Os esforços neste estudo recaíram sobre a vivência da violência pelas mulheres-adolescentes em situação de rua. Este problema da infância e adolescência desafiliada caracteriza uma questão antiga, cuja presença nas ruas reflete e é um reflexo de uma ordem social e econômica desigual e injusta que é perpassada pela violência em suas mais variadas facetas. Essa mesma sociedade propõe leis e medidas de proteção à criança e ao adolescente, mas não consegue cumpri-las. Nesse contexto, destacam-se as particularidades em ser uma jovem mulher em situação de rua, qualificando triplamente a violência a que está exposta: é adolescente, do gênero feminino e vive nas ruas. O reconhecimento da relevância e particularidade da violência na restrição ao exercício da cidadania destas jovens e na vulnerabilização à sua saúde determinou os seguintes objetivos: compreender a dimensão da violência vivenciada por mulheres-adolescentes em situação de rua; e analisar a problemática da violência e suas repercussões sobre a vida das mulheres-adolescentes em situação de rua, com vistas ao cuidado na perspectiva da cidadania. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa descritivo-exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, realizada através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com onze mulheres-adolescentes acolhidas num abrigo da rede municipal do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Os dados assim produzidos foram interpretados à luz da modalidade temática da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Deste processo emergiram duas categorias. Na primeira categoria verifica-se como a violência está impregnada na vida das adolescentes, quer nas relações familiares, comunitárias ou no abrigo. Observa-se uma postura de aceitação da violência em algumas situações vividas em cada um desses espaços, bem como uma certa ética de funcionamento envolvida nas situações de violência. Na segunda categoria delimitam-se as repercussões dessa vivência sobre suas vidas: os comportamentos anti-sociais que as coloca em risco para serem vítimas ou perpetradoras de novas violências e os seus sentimentos diante da vivência da realidade violenta. Também retrata as possibilidades de estratégias no enfrentamento da violência utilizadas por elas e as sugeridas para o seu cuidar. À guisa de conclusão, verificou-se que a compreensão acerca da violência pelas adolescentes é pontual e concreta, da ordem do vivido, tendo dificuldade em perceber a complexidade do fenômeno consciência ingênua. A violência vivida repercute sobre sua saúde física e mental a curto e longo prazo. As estratégias de cuidado sugeridas referem-se às ações dialógicas em diversos âmbitos (família, escola, abrigo). Esta perspectiva abre novos horizontes para a atuação da enfermeira educadora na essência de sua práxis, particularmente em duas esferas: o atendimento direto às adolescentes e suas famílias e a mobilização de parcerias para o trabalho em rede (saúde, educação, assistência social, justiça), considerando o apoio social existente e a ser desenvolvido na atuação em equipe, intersetorial e interdisciplinar. Isto remonta a necessidade de revisão das políticas públicas de saúde relativamente à inserção do enfermeiro nos abrigos, bem como nas ruas. Enfim, se aposta na formação de enfermeiros sensibilizados para as questões de saúde deste grupo social e no re-posicionamento da educação como cuidado. / The object of this study is the violence experienced by the female adolescents in street situation. The excluded children and adolescents condition characterizes an old issue which reflects and is also a reflection of an unfair social and economic order. This problem involves many different forms of violence. The society proposes laws of protection to the children and adolescents; however it is not able to carry them out. In this context, the particularities of being a young woman in street situation appear, qualifying the violence to which she is exposed: she is an adolescent, woman, living in street situation. The comprehension that violence prevents these adolescents from fully exercising their citizenship as well as it makes their health vulnerable, has led to the following objectives: understanding the dimension of the violence experienced by female adolescents in street situation; and analyzing the problem of the violence and its consequences over the lives of these female adolescents in street situation (aiming at taking care of them within the citizenship perspective). Therefore, we have developed a descriptive-exploratory research in the qualitative form. This study was carried out with semi-structured interviews with eleven female adolescents from a public shelter of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The results produced were interpreted with the content analyses method. Two categories have come out of this process. In the first one it is evident that violence is strongly present in the female adolescents lives. And that includes their relationships within the family, the community or the shelter group. One can see a certain acceptance of the violence that occurs in some circumstances in these areas as well as the ethics which is also there. In the second category, the consequences of the experienced violence appear: antisocial behavior which makes them either victims or authors of violence; and their feelings towards the violent reality they experience. This category also brings the strategies that they use to copy with violence as well as the ones that they expect the others to use in their care. In conclusion, it was possible to verify that the female adolescents understanding of violence is limited and concrete. It refers to what they live and doesnt achieve the complexity of the phenomenon, revealing a naïve consciousness. The experienced violence reflects on their physical and mental health in a short and in a long term. The suggested care strategies refer to the dialogical actions in various areas (family, school, shelter). This perspective opens new doors to the nurses work an educator in the essence of their practice, particularly in two spheres: the direct assistance to the female adolescents and their families; and the organization of partnerships for the net work (health, education, social assistance, justice), considering the social support which already exists and the one that has to be developed in the intersectorial, interdisciplinary and team work. This leads to the necessity to review the public health policies related to the practice of the nurses in the shelters and the streets. Finally, we recommend the formation of nurses sensible to the health questions of this social group as well as we suggest that the education becomes care in itself.

