Automobile use is associated with significant problems such as air pollution and obesity. Decisions to use the automobile or its alternatives, including walk, bicycle, and public transit, are believed to be associated with urban form. However, in contrast to the hypothesis that compact urban form significantly reduces automobile travel, previous studies reported only a modest effect on travel behavior. These studies, largely built on microeconomic utility theory, are not sufficient for assessing the effect of compactness, for several reasons: (1) The studies postulate that travel invokes only disutility, but travel may also provide intrinsic utility or benefits insomuch as people travel for its own sake; (2) the studies have traditionally focused on how urban compactness reduces the distance between trip origin and destination and accordingly reduces trip time, but urban compactness also increases congestion and reduces trip speed, and thus increases trip time; and (3) the studies have mostly examined automobile commuting, but people travel for various purposes, using different travel modes, and the impact of urban compactness on the utility of non-automobile non-commuting travel has not been duly examined. On this ground, to better explain the effects that urban compactness has on travel behavior, this dissertation refines the concept of travel utility using two additions to the microeconomic utility theory: activity-based utility theory of derived travel demand and approaches to positive utility of travel. Accordingly, it designs a conceptual model that specifies travel utility as an intermediary between urban compactness and travel behavior and examines the behavior associated with and utility derived from travel mode choices for alternative purposes of travel. Twenty individual models are derived from the conceptual model and tested within the context of Seoul, Korea, using a confirmatory approach of structural equation modeling and data from geographic information systems and a structured sample survey, which is initially designed and validated by semi-structured interviews and subsequent statistical tests. By comparing the individual models, this research concludes that the urban compactness effect on travel behavior, represented by trip frequencies and supplemented by mode shares, is better explained when travel utility is considered and if travel purposes are separately examined. Major empirical findings are that urban compactness affects travel behavior mainly by increasing the benefits of travel in comparison to its modest effect on the cost reduction and people’s behavioral response to urban compactness is to shift modes of commuting travel, decrease travel for shopping, and increase travel for leisure. These purpose-specific findings have implications for transportation planners and public health planners by assisting them in linking plans and policies concerning urban compactness to travel purposes.

La recherche d'une compactification de l'ensemble des métriques Riemanniennes à singularités coniques sur une surface amène naturellement à l'étude des "surfaces à Courbure Intégrale Bornée au sens d'Alexandrov". Il s'agit d'une géométrie singulière, développée par A. Alexandrov et l'école de Leningrad dans les années 1970, et dont la caractéristique principale est de posséder une notion naturelle de courbure, qui est une mesure. Cette large classe géométrique contient toutes les surfaces "raisonnables" que l'on peut imaginer.Le résultat principal de cette thèse est un théorème de compacité pour des métriques d'Alexandrov sur une surface ; un corollaire immédiat concerne les métriques Riemanniennes à singularités coniques. On décrit dans ce manuscrit trois hypothèses adaptées aux surfaces d'Alexandrov, à la manière du théorème de compacité de Cheeger-Gromov qui concerne les variétés Riemanniennes à courbure bornée, rayon d'injectivité minoré et volume majoré. On introduit notamment la notion de rayon de contractibilité, qui joue le rôle du rayon d'injectivité dans ce cadre singulier.On s'est également attachés à étudier l'espace (de module) des métriques d'Alexandrov sur la sphère, à courbure positive le long d'une courbe fermée. Un sous-ensemble intéressant est constitué des convexes compacts du plan, recollés le long de leurs bords. A la manière de W. Thurston, C. Bavard et E. Ghys, qui ont considéré l'espace de module des polyèdres et polygones (convexes) à angles fixés, on montre que l'identification d'un convexe à sa fonction de support fait naturellement apparaître une géométrie hyperbolique de dimension infinie, dont on étudie les premières propriétés. / If we look for a compactification of the space of Riemannian metrics with conical singularities on a surface, we are naturally led to study the "surfaces with Bounded Integral Curvature in the Alexandrov sense". It is a singular geometry, developed by A. Alexandrov and the Leningrad's school in the 70's, and whose main feature is to have a natural notion of curvature, which is a measure. This large geometric class contains any "reasonable" surface we may imagine.The main result of this thesis is a compactness theorem for Alexandrov metrics on a surface ; a straightforward corollary concerns Riemannian metrics with conical singularities. We describe here three hypothesis which