at different spatial scales, using the new concept of Hierarchically Coloured Petri Nets (HCPN). PCP signalling refers to the coordinated polarisation of cells within the plane of various epithelial tissues to generate sub-cellular asymmetry along an axis orthogonal to their apical-basal axes. This polarisation is required for many developmental events in both vertebrates and non-vertebrates. Defects in PCP in vertebrates are responsible for developmental abnormalities in multiple tissues including the neural tube, the kidney and the inner ear. In Drosophila wing, PCP is seen in the parallel orientation of hairs that protrude from each of the approximately 30,000 epithelial cells to robustly point toward the wing tip. This work applies HCPN to model a tissue comprising multiple cells hexagonally packed in a honeycomb formation in order to describe the phenomenon of Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) in Drosophila wing. HCPN facilitate the construction of mathematically tractable, compact and parameterised large-scale models. Different levels of abstraction that can be used in order to simplify such a complex system are first illustrated. The PCP system is first represented at an abstract level without modelling details of the cell. Each cell is then sub-divided into seven virtual compartments with adjacent cells being coupled via the formation of intercellular complexes. A more detailed model is later developed, describing the intra- and inter-cellular signalling mechanisms involved in PCP signalling. The initial model is for a wild-type organism, and then a family of related models, permitting different hypotheses to be explored regarding the mechanisms underlying PCP, are constructed. Among them, the largest model consists of 800 cells which when unfolded yields 164,000 places (each of which is described by an ordinary differential equation). This thesis illustrates the power and validity of the approach by showing how the models can be easily adapted to describe well-documented genetic mutations in the Drosophila wing using the proposed approach including clustering and model checking over time series of primary and secondary data, which can be employed to analyse and check such multi-scale models similar to the case of PCP. The HCPN models support the interpretation of biological observations reported in literature and are able to make sensible predictions. As HCPN model multi-scale systems in a compact, parameterised and scalable way, this modelling approach can be applied to other large-scale or multi-scale systems.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / Heroin usage is on the increase in the Western Cape province of South Africa owing to globalization and to increased access to the drug in this province. The goal of this study is to explore the experiences of coloured heroin users in the Metro South area of , which stretches from Simons Town and Muizenberg to Retreat, Lavender Hill, Grassy Park, Parkwood and Wynberg. These individuals have been found to congregate in the Wynberg CBD. The overarching theoretical framework for the purpose of this research is social constructionism and symbolic interactionism, using a qualitative means of inquiry. Snowball sampling was used to recruit prospective participants and data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, with a semi structures interviewing schedule. The questions informed the subsequent themes and categories that arise from the data collection process. Snowball sampling was employed in this case, a non-probability sample, in which participants were recruited via key informants. The sample distribution included 13 participants, 10 of which were heroin users (5 female, 5 male) and the remaining 3 were key informants which contributed to triangulation of the data. In terms of the findings, participants spoke of mostly being involved in intimate relationships, which according to participants had dual benefits. For female participants intimate relationships offered a form of protection on the often dangerous streets of Wynberg and for certain males, intimate relationships offered an opportunity to fund their habit, by trading their female partners to perform sexual favors for money to acquire heroin. While the study found females were mainly involved in trading sexual favors for money, heterosexual males were also implicated in having sexual relations with homosexual men for money. Furthermore, the study found that heroin users in Wynberg represented a surrogate family, where, because of their lifestyle, they were disconnected from their own family. This family surrogate was found to be supportive, caring to a large extent, shared a living space, protective of each other and shared a common language and understanding.

MA, School of Music, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand / In 2003 I made a documentary film called Karoo Kitaar Blues with South African songwriter and guitarist, David Kramer, on the rare musicians, music, and instruments of scattered coloured communities in the Northern Cape. When I set out, seven years ago, to make the film I had no intention of making an ethnographic film or producing a visual ethnography in the anthropological sense (I am a documentary filmmaker), but two academic reviews, critical of its lack of ‘ethnographic context’ caught my intention. This dissertation attempts to respond to their critique. I explore the territory of visual anthropology and ethnographic methodology in order to understand why my film, with hindsight, is and is not ‘ethnographic’, and to establish how ethnographic practice could enhance my work as a filmmaker. I use Karoo Kitaar Blues as my visual monograph and examine the differences between ethnographic film and documentary (in the observational mode) with reference to ethnographic methodologies and theory in ethnomusicology, and consider how film can be used ‘as’ ethnography or ‘in’ ethnography. I conclude that Karoo Kitaar Blues film lies somewhere between ethnographic and observational filmmaking.

