The aim of this project was to explore the jigsaw-method as a teaching tool in English as a Second Language-classrooms, and to design and evaluate a jigsaw-style lesson that aims to promote student activation and communication. To achieve this goal, we conducted a case study in which we designed and tried out a jigsaw-style lesson in two classes. We then evaluated the lessons through a survey which was analysed using thematic content analysis. The results of the survey showed that the negative aspects voiced by the participants belonged to the two main themes Perceived difficulty and Perceived lack of time. Additionally, the participants made several suggestions for improvements which were identified as belonging to the following three themes: Predetermined groups (Based on skill), More time for each step of the lesson, and Pre-activity & Prior Knowledge. The results from the survey, in combination with a review of literature on second language teaching and prior research, was used to propose several changes to the lesson format as it was used in the case study. For example, we proposed the addition of a pre-reading exercise aimed at giving prior knowledge and activating schemas, as well as the addition of graphic organisers to help provide a clear focus to the different stages of the lesson. The proposed changes were aimed at alleviating the difficulties voiced by the participants in the case study. The changes were then applied to the case study lesson as an example.

This thesis deals with the use of non-verbal communication in the communicative approach when teaching Czech as a foreign language. It focuses on a nonverbal communication and main approaches to the communicative approach in teaching Czech as a foreign language. In its last part, this thesis compares results of previous research of nonverbal communication in the teaching process in a primary and secondary level and analyses of recordings of the lessons of Czech for foreigners. Keywords: nonverbal communication, communicative approach in language teaching, teaching Czech as a foreing language

Cette thèse porte sur les questions liées au malentendu et à la communication dans le cadre de la didactique du Français Langue Etrangère. Une double question se pose de prime abord : d’une part, comment la communication est-elle envisagée dans didactique du FLE ? Et d’autre part : que peut-on opposer à cette vision du « tout-communicatif » ? Quelle autre façon d’envisager l’enseignement d’une langue étrangère pourrait-on opposer à cette dogmatique de la communication ?Il apparait qu’il y a dans la didactique actuelle des langues une obsession de la communication et une vision simplifiée des échanges langagiers. N’y a-t-il pas aujourd’hui dans la didactique du Français Langue Etrangère un malentendu à propos de la communication, concernant à la fois la façon dont on l’envisage et la place prépondérante qui lui est faite ?Plutôt que de se polariser comme à l’accoutumée sur la capacité des apprenants à transmettre des informations d’un pôle à un autre, il s’agit dans ce travail de proposer une autre perspective prenant davantage en compte le sujet et son intrication dans les langues. Sans doute serait-il profitable pour le Français Langue Etrangère de considérer davantage la relation entre un sujet et une langue plutôt que la relation de communication émetteur-récepteur ou énoncé-destinataire. Peut-être devrions-nous davantage prendre en compte la relation primordiale qui se construit entre une langue venue d’ailleurs et un sujet incorporant dans son esprit cet idiome étranger. / This thesis focuses on issues related to misunderstanding and communication within the teaching of French as a Foreign Language. From the outset, a double question arises: first, how is communication considered in the teaching of FFL? And secondly: what can we oppose this “all-communicative” view? How else could the teaching of a foreign language be opposed to this dogmatic conception of communication?It appears that there is in the current teaching of languages an obsession with communication and a simplified view of language exchanges. Is there not today in the teaching of French as a Foreign Language a misconception about communication, both about how it is viewed and the prominent place which it is given?Rather than concentrating as usual on the learners’ ability to transmit information from one pole to another, it is the aim of this work to propose another perspective taking greater account of the subject and his entanglement in the languages. Without doubt it would be profitable for French as a Foreign Language to consider further the relationship between a subject and a language rather than the communication relationship transmitter-receiver or statement-recipient. Maybe we should take greater consideration of the crucial relationship that is built between a language from elsewhere and a subject incorporating in his mind that foreign idiom.