No envelhecer, os homens se deparam com desafios particulares, ao lidar com uma dualidade de exigências: as sociais e as de saúde. Os mandatórios do modelo de masculinidade hegemônico, não mais possíveis de serem alcançados em sua plenitude - seja pela vivência do adoecimento crônico ou pelas dificuldades nas atividades laborais - despertam diferentes reações, que ora podem pender para ajustamentos, ora para negação das normas geradas pelo envelhecer. Nessa experiência, as relações sociais, a depender do que colocam em circulação, contribuem para a geração de situações de cuidado ou de sofrimento que repercutem na saúde, e é sob essa perspectiva que se assenta este estudo. Com a finalidade de contribuir para a temática pertinente à saúde do homem em sua diversidade, propôs-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo cenário focalizou uma comunidade rural de um pequeno município pertencente ao Vale da Luz/RS. As informações produziram-se entre os meses de dezembro de 2015 e setembro de 2016, por meio da aplicação de entrevistas abertas a dez homens idosos e da composição de diários de campo. O processo analítico teve como referenciais de gênero o estudo de Scott, e a Teoria de Reconhecimento, de Honneth. Do encontro entre masculinidade e envelhecimento, revelou-se assincronia entre os ciclos vitais e as expectativas do modelo de masculinidade hegemônica. Na impossibilidade de ressignificar os mandatórios, os homens, colocam em risco sua saúde, adotando posturas alijadas na negação da vulnerabilidade do corpo e no adoecimento, que somadas ao distanciamento dos serviços de saúde - centrados majoritariamente, no urbano - acentuam a vulnerabilidade masculina no contexto rural. O reconhecimento pelo amor demonstrou-se como modulador do cuidado nas condições crônicas, em seu sentido biológico, pelo vigiar que atua no controle das medicações, no acompanhamento das consultas, no preparo de uma refeição. Por outro lado, produz sofrimento, ao atentar o ideário de invulnerabilidade e marcar que a autossuficiência pode ser parcial no envelhecimento. A aposentadoria, mais que um direito, surgiu nos relatos como forma de reconhecimento do Estado, ao ofertar acesso a bens materiais - antes não alcançados ou pouco acessíveis. Na esfera do direito, o acesso aos serviços de saúde foi pontuado, todavia, as narrativas indicaram que isso por si só não basta, demandando interesse e comprometimento para se estabelecer reconhecimento. As identidades - colono, trabalhador e alemão – constituem categorias de estima e fomentam solidariedade, sobretudo em situações de adoecimento, de perdas de familiares ou de bens materiais. Do enlace entre as ações de reconhecimento e a vivência masculina do envelhecimento, as relações mostraram-se potentes aliadas no cuidado em saúde, mas ao distanciarem os homens dos mandatórios do modelo hegemônico de masculinidade ou colocarem em circulação juízos de valor depreciativos de escolhas e de modos de ser, também se mostram capazes de causar sofrimento. / In the process of getting older, men face particular challenges in dealing with a duality of demands: the social and the health ones. The mandates of the model of hegemonic masculinity, impossible to be fully achieved, either because of living with chronic diseases or because of difficulties in work activities, bring different reactions, which sometimes may remain pending to be adjusted, sometimes as a denial of the norms generated by aging. In this experience, social relations, depending on what they put into circulation, contribute to generate situations of care or suffering, which have an impact on health, and it is in this perspective that this study is oriented. In order to contribute to the issue of men’s health, in its diversity, a qualitative research was proposed, which was based on a rural community of a small municipality belonging to the Valley of Light (RS). The information was produced in the months between December 2015 to September 2016, through open interviews with 10 elderly men and daily journal writing. The analytical process was based on Scott's gender and Honneth's recognition concepts. In the confrontation between masculinity and aging is