A pesquisa desvelou o circuito espacial de produção do algodão naturalmente colorido na Paraíba. Procuramos destacar o papel da pesquisa pública, através do sistema de ações da Embrapa Algodão, localizada em Campina Grande-PB na transformação das condições tecnológicas desse tipo de algodão e sua viabilização para exploração comercial; a organização espacial da produção; os atores envolvidos e as novas relações que se estabelecem com o sistema de produção do algodão naturalmente colorido orgânico. Nossa tese é de que a Embrapa Algodão foi central no processo de recuperação da cotonicultura brasileira, que enfrentou grave crise na década de 1980 e levou ao declínio dessa cultura até o início década de 1990. De modo geral o presente trabalho, inserido nos recentes debates da geografia, procurou destacar o papel da ciência, da pesquisa, da inovação na constituição de um circuito espacial de produção, tendo como estudo de caso a Embrapa e o Algodão Naturalmente Colorido. No contexto da crise nacional do algodão essa empresa foi responsável pela pesquisa, melhoramento e desenvolvimento de cultivares de algodão branco adaptado para as condições ambientais do bioma Cerrado e o algodão naturalmente colorido, uma planta silvestre nativa para as condições do Semiárido e viável para o processamento industrial. Na pesquisa constatou-se que a reorganização da produção algodoeira na Paraíba (colorido), a partir dos anos 2000, foi resultado da combinação de diferentes variáveis, dentre as quais destacam-se a pesquisa (Embrapa) e o marketing e propaganda (empresários), além de variáveis regionais/locais representadas pela agricultura familiar e produção orgânica. Tal reorganização apresenta atualmente duas regiões de produção distintas: região do Cerrado e a região Semiárido, regiões que se caracterizam por diferentes modos de produção concretos, no sentido proposto por Santos ([1996] 2008). Além do algodão naturalmente colorido atualmente ser desenvolvido em sistema de produção orgânica, nas outras fases de produção, os pequenos empresários que fazem uso do algodão colorido em suas produções tem buscado se adequar as exigências das normas estabelecidas pelos mercados consumidores, formado principalmente por turistas, pessoas preocupadas com a sustentabilidade ambiental e social, com destaque para os consumidores dos países europeus. A pesquisa demostrou ainda que a confiança que há em torno dos trabalhos de pesquisa da Embrapa Algodão extrapolam os limites das pesquisas agronômicas, a ponto da instituição ser utilizada no marketing comercial de empresas. / The research unveiled the space circuit of naturally coloured cotton production in Paraíba. We try to highlight the role of public research, through the actions of Embrapa Algodão system, located in Campina Grande (Paraíba) in the transformation of technological conditions aforementioned sort of cotton and their development for commercial exploitation; the spatial organization of production; the actors involved and the new relations established with the naturally coloured organic cotton production system. Our thesis is that the Embrapa Algodão was very important in the process of recovery of the Brazilian cotton industry, which suffer crisis in the 1980s and led to the decline of this farming until the early 1990s. Overall this paper, inserted in recent debates geography, sought to highlight the role of science, research, innovation in the creation of a spatial circuit production, taking as a case study the Embrapa Algodão and Naturally Coloured Cotton. In the context of national cotton crisis such company was responsible for research, improvement and development of white cotton cultivars tailored to the environmental conditions of the Cerrado biome and naturally coloured cotton, which is a native wild plant to the conditions of semi-arid and feasible for processing industrial. This research found out that the reorganization of cotton production in Paraíba (coloured), from the 2000s, was a result from the combination of different variables, among which stand out the research (Embrapa) and the marketing and advertising (business) as well as regional/local variables represented by family farming and organic production. Such reorganization currently has two distinct production areas: the Cerrado region and the semi-arid region, which are regions characterized by different specific modes of production, in the sense proposed by Santos ([1996] 2008). Besides naturally coloured cotton currently being developed in organic production system, at other stages of production, small business owners who uses coloured cotton in their productions have been trying to adapt yourselves to the requirements of the standards set by consumer markets, mainly consisting of tourists, people concerned about the environmental and social sustainability, especially for consumers in European countries. The survey also demonstrated that confidence that there is about research works of Embrapa Algodão transcend the limits of agronomic research, to the point of the institution to be used in commercial marketing companies.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The objective of this study is to deduce paternal ancestry using ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by means of High Resolution Melting (HRM). This was completed by producing a multiplex system that was designed in a hierarchical manner according to the YSNP tree. This project mainly focused on African ancestry and was used to infer paternal ancestral lineages on the Johannesburg Coloured population. South Africa has a diverse population that has ancestral history from across the globe. The South African Coloured population is the most admixed population as it is derived from at least five different population groups: these being Khoisan, Bantu, Europeans, Indians and Southeast Asians. There have been studies done on the Western Cape/ Cape Town Coloured populations before but this study focused on the Johannesburg Coloured population.