Listening with comprehension, one of the basic language skills, is an essential part of teaching Czech as a foreign language. Even though this skill is very important, it is usually not given sufficient attention. This master thesis examines how listening is processed in selected popular textbooks which are, according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Language, designed for basic users on level A1 and A2. Based on a critical analysis of textbooks, the output this thesis is the design of several types of listening tasks created with the support of theoretical knowledge based on the literature processed in the introductory part of the thesis. At the same time, it seeks to fill in the gaps in existing listening tasks which are presented in current teaching materials.

This study takes a particular look at mathematics teacher education communities of practice (CoPs) in order to provide rich descriptions of the CoPs and make claims about its relation/in relation to teacher preparation and particularly the preparation of preservice teachers for teaching mathematics in multilingual classrooms. The three dimensions of communities of practice proposed by Wenger (mutual engagement, shared repertoire and joint enterprise) were used in conjunction with Mortimer and Scott’s notion of meaning making as a dialogic process as a theoretical lens to gain an entry into the nature of communities of practice in pre-service mathematics teacher education classrooms. Data was collected through pre-observation interviews of 12 teacher educators at four Universities in one Province in South Africa in Phase One of the study. A methodological approach based on Wenger’s CoP theory and Mortimer and Scott’s dialogic process was developed and used to analyse classroom observation videos of four of these teacher educators’ classroom communities of practice in two universities in Phase Two of the study. Using the privileged practices in the CoPs as points of departure and how these practices shaped and were shaped by other dynamics in the CoPs, the findings emerging from the study indicate that within the multiply layers of teacher education, there is an overarching emphasis given to the acquisition of mathematical content. Nevertheless, the communicative approaches and patterns of discourse used by the different teacher educators opened up different possibilities as far as preparing preservice teachers for teaching (in multilingual classrooms) is concerned. Wenger’s community of practice theory has found applications in different spheres of life and in different organisational and educational settings. Its use to understand and describe mathematics pre-service classrooms is, however, still largely unexplored. A theoretical contribution that this study makes lies in the extension of Wenger’s CoP theory to include dialogic processes. A methodological contribution lies in the development of an organisational language (based on Wenger’s three dimensions of CoP) to characterise pre-service teacher education classrooms.

__Les réflexions sur le FLE en Angola sont envisagées dans le cadre historique, sociolinguistique et pédagogique. Elle a pour objectif la mise en place d’un dispositif du FLE niveau A1 vers A2 et B1 vers B2 en vue d’aider les enseignants du FLE qui se trouvent en difficultés d’améliorer leurs pratiques et aux étudiants de mieux s’approprier le FLE.La recherche porte sur une problématique spécifique qui est les difficultés langagières des étudiants en FLE qui nous interpelle et nous nous sommes posés les questions suivantes : dans quelle mesure les difficultés langagières des étudiants seraient en lien avec les difficultés des enseignants peu formés pour enseigner le français langue étrangère.Qui enseigne ? Quelle est sa formation ? Comment enseigne-t-il ? À qui enseignent-ils ?Les réponses à ces questions ont nécessité l’élucidation des plusieurs concepts. Ce travail a privilégié une approche comparative avec des vidéographies de classe et des entretiens. Nous avons décrit les activités de classe en nous intéressant à la fois à la circulation des savoirs et surtout à l’analyse des gestes professionnels des professeurs de nos institutions universitaires. Ainsi, deux types d’analyse ont été privilégiés à savoir linguistique et didactique.La thèse a vérifié l’hypothèse selon laquelle la didactique du français langue étrangère permet d’élaborer des savoirs linguistiques et culturels adaptés au contexte angolais, de pallier les difficultés dans l’activité enseignante et de faire des apprenants les acteurs de leur propre apprentissage. ________________________________________ ______________________________________ / French as a Foreign Language (with the French acronym FLE) in Angola is first considered in its historical, socio-linguistic and pedagogic contexts. This thesis focuses on teaching methods with the objective of proposing a teaching strategy for FLE from level A1 to A2 and from B1 to B2. The aim is to assist those FLE teachers who find themselves in difficulty to improve their practice as well as to increase students’ mastery of FLE. The research centres on the specific problem which is the language difficulties of the poor results that students achieve in FLE, which is a cause for concern and has led to the following questions: to what extent the language difficulties of students would be linked to the difficulties of teachers who are poorly trained to teach French as a foreign language? Who are the teachers? What training have they received? How do they teach? Whom do they teach to? The answers to these questions have required the clarification of linguistic concepts and different aspects within linguistics. This study has adopted a comparative approach using video recordings of classes and interviews. We have described classroom activities with a focus on the exchange of knowledge and in particular on an analysis of the professional practice of teaching staff in our university institutions. Two types of analysis have thus been undertaken: linguistic and pedagogic. The results confirm the hypothesis that the approach adopted in teaching French as a Foreign Language allows the acquisition of linguistic and cultural knowledge appropriate to the Angolan context, overcomes difficulties faced by teachers and enables learners to take an active role in the own learning.

