[pt] A presente dissertação pretende abordar os aspectos empíricos da atuação do Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) no Brasil desde o início da vigência da Constituição de 1988 até 2010. Para tanto, o trabalho se inicia com uma abordagem teórica sobre a prestação de contas estatais, representada por meio do fenômeno da accountability, sendo utilizada a análise realizada por diversos cientistas políticos, notadamente no contexto latino americano. Em um segundo momento, passa-se ao estudo da figura dos Tribunais de Contas, sintetizando as características de alguns modelos base de órgãos de controle externo existentes em outros países, discorrendo-se, posteriormente, sobre breves aspectos históricos do TCU – com ênfase para os debates da Constituinte de 87-88 -, desembocando nos aspectos normativos e institucionais da Corte de Contas no Brasil. Por fim, o trabalho revela as reais feições da atuação do TCU, demonstradas por meio da comparação jurídica sucessiva interna, realizada sob dois principais aspectos norteadores referentes ao Tribunal (a apreciação anual das contas prestadas pelo Presidente da República e o exercício de algumas atividades ordinárias do TCU, tais como fiscalizações, recebimento de denúncias, cobrança executiva, dentre outras), recobrindo o período de 1989 a 2010. / [en] This essay intends to cover the empirical aspects of the performance of the Federal Audit Court (Tribunal de Contas da União - TCU) since the beginning of the Constitution of 1988 to 2010. To this end, the work begins with a theoretical approach on the state accountability, represented by the accountability phenomenon, analyzed by several political scientists, especially in the context of Latin America. In a second moment, we pass to the study of the figure of the Audit Courts, summarizing the characteristics of some base models of external control agencies in other countries, writing, after that, about brief historical aspects of TCU - with emphasis on the debates of the 87-88 Constituent - and culminating in the regulatory and institutional aspects of the Federal Audit Court in Brazil. Finally, the work reveals the real features of the action of TCU, demonstrated by the legal successive internal comparison, carried out under two main guiding aspects related to the Court (the annual review of accounts rendered by the President and the exercise of some ordinary activities of TCU, such as inspections, receiving complaints, executive lawsuits, among others), covering the period from 1989 to 2010.

The aim of the thesis is to examine whether the prohibition of overcompensation in the Antitrust Damages Directive is compatible with the EU legal and normative framework. To this end, the analysis is carried out on two levels. First, the rationale for damages in the selected jurisdictions (England, France and Germany) and in the EU is examined to test the main underpinning justification for the prohibition of overcompensation in the Antitrust Damages Directive, i.e. the 'European legal tradition argument'. Second, the thesis addresses broader constitutional implications that underpin the debate on the desirability of the pursuit to prohibit overcompensation in the EU. These entail questions pertaining to the adoption of such measures and, thus, exploring whether the EU has the legitimacy to legislate and the related question of competence and the choice of the appropriate legal basis. The argument to be advanced in this thesis is that the aim of achieving a sufficient level of deterrence with awarding damages for EU competition law infringements stems from the very conceptual basis in which the right to damages is grounded - the principle of effective judicial protection and the principle of effectiveness. Thus, as the analysis reveals, the prohibition of overcompensation is inconsistent with the EU legal framework, since it has potential to jeopardise the deterrent or dissuasive function of antitrust damages actions. The prohibition of overcompensation has significantly contributed to the business-biased gist of the Directive, and thus to breaking the link between the rationale for the right to damages for EU competition law infringements, the legal basis and the content of the Directive. The thesis ultimately argues that the Directive's prohibition is incompatible with the principles of conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality, and to a considerable extent inconsistent with the EU's legal and normative framework.