pair with the Alexandrov surfaces, following Cheeger-Gromov's compactness theorem, which deals with Riemannian manifolds with bounded curvature, injectivity radius bounded by below and volume bounded by above. Among other things, we introduce the new notion of contractibility radius, which plays the role of the injectivity radius in this singular setting.We also study the (moduli) space of Alexandrov metrics on the sphere, with non-negative curvature along a closed curve. An interesting subset is the set of compact convex sets, glued along their boundaries. Following W. Thurston, C. Bavard and E. Ghys, who considered the moduli space of (convex) polyhedra and polygons with fixed angles, we show that the identification between a convex set and its support function give rise to an infinite dimensional hyperbolic geometry, for which we study the first properties.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-06T15:14:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROMILDO NASCIMENTO DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2013..pdf: 632336 bytes, checksum: 5661cad2fea6b9bb474c05bca0983c4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T15:14:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROMILDO NASCIMENTO DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2013..pdf: 632336 bytes, checksum: 5661cad2fea6b9bb474c05bca0983c4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02 / Capes / Neste trabalho estaremos interessados em estudar resultados de existência e não existência de solução, comportamento do funcional energia e condição de Palais-Smale para sistemas de equações do tipo Schrödinger-Poisson; usaremos o método variacional. E, as soluções são pontos críticos do funcional energia associado ao problema. Para alcançar nossos objetivos, será fundamental o estudo das variedades de Ruiz e de Nehari, o Princípio Variacional de Ekeland, o teorema do Passo da Montanha, e o lema Concentração de Compacidade. / In this work we are interested in studying the results of existence and nonexistence of solution, behavior of the energy functional and Palais-Smale condition for systems of equations of the type Schrödinger-Poisson; by using variational approach. In fact the solutions are critical points of the energy functional associated with the problem. To achieve our goals, it is essential to study the Manifolds of Ruiz and Nehari, the Ekeland Variational Principle, the Mountain Pass theorem, and the Concentration-Compactness argument.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6065.pdf: 865751 bytes, checksum: 22466d8659637f2282b6be8b0adb5a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work is divided into two parts. In the first part, our goal is to present the theory of Hardy Spaces Hp(Rn), which coincides with the Lebesgue space Lp(Rn) for p > 1, is strictly contained in Lp(Rn) if p = 1, and is a space of distributions when 0 < p < 1. When 0 < p ^ 1, the Hardy spaces offers a better treatment involving harmonic analysis than the Lp spaces. Among other results, we prove the maximal characterization theorem of Hp, which gives equivalent definitions of Hp, based on different maximal functions. We will proof the atomic decom¬position theorem for Hp, which allow decompose any distribution in Hp to be written as a sum of Hp-atoms (measurable functions that satisfy certain properties). In this step, we use the strongly the of Whitney decomposition and generalized Calderon-Zygmund decomposition. In the second part, as a application, we will prove that nonlinear quantities (such as the Jacobian, divergent and rotational defined in Rn) identied by the compensated compactness theory belong, under natural conditions, the Hardy spaces. To this end, in addition to the results seen in the first part, will use the results as Sobolev immersions theorems ans the inequality Sobolev-Poincare. Furthermore, we will use the tings and results related to the context of differential forms. / Esse trabalho está dividido em duas partes.Na primeira, nosso objetivo e apresentar os espaços de Hardy Hp(Rn), o qual coincide com os espaços Lp(Rn), quando p > 1, esta estritamente contido em Lp(Rn) se p = 1, e e um espaço de distribuições quando 0 < p < 1. Quando 0 < p < 1, os espaços de Hardy oferecem um melhor tratamento envolvendo analise harmônica do que os espaços Lp(Rn). Entre outros resultados, provamos o teorema da caracterização maximal de Hp, o qual fornece varias, porem equivalentes, formas de caracterizar Hp, com base em diferentes funcões maximais. Demonstramos o teorema da decomposição atômica para Hp, 0 < p < 1, que permite decompor qualquer distribuição em Hp como soma de Hp-atomos (funções mensuráveis que satisfazem certas propriedades). Nessa etapa, usamos fortemente a de- composição de Whitney e a decomposto de Calderon-Zygmund generalizada. Na segunda parte, como uma aplicação, provamos que quantidades não-lineares (como o jacobiano, divergente e o rotacional definidos em Rn), identificadas pela teoria compacidade compensada pertencem, em condições naturais, aos espaços de Hardy. Para tanto, além dos resultados visto na primeira parte, usamos outros como os Teoremas de Imersões de Sobolev, a desigualdade de Sobolev-Poincaré. Usamos ainda, definições e resultados referentes ao contexto de formas diferenciais.