Cette étude se focalise sur la révision de l’approche communicative des manuels d’enseignement de l’espagnol comme langue étrangère (ELE) et, plus particulièrement, sur celle des manuels utilisés dans les institutions scolaires du Québec. D’un point de vue historique, les premières inquiétudes liées à l’enseignement et à l’acquisition de langues secondes sont apparues dans l’Antiquité. Pendant des siècles, l’enseignement fondé sur la répétition de structures a prédominé, mais une fois le Moyen Âge passé, d’autres avancées pédagogiques sont nées. Par exemple, au XVIIe siècle, des études sur la question, inspirées de penseurs comme Montaigne et Locke, ont révélé que l’apprentissage formel de la langue n’était pas utile et que les apprenants avaient besoin d’une motivation pour apprendre. Le XXe siècle a été caractérisé par le déploiement de propositions méthodologiques à utiliser dans l’enseignement de langues secondes, et c’est ainsi que des méthodes telles que Directe, Audio-linguistique, Apprentissage communautaire de la langue et Approche naturelle ont surgi. Au milieu du XXe siècle s’est développée en Europe une proposition basée sur les besoins communicatifs des étudiants et ce qui, au début, était connu comme l’approche notionnelle fonctionnelle a évolué et est devenu l’enseignement communicatif. Une telle approche concerne essentiellement l’usage de la langue et accorde moins d’importance aux connaissances linguistiques. Elle a pour objectif principal que l’étudiant-parlant développe des habiletés interprétatives et expressives de la langue objet. En nous appuyant sur un cadre théorique de l’enseignement des langues et en analysant les manuels Nuevo ELE, Prisma et Español en marcha (niveaux A1-B2), nous prétendons vérifier la présence de l’approche communicative dans ces manuels afin de pouvoir démontrer que dans les activités dites communicatives, il y a différentes applications possibles des méthodes traditionnelles de l’enseignement de langues secondes et que, par conséquent, l’approche communicative réunit plusieurs propositions qui proviennent d’autres méthodes. Mot-clés : Espagnol langue étrangère (ELE), approche communicative, analyse de manuels, Nuevo ELE, Prisma, Español en marcha. / This study emphasize the review of the communicative approach in the teaching Spanish as a foreign language manuals (ELE in Spanish), by referring to the ones used actually in the province of Quebec. From a historic perspective, the first preoccupation about the teaching and the acquisition of second languages appeared in the Antiquity. During many centuries teaching through mechanical structures ruled, but past the Middle Ages, other pedagogical plans saw the light. In the Spanish Golden Age, influenced by some thinkers such as Montaigne and Locke, these plans attempted to show that the formal study of the language wasn’t useful and that the apprentice needed a motivation. The 20th century has been characterized by the display of methodological propositions in the teaching of second languages, and this is how the direct method, the audio-lingual, the community language learning and the natural approach, among others, were born. In the middle of the 20th century, in Europe, a proposition was developed based on the communicative needs of the students, and what, in the beginning, was known as the notional functional focus, evolved and became the communicative teaching. This approach deals more with the use of language than with the linguistic knowledge, and its main objective is that the student-speaker develops the interpretative and expressive skills of the target language. Based on the relevant theoretical framework and the analysis of the manuals Nuevo ELE, Prisma y Español en marcha (levels A1-B2), we intend to verify the presence of the communicative approach in this manuals and demonstrate that in the activities known as “communicative”, we find different applications of traditional methods in the teaching of second languages, hence the communicative approach takes various propositions from other methods. Keywords: Spanish Second Language, Communicative Approach, Manuals Analysis, Nuevo ELE, Prisma, Español en marcha.