revealed a diachrony between the life cycles and the expectations of the hegemonic model of masculinity. In the impossibility of resignifying the mandates, men put their health in risk, adopting positions born in denying the vulnerability of the body and the disease, which in addition with the distance from health services, mostly concentrated in urban centers, accentuate male vulnerability in the rural context. Recognition through love was demonstrated as a modulator of care in chronic conditions, in its biological sense, by the vigil that acts in the control of medications, being company in the medical visits, in the preparation of a meal. On the other hand, it produces suffering, by undermining the ideal of invulnerability and marking that self-sufficiency may be partial in aging. Retirement, more than a right, arises in the stories as a form of recognition of the State, by offering access to material goods, previously unreached or inaccessible. In the area of law or access to health services, was pointed out, however, that this alone is not enough, it is also necessary interest and commitment to establish recognition. Colonial, working, and German identities are categories of esteem, and foster solidarity, especially in situations of illness, loss of family or property. On the link between actions of recognition and the male experience of aging, relationships were powerful allies in health care, but by distancing men from the mandates of the hegemonic model of masculinity, or by putting into circulation contemptuous judgments about choices and ways of being, are also capable of fostering suffering.

A Saúde da Família traz para o cenário do Sistema Único de Saúde a proposta de reorganização da assistência a partir da atenção básica. Para sua efetivação, faz-se necessário o comprometimento dos trabalhadores da área da saúde com a reestruturação do processo de trabalho, viabilizando-o de modo que sejam desenvolvidas práticas de saúde que visem ao atendimento das necessidades da população com a presença de atos de fala, escuta, vínculo e negociação. Assim, este estudo, de caráter exploratório-descritivo, caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso na abordagem qualitativa, tendo por objetivos identificar e analisar os atributos mobilizados nas situações de trabalho e que caracterizam os desempenhos das enfermeiras no que diz respeito à área de competência gerencial na Saúde da Família, apoiado nos conceitos teóricos de competência dialógica. Para coleta de dados foi realizada a observação participante do trabalho das enfermeiras atuantes na Saúde da Família em quatro unidades vinculadas à Universidade de São Paulo do município de Ribeirão Preto SP/Brasil, considerando-se uma semana típica de trabalho, num total de 160 horas de observação. Para a análise de dados optamos pela análise de conteúdo, usando a técnica de análise temática, sendo identificados cinco grandes temas. O primeiro, A supervisão como instrumento de controle e educação, aponta a supervisão como atividade inerente ao cotidiano da gestão do trabalho das enfermeiras e mostra que a supervisão apresenta as dimensões de educação (tanto no aspecto de educação de outros trabalhadores quanto no caráter de capacitação) e de controle (de atividades e de pessoal). O segundo, O trabalho em equipe na Saúde da Família, apresenta que o trabalho das enfermeiras está articulado ao da equipe para a produção do cuidado, evidenciando como ocorre tal articulação das ações e a interação entre os trabalhadores. O terceiro, O controle social no processo de gestão, indica o controle e a participação social como instrumentos que possibilitam a construção de cidadania e que se fazem presentes no trabalho das enfermeiras relacionados à Comissão Local de Saúde. O quarto, A organização do trabalho para a produção do cuidado, mostra que o trabalho das enfermeiras se desenvolve no sentido de: organizar o fluxo de usuários e informações tanto na unidade como entre os serviços, realizar controle de infra-estrutura e recursos humanos e previsão e provisão de material. E o último tema, Coordenação e planejamento do trabalho, apresenta que o planejamento está direcionado a atividades mais