O presente trabalho trata da ação anulatória da sentença arbitral doméstica como importante mecanismo de equilíbrio entre o judiciário e arbitragem, bem como de preservação das garantias fundamentais das partes. Inicialmente, analisa-se o exercício do poder jurisdicional pelos árbitros, bem como a equiparação da sentença arbitral à sentença judicial, o que faz com que aquela possa ser classificada como ato jurídico processual na aplicação da teoria das nulidades. Na sequência o trabalho realiza um estudo sobre os principais aspectos da ação anulatória da sentença arbitral, destacando alguns dos aspectos relevantes sobre as causas de nulidade previstas na lei 9.307/96. Dentre os principais temas relativos ao objeto do estudo, três são destacados para estudo aprofundado: a preservação das garantias fundamentais do processo em contraposição à flexibilidade do procedimento arbitral; o controle da violação à ordem pública; e os limites da atuação judicial na análise da demanda anulatória. A fim de garantir maiores subsídios para a pesquisa, realiza-se um estudo comparado em quatro países de culturas diferentes no que tange ao controle judicial da arbitragem (Portugal, França, Inglaterra e Estados Unidos). Por fim, os temas escolhidos são analisados à luz da doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, com inserções colhidas do estudo do direito comparado a fim de bem analisar a problemática. O objetivo do trabalho é demonstrar a importância da ação anulatória como meio de controle da sentença arbitral, através da ponderação da autonomia da vontade das partes e a liberdade contratual com a preservação da ordem pública a das garantias fundamentais do processo justo. / The present paper analyses the action for nullity of domestic arbitral awards and its role as an important mechanism for granting balance between state court and arbitration procedures as so as to preserve fundamental rights of the parties. At first, the paper makes an analysis of the jurisdictional power of the arbitrators and the equivalence of the judicial award and arbitrator award. As consequence, arbitrator award shall be classified as a procedural act and attract the application of nullity theory. Further, the paper makes a study over the main aspects concerning the action for nullity of arbitration awards, underlining some of the most relevant issues on the causes of nullity disposed in the Act 9.307/96. Above the core topics studied, three of them are highlighted and deeply analyzed: the granting of fundamental rights of the parties in contrast with the flexibility of the arbitral procedure; public policy control; and the limits of the judge while deciding an action of nullity. To ensure better support for the research, the paper makes a comparative study over the arbitration award judicial control (comprising Portugal, France, England and United States). Finally, the highlighted issues are examined under Brazilian doctrine and jurisprudence, regarding the elements taken from the comparative study, in order to well analyze the relevant problems. The overriding objective of the paper is to demonstrate the importance of the action of nullity as an instrument of control of arbitration awards, by means of weighting the principles of the free will to contract and due process of law.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-05-23T14:47:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Denyse Moreira Guedes.pdf: 8467669 bytes, checksum: 486e7243844f36cbd9f217344e6c1cad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-23T14:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denyse Moreira Guedes.pdf: 8467669 bytes, checksum: 486e7243844f36cbd9f217344e6c1cad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The right to accessibility is universal, fundamental, especially for the visually impaired, solidified the constitutional right to equality and regulated in Brazil in terms of urban accessibility, the Brazilian Standard 9050 of the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT / NBR 2004). The accessibility is minimal and basic rule of citizenship, so that materialized to in article 227, § 2º and article 244 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution. To give effect to these and other constitutional provisions pertinent to accessibility, was published, among others, the Law nº. 6.938/81, 7.853/89, 9.045/95, 10.048/00, 10.098/00 and 10.257/2001, which also tried to ensure the visually impaired person some social integration. Those standards are based on the fundamental human rights enshrined in constitutional provisions and several infra-constitutional norms. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol, signed in New York on March 30, 2007, are incorporated into the Brazilian legal system by means of Decree nº 6.949 of 2009. It has been that it is the only treaty International human rights approved with a qualified quorum, confirming that the state should undertake all efforts to ensure accessibility, in order to promote the equality of all, in compliance with the foundations of the Republic, citizenship and human dignity. However, what still turns out is the existence of built environments and adapted without being subject to universal design, urban public policies exclusive and disordered urban planning measures affecting the mobility, accessibility and sustainability to public buildings and public parks, on public transport and their mutual interactions of the visually impaired. The comparative law has been central to certain bodies of law and the international experience directly influences many internal rules, technical and legal procedures. By comparing the existing systems in Portugal, Spain and Brazil, this study highlights the advance of some Brazilian cities on the accessibility of the visually impaired, above major cities of European countries, particularly capital, where this research was access. The research sought to draw a comparative framework, major advances in the Brazilian and international legislation related to the visually impaired. The proposals were limited to indicate the National Organization of the Blind of Spain (ONCE) as