The skin cancer is the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of the cells that compose the skin, disposing in formats different from borders, colors, sizes and symmetry creating different types. In general lines, the forms of the stains are geometrically irregular. As many forms in the nature cannot be explained in the molds of the conventional geometry, scientists developed the geometry fractal to classify certain objects that don't possess dimension whole, but fractional. The dimension fractal can characterize group or object, for the first it is the number that informs us how densely the group it occupies the metric space where he meets and for the second, the irregularity of your contour. The illustrations can be also differentiated through the index of compactness, in the index of variation of colors and your way through the first idiosyncrasy of the ellipse. This group of parameters was applied for the differentiation of skin stains. In this work grew a software to esteem the dimension fractal of skin stains (benign and malignant) using the called method Box Counting for the estimate of the dimension fractal, the index of variation of colors to quantify the number of colors of the stain, the index of compactness to evaluate the existent relationship between the area of the illustration and the area of the circle with same perimeter of the illustration and the first idiosyncrasy of the ellipse for comparison with a circumference. The parameter that allowed to differentiate the skin stains was the dimension fractal. / O câncer de pele é o crescimento anormal e descontrolado das células que compõem a pele. Dispõe-se em formatos diferentes de bordas, cores, tamanhos e simetria, dando origem a diferentes tipos. As formas das manchas de pele são geometricamente irregulares. Como muitas formas na natureza não podem ser explicadas nos moldes da geometria convencional, cientistas desenvolveram a geometria fractal para classificar certos objetos intrincados que não possuem dimensão inteira, mas sim fracionária. A dimensão fractal pode caracterizar conjunto ou objeto, para o conjunto é o número que nos informa o quão densamente o conjunto ocupa o espaço métrico onde ele se encontra e, para o segundo objeto, a irregularidade do seu contorno. As figuras podem ser também diferenciadas por meio do índice de compacidade, do índice de variação de cores e sua forma por meio da primeira excentricidade da elipse. Este conjunto de parâmetros aplicou-se para a diferenciação de manchas de pele. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um software para estimar a dimensão fractal de manchas de pele (benignas e malignas), estruturado na aplicação do método chamado Box Counting para a estimativa da dimensão fractal, o índice de variação de cores para quantificar o número de cores da mancha, o índice de compacidade para avaliar a relação existente entre a área da figura e a área do círculo com mesmo perímetro da figura e a primeira excentricidade da elipse para comparação com uma circunferência. O parâmetro que permitiu diferenciar quantitativamente as manchas de pele foi a dimensão fractal.

Dans cette thèse, on s'est attaché d'une part à d'écrire le défaut de compacité de l'injection de Sobolev critique dans les différentes classes d'espaces d'Orlicz, et d'autre part à étudier l'équation de Klein-Gordon avec une non-linéarité exponentielle. Ce travail se divise en trois parties. L'objectif de la première partie est de caractériser le défaut de compacité de l'injection de Sobolev de $H^2_{rad}(R^4)$ dans l'espace d'Orlicz $mathcal{L}(R^4)$.Le but de la deuxième partie est double : tout d'abord, on a décrit le défaut de compacité de l'injection de Sobolev de $H^1(R^2)$ dans les différentes classes d'espaces d'Orlicz, ensuite on a étudié une famille d'équations de Klein-Gordon non linéaires à croissance exponentielle. Cette étude inclut à la fois les problèmes d'existence globale, de complétude asymptotique et d'étude qualitative pour le problème de Cauchy associé. La troisième partie est dédiée à l'analyse des solutions de l'équation de Klein-Gordon 2D issues d'une suite de données de Cauchy bornée dans $H^1_{rad}(R^2)times L^2_{rad}(R^2)$. Basée sur les décompositions en profils, cette analyse a été conduite dans le cadre de la norme d'Orlicz / In this thesis, we focused on the one hand on the description of the lack of compactness of the critical Sobolev embedding into different classes of Orlicz spaces, and on the other hand on the study of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with exponential nonlinearity. This work is divided into three parts. The aim of the first part is to characterize the lack of compactness of the Sobolev embedding of $H^2_{rad}(R^4)$ into the Orlicz space $mathcal{L}(R^4)$.The aim of the second part is twofold: firstly, we describe the lack of compactness of the Sobolev embedding of $H^1(R^2)$ into different classes of Orlicz spaces, secondly we investigate a family of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations with exponential nonlinearity. This study includes both the global existence problem, the asymptotic completeness and the qualitative study for the associated Cauchy problem. The third part is dedicated to the analysis of the solutions to the 2D Klein-Gordon equation associated to a sequence of bounded Cauchy data in $H^1_{rad}(R^2)times L^2_{rad}(R^2)$. Based on the profile decompositions, this analysis was conducted in the framework of Orlicz norm