pontuais (de promoção à saúde e de educação permanente), escalas e ao cuidado; e a coordenação está relacionada à organização do trabalho para a produção do cuidado, sendo raras as iniciativas para o planejamento mais global voltado ao território e para a avaliação das ações individuais, coletivas e de organização da unidade de saúde. A análise dos achados aponta para um conjunto de atributos mobilizados por estas enfermeiras, que pode indicar desempenhos para a Saúde da Família, ainda centrado na organização do trabalho em saúde para o cuidado individual, com raras incursões a uma ação sistematizada e contínua que envolva todas as etapas do planejamento incluindo um processo de avaliação permanente das ações propostas, de forma mais participativa, incluindo outros sujeitos. Assim, consideramos que este estudo aponta questões relevantes para análise dos desempenhos para competência gerencial, mas que necessitam ser validadas pelo conjunto das enfermeiras que atuam na Saúde da Família no cenário de Ribeirão Preto. / health care services based from primary care. To become effective, health care workers should commit to the program by restructuring the work process, making it feasible to develop health care practices that meet the needs of the population. This should be performed through acts of speaking, listening, bonding, and negotiating. Hence, this exploratorydescriptive case study aims to identify and analyze, through a qualitative approach, the attributes mobilized in labor situations by nursing professionals. Such attributes characterize their performance in terms of managerial competence area in the Family Health Program founded on the theoretical concepts of dialogic competence. Data were collected by observing (participant observation) the work of nursing professionals, involved in the Family Health Program, in four primary health care units of the University of Sao Paulo in the city of Ribeirao Preto SP/Brazil. Observation was carried out for 160 hours, considering a typical workweek. Data were analyzed through the technique of thematic content analysis, and five major themes were identified. The first, Supervision as an instrument to control and educate, points supervision as an activity inherent to daily nursing work management and presents the dimensions of education (considering both educating and training workers) and control (activities and staff). The second, Team work in the Family Health Program, suggests that nursing work is articulated with that of the whole team to promote health care, showing how actions and interaction among workers take place. The third, Social control in the managerial process, indicates social control and participation as instruments that promote citizenship and are parts of the nursing work, related to the Local Health Committee. The fourth, Organizing work to produce health care, shows that work in nursing develops toward: organizing the flow of patients and information at the unit as well as among health care services, controlling infrastructure and human resources, and planning and providing material. The final theme, Work coordination and planning, states that planning is directed to punctual activities (concerning health promotion and continuous education), scales, and health care; and coordination is related to the organization of work to promote health care, with rare initiatives toward a more global planning directed to the territory and evaluation of individual and collective actions, and organizing the health care unit. Findings were analyzed and revealed that there is a group of attributes mobilized by these nurses, which could be indicators of performance in the Family Health Program, centered in the organization of work for individual health care, with rare incursions to a systemized and continuous action involving all the steps of planning, including a permanent process of evaluation of the proposed actions, in a more participative way, including other individuals. Thus, this study presents relevant questions for the analysis of performance needed in managerial competence, but needs to be validated by the group of nurses that work with the Family Health Program in Ribeirao Preto.