a source of funding to possibly necessary expenses in urban planning in these major cities; Furthermore, also highlighted was a Santos institution, "Lar das Moças Cegas" as a paradigm of the thesis, in view of what we have in our times in terms of accessibility for the visually impaired. / O direito à acessibilidade é universal, fundamental, sobretudo para os deficientes visuais, solidificado no direito constitucional de igualdade e regulamentado, no Brasil, em termos de acessibilidade urbana, pela Norma Brasileira 9050 da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT/NBR, 2004). A acessibilidade é regra mínima e básica de cidadania, tanto que materializou-a no artigo 227, § 2° e no artigo 244 da Constituição Federal brasileira. Para dar eficácia a esses e outros dispositivos constitucionais pertinentes à acessibilidade, editou-se, entre outras as Lei nº 6.938/81, 7.853/89, 9.045/95, 10.048/00 10.098/00, 10.257/2001, que também trataram de garantir à pessoa com deficiência visual alguma integração social. Essas normas fundamentam-se nos direitos humanos fundamentais, consagrados em normas constitucionais e em diversas normas infraconstitucionais. A Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência e seu Protocolo Facultativo, assinados em Nova Iorque, em 30 de março de 2007, incorporam-se ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do Decreto nº 6.949 de 2009. Tem-se que é o único tratado internacional de direitos humanos aprovado com quorum qualificado, ratificando que o Estado deverá empreender todos os seus esforços para garantir a acessibilidade, para que se promova a igualdade de todos, em cumprimento aos fundamentos da República, de cidadania e dignidade da pessoa humana. Todavia, o que ainda se constata é a existência de ambientes construídos e adaptados sem a observância ao desenho universal, políticas públicas urbanas excludentes e medidas de planejamento urbanístico desordenadas comprometendo a mobilidade, a acessibilidade e a sustentabilidade aos edifícios e logradouros públicos, no transporte coletivo e nas suas mútuas interações dos deficientes visuais. O direito comparado tem sido fundamental para determinados ramos jurídicos e a experiência internacional influencia diretamente muitas normas internas, procedimentos técnicos e jurídicos. Ao comparar os sistemas existentes em Portugal, Espanha e Brasil, o presente estudo destaca o avanço de algumas cidades brasileiras na acessibilidade do deficiente visual, acima de cidades importantes de países europeus, sobretudo capitais, em que esta pesquisa teve acesso. A pesquisa buscou traçar um quadro comparativo, com os principais avanços na legislação brasileira e internacional relacionada ao deficiente visual. As propostas limitaram-se a indicar a Organização Nacional de Cegos da Espanha (ONCE), como fonte de custeio aos gastos possivelmente necessários no planejamento urbano nessas importantes cidades; além disso, também destacou-se uma instituição santista, o ¿Lar das Moças Cegas¿ como paradigma da tese, em vista do que se tem hodiernamente em termos de acessibilidade de deficientes visuais.

En Algérie, la protection des marques est mise à l’épreuve par différentes formes d’atteintes, favorisant ainsi, un sentiment d’insécurité juridique très profond. Ce travail de recherche a vocation à effectuer une étude du droit positif algérien afin d’évaluer les dispositions relatives à la protection de la marque et d’en cerner les dispositions lacunaires pour tenter d’apporter des solutions. Nous allons analyser l’existence juridique de la marque afin de comprendre quand le titulaire bénéficie d’une protection sur sa marque, pour ensuite, exposer les instruments prévus dans la législation pour mettre en œuvre cette protection accordée à la marque avant et après son enregistrement. Tel est l’objet de la première partie. Nous allons ensuite dans la seconde partie étudier la protection de la marque au regard du droit comparé en analysant des notions et des principes prévus dans des droits étrangers, tels que l’acquisition de la protection de la marque par l’usage, la protection des marques non visuelles et le risque d’association dans l’esprit du public des consommateurs. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la recherche d’un système procédural plus complet que celui déjà adopté en droit algérien. Serait important un recours judiciaire contre le refus d’enregistrement et de la procédure d’opposition contre les demandes d’enregistrement de marques, deux procédures négligées en droit algérien. Pour à la fin tenter de chercher une meilleure protection de la marque notoire, afin de proposer ces notions et principes, après avoir tenté de les adapter à la situation en Algérie, comme solutions pour rendre le droit positif algérien plus efficace et complet / In Algeria, trademark protection is put to the test by various forms of infringement, thus favoring a very deep sense of legal uncertainty. This research is intended to carry out a study of Algerian positive law in order to evaluate the provisions relating to the protection of the brand and to identify the incomplete provisions to try to provide solutions. We will analyze the legal existence of the mark in order to understand when the holder benefits from a protection on his mark, then to expose the instruments envisaged in the legislation to implement the protection granted to the mark before and after its registration, which is the purpose of the first part. In the second part, we will study the protection of the brand with regard to comparative law by analyzing concepts and principles provided for in foreign rights, such as the acquisition of trademark protection by use, the protection of non-visual marks and the risk of association in the minds of the consumers. We are also interested in the search for a more complete procedural system than that already adopted in Algerian law. It would be important to have a judicial appeal against the refusal of registration and the opposition procedure against trademark applications ; two procedures neglected by the Algerian legislator. In the end, we try to seek a better protection of the well-known brand, to propose these concepts and principles, after trying to adapt them to the situation in Algeria, as solutions to make Algerian positive law more effective and complete