La densité se retrouve au cœur des préoccupations des acteurs de la ville. Outil technique mesurant la concentration de logements ou de populations sur un espace, elle se voit aujourd’hui le réceptacle symbolique d’un urbanisme plus durable. Du côté des habitants, associée dans les imaginaires collectifs aux quartiers en difficultés, souvent excentrés, et aux grands ensembles, la densité n’a pas bonne presse. Elle semble responsable d’un blocage cognitif quant à son appropriation sociale, faisant largement figure de rejet. La densité produit ainsi des perceptions architecturales, urbaines et sociales renvoyant à des systèmes symboliques qui lui sont propres.La densité peut être alors interrogée sociologiquement comme un ensemble de représentations sociales qui permet la matérialisation de projets d’habitat, qui guide l’action publique et les politiques urbaines, et qui influence les stratégies résidentielles des habitants. Souvent décrite comme la cristallisation d’une incompréhension entre des acteurs-concepteurs et des habitants-récepteurs d’un habitat plus durable et dorénavant plus dense, la thèse développe une réflexion plus transversale sur la densité, carrefour de l’architecture, de l’urbanisme et de la sociologie urbaine. Comment les acteurs de la fabrication de la ville s’approprient-ils les valeurs renouvelées de la densité dans une actualité où la recherche de nouveaux modèles urbains pour la métropolisation est centrale ? Comment les habitants s’approprient-ils les mutations urbaines et architecturales de l’offre résidentielle des métropoles, aux regards de leurs aspirations résidentielles, mais aussi de leurs lectures sociales des espaces et des formes ?La densité est aussi une dynamique de production de la ville. La densification génère des processus de recompositions sociales et urbaines qui révèlent l’originalité de l’évolution des territoires de faubourgs métropolitains, phénomène sociologique et urbain hybride, ni périurbanisation, ni gentrification ni relégation dans leurs définitions strictes. Les enjeux de gouvernance métropolitaine, les stratégies résidentielles et les formes d’appropriation de la densification par les habitants s’y écrivent de manière singulière, révélant un phénomène qu’il est possible d’appeler la faubourisation. / The density finds itself in the very heart of the concerns of city-actors. It is a technical tool measuring the concentration of housing or populations in a given space. Today, the density sees itself as the symbolic receptacle of a more long-lasting town planning. The density has no good press with the inhabitants, being associated in the collective imagination with deprived neighbourhoods and large housing complexes, which are often off-centered. Density seems indeed responsible for a mental blocking because of its social appropriation, widely looking like rejection. The density seems to produce architectural, urban and social perceptions reminding us of symbolic systems of their own.The density can then be sociologically questioned as a set of social representations which allows the realisation of housing projects. It guides public actions and urban policies and influences the residential choices of the inhabitants. Often described as the crystallization of incomprehension between designers-experts and inhabitants-receivers of a more sustainable housing project-and from now on denser- the thesis develops a more transversal thinking on the density : the crossroads of the architecture as well as town planning and urban sociology. How can the « city-makers » adapt to the values renewed by the density in a time when the search for new urban models for the metropolisation is central? How can the inhabitants adapt to the urban and architectural mutations of the metropolises in view of their residential aspirations but also of their social interpretations of spaces and forms?The density is also a dynamics of the city's production. The densification generates processes of social and urban reorganizations. The latter reveal the originality of the evolution of the territories in metropolitan inner suburbs, sociological and urban phenomenon crosses. This is neither périurbanisation, nor gentrification nor banishment in their strict definitions. The metropolitan governance challenges, the residential strategies and the forms of appropriation of the densification by the inhabitants are reflected in a singular way, revealing a phenomenon which it is possible to call the « inner suburbanisation ».