Introdução: Práticas saudáveis de alimentação na infância são requisitos básicos para a promoção da saúde integral da criança com reflexos duradouros por toda a vida. A realização de grupos educativos constitui uma importante estratégia na Atenção Básica para a promoção da alimentação infantil saudável, sendo sua implementação de responsabilidade das equipes de saúde, especialmente dos enfermeiros. No entanto, evidências apontam que essa atividade ainda não está incorporada na rotina dos serviços de saúde. Objetivo Geral: Elaborar um roteiro para implementação de grupos educativos de promoção da alimentação saudável para crianças menores de dois anos em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS), com base na perspectiva das mães. Objetivos específicos: 1) Identificar junto às mães, as práticas em relação à alimentação de seus filhos menores de dois anos para embasar os temas a serem abordados no grupo educativo; 2) Levantar junto às mães, as necessidades em relação à implementação de grupos educativos para promoção da alimentação infantil saudável; 3) Descrever os passos para a implementação de um grupo educativo para promoção da alimentação infantil saudável em UBS, com base na perspectiva das mães. Método: Estudo de desenvolvimento de instrumento, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado na UBS Guanabara do município de Patos de Minas-MG durante o mês de janeiro de 2017. Trinta e seis mães de crianças menores de dois anos cadastradas na UBS foram entrevistadas sobre as dificuldades e facilidades quanto à alimentação de seus filhos e sobre suas necessidades e expectativas em relação à implementação de grupos educativos na UBS para promoção da alimentação infantil saudável. Os dados foram digitados no programa Excel® e descritos por meio de frequência e porcentagem. Com base nos resultados obtidos, elaborou-se um roteiro para implementação de grupos educativos sobre alimentação complementar saudável para crianças menores de dois anos em UBS. O projeto foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e todos os participantes assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados: Como prática, constatou-se oferta de alimentos industrializados/ultraprocessados por mais de 50% das mães, com macarrão instantâneo e biscoitos salgados introduzidos mais precocemente, entre 6 e 12 meses (57,1%) e com freqüência, pois 76,2% das crianças recebiam esses alimentos diariamente ou até 3 vezes/semana. Aleitamento materno, oferecimento de outro leite e de verduras em folha destacaram-se com dificuldade intensa ou impossível de realizar. Do total de mães entrevistadas, 72,2% informaram não ter participado de grupos educativos por não oferecimento pelo serviço (65,4%); falta de tempo e de interesse, ambos referidos por 23,1% das mães. Quanto às expectativas, para a maioria das mães, os grupos educativos devem proporcionar troca de experiências, ter palestras, aulas práticas, ser realizado por profissionais de referência, na própria UBS, em um ou dois encontros de 60 minutos. Os principais temas devem abordar alimentação complementar, acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento e escolha e preparo dos alimentos. Esses resultados embasaram a proposta de roteiro para implementação de grupo educativo voltado à promoção da alimentação infantil saudável. Conclusões: A elaboração de um roteiro para a implementação de grupos educativos sobre alimentação infantil saudável, considerando a perspectiva das mães, contribui para a efetiva participação das mães nessas atividades e auxilia os profissionais de saúde na execução dos grupos na rotina dos serviços. / Introduction: Healthy child-feeding practices are basic requirements for promoting the child\'s overall health with lasting lifelong reflexes. The realization of educational groups constitutes an important strategy in basic care for the promotion of healthy infant feeding, and its implementation is the responsibility of the health teams, especially nurses. However, evidence indicates that this activity is not yet incorporated into routine health services. General Objective: To prepare a roadmap for the implementation of educational groups to promote healthy eating for children under two years of age in Basic Health Units (BHU), based on the perspective of the mothers. Specific objectives: 1) Identify with the mothers the practices regarding feeding their children under two years to support the topics to be addressed in the educational group; 2) To raise the needs regarding the implementation of educational groups to promote healthy infant feeding with the mothers; 3) Describe the steps for the implementation of an educational group to promote healthy infant feeding in Basic Health Units (BHU), based on the perspective of the mothers. Method: A quantitative approach, developed at BHU Guanabara in the city of Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil, during January, 2017. Thirty-six mothers of children under two years of age, enrolled at BHU, were interviewed about the difficulties and facilities regarding the feeding of their children and their needs and expectations regarding the implementation of educational groups at BHU to promote healthy infant feeding. The data were subjected to an Excel® program and described by frequency and percentage. Based on the results obtained, a script was developed for the implementation of educational groups on healthy complementary feeding for children under two years of age at BHU. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and all participants signed a Free and Informed Consent Form. Results: As a practice, more than 50% of the mothers were fed processed / ultraprocessed foods, with instant noodles and salted crackers introduced earlier, between 6 and 12 months (57.1%) and frequently, since 76, 2% of children received these foods daily or up to 3 times / week. Breastfeeding, offering of other milk and leafy vegetables stood out with intense difficulty or impossible to perform. Of the total number of mothers interviewed, 72.2% reported not attending educational groups because they did not offer the service (65.4%); lack of time and interest, both reported by 23.1% of the mothers. As for the expectations, for the majority of mothers, the educational groups should provide experience exchange, have lectures, practical classes, be carried out by referenced professionals, at BHU itself, in one or two 60-minute meetings. Key topics should address complementary feeding, monitoring of growth and development, and food choice and preparation. These results are based on the proposal of a roadmap for the implementation of an educational group focused on the promotion of healthy infant feeding. Conclusions: The elaboration of a roadmap for the implementation of educational groups on healthy infant feeding considering the perspective of the mothers, contributes to the effective participation of the mothers in these activities and assists the health professionals in the execution of the groups during services routine.