A Separação de Poderes tem sido um objeto de estudo constante do Direito Constitucional e das Ciências Políticas ante a sua natureza de organização dos poderes que existem dentro de um estado. Agora é necessária a análise também pelo Direito Internacional Público, uma vez a necessidade de construção de paradigmas aptos a construção do Direito da Integração. A América Latina, com especial atenção ao Brasil e a Argentina, são campos férteis para a análise da separação de poderes que foi majoritariamente adotada por esta região. No estudo da experiência argentina e brasileira é possível ver diversos pontos de convergência fortes o suficiente para a edificação de um modelo a ser utilizado pela integração sub-regional, além, claro, de contar com as semelhanças históricas de sua colonização, independência, influência do modelo de separação de poderes Norte-Americano, os regimes militares e o sensível processo de redemocratização. O Estudo comparado pode fornecer ferramentas capazes de criar um mecanismo de integração sub-regional forte o suficiente para superar as tão frequentes instabilidades do processo de integração. / The separation of powers has been an object of constant study for the Constitutional Law and the Political Sciences before its nature of organization of powers that exist within a state. Now the analysis is also necessary through Public International Law, since theres a need to build paradigms suitable for the construction of Integration Law. Latin America, with special attention to Brazil and Argentina, are fertile grounds for the analysis of the separation of powers, which was mostly adopted by this region. In the study of the Argentinean and the Brazilian experience, it is possible to see several points of convergence that are strong enough to build a model to be used by sub-regional integration, besides of having the historical similarities of their colonization, independence, influence of the North-American model of separation of powers, military regimes and the sensitive process of redemocratization. The comparative study can provide tools capable of creating a sub-regional integration mechanism, strong enough to overcome the so frequent instabilities of the integration process.

The objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual model for classification of real property rights and public regulations. The model is called the Legal Cadastral Domain Model. The model is intended to be a terminological framework for cross-border exchange of cadastral information. Parties exchanging cadastral information via the model do not require detailed knowledge of the legal system in which the right or regulation is created. The model is based on the principle that real property rights and public regulations influence real property ownership by being either beneficial or encumbering for the real property owner. The theoretical departure of the research presented in this thesis is in comparative legal theory and terminology. Real property rights and public regulations are important parts of real property legislation as they describe and secure the use and other exploitation of land, water and air. The research is conducted through studies in real property legislation and associated literature. The model has been developed through case studies on real property rights in Portugal, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Sweden and public regulations in Portugal and Sweden. The generated results show that it seems possible to describe real property rights and public regulations regardless of their legal origin, at least in Western legal systems. The thesis also includes a discussion of terminological aspects concerning definitions of three-dimensional (3D) real property. The thesis consists of a summary and 6 papers. / <p>QC 20120629</p>

The overarching purpose of this doctoral thesis is to determine if the system of legal mechanisms in European Community law governing what procedural rules national courts shall apply to Community rights can be reformed to better balance involved interests. European Community law is often applied and enforced by ordinary national courts that, as a general rule, supplement substantive Community rules with national procedural rules. While the Community rights that individuals can rely upon before national courts are the same in all Member States, the procedural rules that national courts apply to those Community rights can and often does differ between the Member States. While this order is often acceptable, Community law contains a number of exceptions from the general rule that it is the Member States that decide what procedural rules national courts shall apply to Community rights. Such exceptions are primarily motivated by the need to ensure the effectiveness of Community. In order to determine what interests should be taken into account when deciding what procedural rules national courts shall apply to Community rights and how a more balanced system could be constructed, the European legal system is herein compared to that of the United States. American State courts apply Federal law much like national European courts apply European Community law and, also similar to Community law, a system of legal mechanism governing what procedural rules State courts shall apply to Federal rights has developed. While U.S. law and European Community law are in this respect similar, the two are not identical. A comparison between the two reveals that the European approach improperly overlooks several interests that are central in the American approach. Most importantly, the European approach emphasizes and promotes the effectiveness of union law at the expense of upholding a proper division of power between union and states. American law also provides European Community law with practical advices regarding how a better balanced approach can be constructed and points to solutions that should be avoided.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law