Le but de cette thèse est de développer des méthodes de démonstration d’existence et d’unicité de solutions d’équations d’évolution stochastiques locales ou non locales dans les problèmes de transition de phase. Au chapitre 1, nous étudions un problème à valeur initiale pour une ´équation de réaction-diffusion stochastique non locale avec des conditions aux limites de Neumann homogènes dans un ouvert borné de ℝn de frontière suffisamment régulière. On considère le cas d’un opérateur elliptique non linéaire assez général et on suppose que le bruit est additif et induit par un processus Q-Wiener. Le problème déterministe modélise la séparation de phases dans des alliages binaires. La démonstration d’existence de la solution du problème stochastique est basée sur un changement de fonction qui fait intervenir la solution de l’équation de la chaleur stochastique avec un terme de diffusion non linéaire. On est ainsi conduit à l'étude d’un problème sans terme de bruit, ce qui facilite l’application de la méthode de monotonie pour identifier la limite des termes non linéaires. Au chapitre 2, nous démontrons l’existence et l’unicité de la solution d’un système de champ de phase stochastique avec des bruits multiplicatifs induits par des processus Q-Wiener. Les problèmes de champ de phase sont utilisés pour d´écrire des modèles où deux phases distinctes interviennent comme par exemple l’eau et la glace. Dans ce but, nous appliquons la méthode de Galerkin et nous établissons des estimations a priori pour la solution approchée. Nous nous appuyons ensuite sur la méthode de monotonie stochastique pour identifier la limite du terme non linéaire. Finalement, au chapitre 3, nous démontrons l’existence et l’unicité d’une solution trajectorielle en dimension d’espace d ≤ 6 pour l’équation d’Allen-Cahn non locale stochastique avec un bruit multiplicatif induit par un processus Q-Wiener. La présence d’une variable supplémentaire empêche l’application des théorèmes de compacité usuels utilisés dans les problèmes déterministes. C’est ce qui nous amène à appliquer la méthode de compacité stochastique. / The aim of this thesis is to develop methods for proving the existence and uniqueness of solutionsof local and nonlocal stochastic evolution equations in phase transition problems. In chapter 1, we studyan initial value problem for a nonlocal stochastic reaction-diffusion equation with homogeneous Neumannboundary conditions in an open bounded set of ℝn, with a smooth boundary. We consider the case of ageneral nonlinear elliptic operator and we suppose that the noise is additive and induced by a Q-Wiener process.The deterministic problem with a linear diffusion term is used to model phase separation in a binarymixture. The proof of existence for the stochastic problem is based on a change of function which involvesthe solution of the stochastic heat equation with a nonlinear diffusion term. We obtain a problem withoutthe noise term. This simplifies the application of the monotonicity method, which we use to identify thelimit of the nonlinear terms. In chapter 2, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution for a phasefield problem with multiplicative noises induced by Q-Wiener processes. This problem models for instancethe process of melting and solidification. To that purpose we apply the Galerkin method and derive a prioriestimates for the approximate solutions. The last step is to identify the limit of the nonlinear terms whichwe do by the so-called stochastic monotonicity method. Finally, in chapter 3, we prove the existence anduniqueness of a pathwise solution in space dimension up to 6 for the stochastic nonlocal Allen-Cahn equationwith a multiplicative noise induced by a Q-Wiener process. The usual compactness method for deterministicproblems cannot be applied in a stochastic context because of the additional probability variable. Therefore,we apply the stochastic compactness method.

The object of this diploma thesis is the concept of architectonic studies of concert hall – theatre music. The main functional scope of the projected building is concert hall with capacity of 542 visitors. Hall enables performances of choir up to 50 members and orchestra up to 80 members. Operative and service room of the concert hall background is one of the parts of handled task. The main accent was put on acoustic solution of the main hall and overall limpidity of the building operation. Building look and its solution is trying to supplement compactness of the urban unit with the respect to the surrounding build-up area.

In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Klassen von Evolutionsgleichungen in einem Matrixraum-Setting studiert: Hyperbolische Erhaltungsgleichungen und aktive skalare Gleichungen. Für erstere wird untersucht, wann man Oszillationen mit Hilfe polykonvexen Maßen ausschließen kann; für Zweitere wird mit Hilfe von Oszillationen gezeigt, dass es unendlich viele periodische schwache Lösungen gibt.