Introdução: Com o aumento da população idosa e das condições crônicas de saúde, a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é preciso reorganizar esse nível do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para atender às necessidades de saúde decorrentes do novo perfil epidemiológico. Por serem progressivas e incuráveis, as doenças crônico-degenerativas geram crescente demanda por cuidados paliativos (CP). Os CP são indicados desde o diagnóstico de uma doença crônica até o estágio final de vida. Dado o cenário da necessidade de incluir os CP na APS, quais seriam as questões éticas relativas a essa inclusão? Objetivo: Identificar as questões éticas relativas aos Cuidados Paliativos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: Revisão Sistematizada do tipo Scoping Review. As buscas foram nas bases de dados: LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL e EMBASE. Utilizou-se duas estratégias de busca. A primeira cruzou os descritores ética e bioética com atenção primária à saúde. A segunda fez o cruzamento dos dois descritores com cuidados paliativos. Além das buscas nas bases, incluiu-se o acervo de buscas anteriores. Resultados: Foram encontrados 3923 artigos e, após análise, mantiveram-se 16 artigos, referentes a 15 estudos. Os problemas encontrados foram: escassez de recursos; falta de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre a prática de CP; falta de habilidades comunicacionais; dificuldade em estabelecer limites na relação clínica; sobrecarga de trabalho; falta de apoio de serviços de referência; e falta de comunicação entre os serviços da Rede de Atenção à Saúde (RAS). Esses problemas assemelham-se aos vividos no cotidiano da APS, distinguindo-se pelas especificidades de algumas situações como as de fim de vida. Conclusões: A oferta dos CP na APS tem desafios éticos, além de técnicos e operacionais, como: ultrapassar a assistência oncológica; modificar a visão dos profissionais para iniciar os CP o mais precocemente na vigência das condições crônicas de saúde; fomentar a cultura do cuidado compartilhado e da corresponsabilização pela saúde; e desenvolver continuamente as habilidades e atividades dos profissionais para a comunicação como instrumento do processo de trabalho na APS / Introduction: The increase in the elderly population and chronic health conditions require a new organization of Primary Health Care (PHC) in the Unified Health System (SUS) to meet the health needs from the new epidemiological profile. As these diseases are progressive and incurable, they generate an increasing demand for palliative care (PC). The PC are indicated since the diagnosis of a chronic disease till the end of life. What are the ethical issues related to the inclusion of PC in PHC? Objective: To identify ethical issues related to Palliative Care in Primary Health Care. Method: Scoping Review. Data collection was made in the databases LILACS, PubMed, CINAHL and EMBASE, using two different linkage strategies: ethics and bioethics with primary health care, and ethics and bioethics with palliative care. Besides searching databases, we included articles located by previous searches. Results: We found 3923 articles. After the analysis, remained 16 articles, related to 15 studies. We found the following problems: lack of resources; lack of knowledge of health professionals on the PC practice; lack of communication skills; difficulty in establishing limits in clinical relationship; work overload; lack of referral support; and lack of communication between health services. These ethical issues are similar to those experienced daily in the PHC, except for the specificities of some situations, such as end of life. Conclusion: The offer of PC in the PHC arises ethical and technical challenges: Overcome the treatment of cancer; modify the professional vision to start the PC since the diagnosis of a chronic health condition; foster shared care and co-responsibility for health; and continued development of professionals communication skills as an important tool for the work process in PHC

M.Cur. / Innovative and revolutionary changes in Nursing Education in South Africa have resulted in significant changes in student accompaniment. To give effect to these changes, two important aspects emerged. Firstly a facilitative process in the form of accompaniment of students and secondly the presence of a significant person to aid development of the student. THE AIM OF STUDY The overall aim of the study was to describe guidelines for effective student accompaniment during Community Health Nursing Science Clinical Practice. OBJECTIVES: to explore and describe students' needs for accompaniment during Community Health Nursing Science Clinical Practice to explore and describe the Community Health Nurses' perceived role in the accompaniment of students during Community Health Nursing Science Clinical Practice to describe guidelines for effective student accompaniment during Community Health Nursing Science Clinical Practice The study was