<p>Much has been researched in South Africa about the trauma of losing one&rsquo / s home, one&rsquo / s community and rebuilding one&rsquo / s life in a new environment. Several books have been published tracking the lives of the forcibly removed and their responses to leaving District Six. My research focuses on a different group namely those who had been forcibly removed from the centre of Stellenbosch, called &ldquo / Die Vlakte&rdquo / during that time. Living and working with and among people who have experienced this removal, I was keen to research whether the impact of the trauma is currently&nbsp / manifesting in this specific community and if so, what the symptoms would be. This qualitative inquiry focuses on one particular individual, Mr. Hilton Biscombe. I selected him because he, who experienced the removal as a teenager, spent most of his later life determinedly collecting stories and documents relating to this incident. Mr. Biscombe is also the only person of whom I am aware who responded personally through compiling a book, making a DVD, writing poetry as well as an autobiography relating to this event. My inquiry into the ways trauma manifests in a narrative, will be based on two interviews: one conducted by a white man from the University of Stellenbosch thirty years after the event / and another interview, six years later, conducted by myself.Our understanding of trauma is usually associated with a death or injury or the possibility thereof, but it could also include the victim&rsquo / s response to extreme fear, serious harm or threat to&nbsp / family members. According to van der Merwe and Vienings, people also become traumatized when witnessing harm, physical violence or death or the sudden loss or destruction of a victim&rsquo / s home (van der Merwe &amp / Vienings, 2001). So the issue of trauma is not in question, nor the fact that forced removals cause trauma. I am exploring testimony in the form of interviews for possible current manifestations of this trauma thirty-six years down the line.</p>

<p>Much has been researched in South Africa about the trauma of losing one&rsquo / s home, one&rsquo / s community and rebuilding one&rsquo / s life in a new environment. Several books have been published tracking the lives of the forcibly removed and their responses to leaving District Six. My research focuses on a different group namely those who had been forcibly removed from the centre of Stellenbosch, called &ldquo / Die Vlakte&rdquo / during that time. Living and working with and among people who have experienced this removal, I was keen to research whether the impact of the trauma is currently&nbsp / manifesting in this specific community and if so, what the symptoms would be. This qualitative inquiry focuses on one particular individual, Mr. Hilton Biscombe. I selected him because he, who experienced the removal as a teenager, spent most of his later life determinedly collecting stories and documents relating to this incident. Mr. Biscombe is also the only person of whom I am aware who responded personally through compiling a book, making a DVD, writing poetry as well as an autobiography relating to this event. My inquiry into the ways trauma manifests in a narrative, will be based on two interviews: one conducted by a white man from the University of Stellenbosch thirty years after the event / and another interview, six years later, conducted by myself.Our understanding of trauma is usually associated with a death or injury or the possibility thereof, but it could also include the victim&rsquo / s response to extreme fear, serious harm or threat to&nbsp / family members. According to van der Merwe and Vienings, people also become traumatized when witnessing harm, physical violence or death or the sudden loss or destruction of a victim&rsquo / s home (van der Merwe &amp / Vienings, 2001). So the issue of trauma is not in question, nor the fact that forced removals cause trauma. I am exploring testimony in the form of interviews for possible current manifestations of this trauma thirty-six years down the line.</p>

Abstract not available. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Natal, 1990.

A key aim of this study is to shed light on the representation of coloured women with reference to racial passing, using fictive characters depicted in Sarah Gertrude Millin’s (1924) God’s Stepchildren,Zoë Wicomb’s (2006) Playing in the Light, and Pat Stamatélos’s (2005) Kroes, as presented by these three racially distinct female South African authors.Since I propose that literature provides a link between a subjective history and the under-represented narratives from the margins, I use literature to reimagine these. I analyse the ways in which the authors present ‘hybrid’ identities within their characters in different ways, and provide an explanation and contextual basis for the exploration of the theme of ‘passing for and as white’ within South Africa’s complex history. I provide a sociological explanation of the act of racial passing in South Africa with reference to the United States by incorporating Nella Larsen’s (1929) Passing. Since the analyses will concentrate on coloured females within the texts, gendered identity and female sexuality and stereotypes will be the focus. I look at the act and agent of passing, the role of raced and gendered performance in giving meaning to social identities, and the way in which the female body is constructed in racial terms in order to confer identity. Tracing the historical origins of coloured identity and coloured female identity, I interrogate this colonial, post-colonial, apartheid and post-apartheid history by employing a feminist lens. A combination of postcolonial feminist discourse analysis, sociological inquiry and feminist narrative analysis are therefore the methods I use to achieve my research aims. / Magister Artium - MA