The importance of learning English to find success in today’s global community has never been more vital. However, choosing the best method for teaching English language skills in the second language (L2) classroom is still open for debate. This paper examines L2 strategies for teaching English in Taiwan. More important, it examines the notion that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) training in Taiwan could be made more successful by incorporating more effective EFL teaching strategies, including a communicative, or creativity based methodology for second language learning. EFL teaching methodology in Taiwan has and continues to emphasize a teacher centered learning strategy for L2 instruction, one where students do not question the instructor’s opinions or authority—a learning environment where students heavily rely on memorization, where creativity and critical thinking take a back seat in the classroom learning environment, in many ways a receptive style methodology. This paper will attempt to identity and examine what factors determine why Taiwanese teachers continue to rely on the teacher centered approach to L2 training— emphasizing a receptive methodology to EFL instruction, as opposed to a more creative, or communicative approach emphasizing critical thinking and creativity. Data from this study is derived from interviews of multiple Taiwanese university students currently studying in United States. Data is also drawn from the writings of leading researchers and scholars as amplified upon in the literature review section and related discussions. This paper first examines some of the underlying concerns associated with Taiwanese L2 training programs and related EFL research. It also reviews the results of data analysis of student interviewee responses, which point to two main problem areas, or themes, which negatively impact Taiwan L2 training strategies: 1) an over emphasis on teacher centered instruction or a lecture only lesson 2) an over emphasis on student memorization as a learning technique, which may lead to an absence of critical thinking and creativity in the L2 learning environment. Discussions also examine how more effective elements of EFL teaching methodology may positively impact L2 training in Taiwan. The findings of this paper will hopefully add a positive perspective regarding L2 training in Taiwan as well as improve study experiences for those Taiwan students seeking to further their educational opportunities in America.

Στο πλαίσιο της διά βίου μάθησης στο χώρο της εκπαίδευσης και πιο συγκεκριμένα στα ολιγοθέσια σχολεία δημιουργήσαμε δύο διδακτικά σενάρια (διδακτικό υλικό και δράσεις βασισμένα κυρίως στις τεχνολογίες) στο μάθημα της Γλώσσας για τις τάξεις Γ΄- Δ΄ και Ε΄- Στ΄. Σε ένα ολιγοθέσιο σχολείο το πρόβλημα διαχείρισης της διδακτέας ύλης, η περιορισμένη θεματολογία των σχολικών εγχειριδίων σχετικά με τα ενδιαφέροντα των μαθητών, η ελλιπής υλικοτεχνική υποδομή, η δυσκολία πρόσβασης εξαιτίας των καιρικών συνθηκών δυσχεραίνουν τις συνθήκες διδασκαλίας για τον εκπαιδευτικό και τους μαθητές. Η δημιουργία διδακτικών σεναρίων συνοδεύτηκε από εφαρμογή σε ολιγοθέσιο σχολείο, προκειμένου να σχολιαστούν τα αποτελέσματα (παραγωγή προφορικού και γραπτού λόγου) σύμφωνα με τους τιθέμενους στόχους. Τα συμπεράσματα της εφαρμογής συνδυάστηκαν με υλικό προϋπάρχουσας δοκιμαστικής εφαρμογής διδακτικού σεναρίου σε διαφορετικό ολιγοθέσιο δημοτικό σχολείο. / In the context of lifelong learning in education and more specifically in small primary schools we created two learning scenarios (teaching material and activities based mainly on technologies) in the subject of language for the 3rd- 4th and 5th - 6th grades of primary school. In a small primary school the management problem of the curriculum, the limited themes of textbooks on students' interests, the lack of logistical infrastructure, the difficulty in accessing due to weather conditions hinder the teaching conditions for the teachers and the students. The creation of learning scenarios was accompanied by implementation in small primary school, in order to comment on the results (spoken and written word) according to the defined goals. The conclusions of the implementation were combined with preexisting material of pilot learning scenario in different small primary school.