explorative, descriptive and contextual and it used qualitative methods. The study was conducted in two phases. During phase 1 students' accompaniment needs were identified through written narrative sketches by forty second year students. Data analysis was done according to the protocol by Tesch. An interview schedule was developed from the results of phase 1 and used to guide the focus-group interview in phase 2. In phase 2, a focus-group interview was conducted with twelve Community Health Nurses to identify their perceived role in student accompaniment. In the first part of the interview an open question was asked, followed by questions based on the interview schedule. Data analysis in phase 2 was done according to the protocol by Tesch. Guidelines for effective student accompaniment during Community Health Nursing Science Clinical Practice were described based on the results of phase 1 and phase 2 namely identified students needs for accompaniment and perceived accompaniment roles by the Community Health Nurses. Trustworthiness was ensured throughout the study by adhering to Lincoln and Guba's model of trustworthiness.

M.Cur. / The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the role of significantothers in sex education of the Vha-Venda youth and to describe principles of managing sex education of the youth by community nurses. The researcher's view was that if sexuality education of the youth was done effectively, the youth might acquire the necessary knowledge of sex that would help them to deal with the social, physical and emotional demands of sexuality as they occur. This could reduce the high level of teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases among the youth. An exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was followed to achieve the aim of this study. Data was obtained from the youth, parents, guardians community nurses through focus group interviews. The main categories that emerged from the process of data analysis are as follows: The content of sex information given to the youth, the role of significant others in sex education of the youth, strategies that are used in providing sex education to the youth and obstacles in providing sex education to the youth. The results of this study show that the content of sexuality information given to the youth is not adequate. The role of significant others in sexuality education of the youth was found to be educating, guiding, advising and listening to the youth when talking about sexuality issues. Mothers and teachers were identified to be the people mostly involved in sexuality education of the youth. The study also revealed that sexuality' education of the Vha-Venda Youth is started very late in a child's life. Non effective strategies of providing sexuality information are used by parents and guardians. All three groups of respondents identified common obstacles in providing sexuality education of the youth. The results of this study and literature control were used as the basis for description of principles of managing sexuality education of the youth effectively by the community nurses . Recommendations ensuing from this study are that community nurses should involve themselves in assessment of need for help and assist the youth and parents, particularly mothers and teachers according to their needs. Nursing curricula should include guidelines on sexuality education and facilitation of parent's role as primary sexuality educators of their own children. The findings of this study can be considered for designing in-service education programs for community nurses and the curriculum for the training of community nurses in under and post graduate level. Further research needs to be done to assess if the principles described in this study are effective in managing sexuality education of the youths.

M.Cur. / This research study is on the acceptability of clinical community nursing skills in mobile health services. It is aimed at highlighting whether the skills of community nurses working in mobile health services at a certain area in KwaZulu-Natal are accepted by the community they serve. This was of concern to the researcher because it was discovered that a significant number of people in the community in this area flock to the hospitals, private doctors and traditional healers when there are mobile services which travel to various communities, in order to attend to the health needs of their residents. Interviews were conducted with the patients attending the mobile health services to obtain their views, especially on the community nursing skills. Observations were also conducted after the interviews by the researcher on the skills of the community nurses in the mobile health services. The observations were conducted to verify the results of the interviews. Findings from both data collection methods revealed that some community nursing skills are acceptable and others are unacceptable. Guidelines were formulated to render the mobile health services more user friendly.

Volunteer home-based caregivers are critical role players in South Africa‘s health care system and in the South African government‘s strategy to fight HIV and AIDS. In order to achieve the aims that the government seeks to attain, it is important that the care and treatment provided to patients receiving community home-based care (CHBC) be of a high quality. While the need for quality care is supported by government and civil society, research indicates that it is not clear whether quality care is indeed being provided and therefore there is a need for research into the quality of CHBC. The research aimed to undertake a critical assessment of CHBC programmes to determine the quality of care provided by volunteer caregivers using social capital theory as a theoretical framework. The study examined the quality of CHBC by analysing the context of CHBC, by investigating the support that volunteer caregivers and their clients receive and by discussing the support that volunteer caregivers and their clients still need. The study used one-on-one in-depth interviews and focus groups to obtain relevant data. The participants included volunteer caregivers, clients and supervisors who took part in the one-on-one interviews. The focus groups consisted of key informants and supervisors respectively. The quantitative data consisted of descriptive statistics which helped describe the participants. The qualitative data was coded and themes and sub-themes were developed. The data was also analysed by an independent coder. The results showed that poverty, and the related problems of poor living conditions and a lack of food security affects the quality CHBC. In addition, unemployment and the problem of stipends also affect quality CHBC. Certain socio-economic factors were also found to lead people to choose to become volunteer caregivers and unemployment was found to be an important driving force behind the choice to undertake volunteer caregiving. Furthermore, the volunteer caregivers in the sample received organisational support from their supervisors and their fellow caregivers or peers. They also received social support from their families and their communities. Regarding the clients of the volunteer caregivers, it was found that they received a number of types of support including psycho- iv social counselling, spiritual counselling and care of a holistic nature. In addition, the study found that there is a need for standardised quality training of volunteer caregivers, which will equip them with multiple skills. It was also found that volunteer caregivers require mentoring and quality supervision in order to be able to provide quality CHBC to their clients. Government has the ability to put the necessary systems and structures in place, such as a scope of practice for volunteers, standardised training and monitoring and evaluation, to enable CHBC and its relevant role players to operate at optimum levels. It also has the authority to make the changes and to enforce rules. Furthermore, it has the ability to unite CHBC organisations and can create the necessary conditions that can lead to increased social capital. Furthermore, the study recommends that two additional dimensions of quality care be added to existing dimensions of quality in health care. The first is the holistic approach to caregiving and the second is social support systems, namely supervisor/mentor and peer support and family and community support. This second dimension is also closely linked to social capital and the networks that make up CHBC.

The revolutionary migration within the health care sector towards the digitisation of medical records for convenience or compliance touches on many concerns with respect to ensuring the security of patient personally identifiable information (PII). Foremost of these is that a patient’s right to privacy is not violated. To this end, it is necessary that health care practitioners have a clear understanding of the various constructs of privacy in order to ensure privacy compliance is maintained. This research project focuses on an investigation of privacy from a multidisciplinary philosophical perspective to highlight the constructs of information privacy. These constructs together with a discussion focused on the confidentiality and accessibility of medical records results in the development of an artefact represented in the format of a model. The formulation of the model is accomplished by making use of the Design Science research guidelines for artefact development. Part of the process required that the artefact be refined through the use of an Expert Review Process. This involved an iterative (three phase) process which required (seven) experts from the fields of privacy, information security, and health care to respond to semi-structured questions administered with an interview guide. The data analysis process utilised the ISO/IEC 29100:2011(E) standard on privacy as a means to assign thematic codes to the responses, which were then analysed. The proposed information privacy model was discussed in relation to the compliance requirements of the South African Protection of Personal Information (PoPI) Bill of 2009 and their application in a primary health care facility. The proposed information privacy model provides a holistic view of privacy management that can residually be used to increase awareness associated with the compliance requirements of using patient PII.