Cette étude se focalise sur la révision de l’approche communicative des manuels d’enseignement de l’espagnol comme langue étrangère (ELE) et, plus particulièrement, sur celle des manuels utilisés dans les institutions scolaires du Québec. D’un point de vue historique, les premières inquiétudes liées à l’enseignement et à l’acquisition de langues secondes sont apparues dans l’Antiquité. Pendant des siècles, l’enseignement fondé sur la répétition de structures a prédominé, mais une fois le Moyen Âge passé, d’autres avancées pédagogiques sont nées. Par exemple, au XVIIe siècle, des études sur la question, inspirées de penseurs comme Montaigne et Locke, ont révélé que l’apprentissage formel de la langue n’était pas utile et que les apprenants avaient besoin d’une motivation pour apprendre. Le XXe siècle a été caractérisé par le déploiement de propositions méthodologiques à utiliser dans l’enseignement de langues secondes, et c’est ainsi que des méthodes telles que Directe, Audio-linguistique, Apprentissage communautaire de la langue et Approche naturelle ont surgi. Au milieu du XXe siècle s’est développée en Europe une proposition basée sur les besoins communicatifs des étudiants et ce qui, au début, était connu comme l’approche notionnelle fonctionnelle a évolué et est devenu l’enseignement communicatif. Une telle approche concerne essentiellement l’usage de la langue et accorde moins d’importance aux connaissances linguistiques. Elle a pour objectif principal que l’étudiant-parlant développe des habiletés interprétatives et expressives de la langue objet. En nous appuyant sur un cadre théorique de l’enseignement des langues et en analysant les manuels Nuevo ELE, Prisma et Español en marcha (niveaux A1-B2), nous prétendons vérifier la présence de l’approche communicative dans ces manuels afin de pouvoir démontrer que dans les activités dites communicatives, il y a différentes applications possibles des méthodes traditionnelles de l’enseignement de langues secondes et que, par conséquent, l’approche communicative réunit plusieurs propositions qui proviennent d’autres méthodes. Mot-clés : Espagnol langue étrangère (ELE), approche communicative, analyse de manuels, Nuevo ELE, Prisma, Español en marcha. / This study emphasize the review of the communicative approach in the teaching Spanish as a foreign language manuals (ELE in Spanish), by referring to the ones used actually in the province of Quebec. From a historic perspective, the first preoccupation about the teaching and the acquisition of second languages appeared in the Antiquity. During many centuries teaching through mechanical structures ruled, but past the Middle Ages, other pedagogical plans saw the light. In the Spanish Golden Age, influenced by some thinkers such as Montaigne and Locke, these plans attempted to show that the formal study of the language wasn’t useful and that the apprentice needed a motivation. The 20th century has been characterized by the display of methodological propositions in the teaching of second languages, and this is how the direct method, the audio-lingual, the community language learning and the natural approach, among others, were born. In the middle of the 20th century, in Europe, a proposition was developed based on the communicative needs of the students, and what, in the beginning, was known as the notional functional focus, evolved and became the communicative teaching. This approach deals more with the use of language than with the linguistic knowledge, and its main objective is that the student-speaker develops the interpretative and expressive skills of the target language. Based on the relevant theoretical framework and the analysis of the manuals Nuevo ELE, Prisma y Español en marcha (levels A1-B2), we intend to verify the presence of the communicative approach in this manuals and demonstrate that in the activities known as “communicative”, we find different applications of traditional methods in the teaching of second languages, hence the communicative approach takes various propositions from other methods. Keywords: Spanish Second Language, Communicative Approach, Manuals Analysis, Nuevo ELE, Prisma, Español en marcha.