Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 9 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação procura revelar quais os produtos de vestuário brasileiros cujas exportações têm maior potencial de crescimento com o fim do Acordo sobre Têxteis e Vestuário, através do Índice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (IVCR), no período de 2000 a 2003. O comércio internacional do setor têxtil passou um longo período regulado por quotas bilaterais, mas recentemente, em 2005, o Acordo Multifibras (AMF) e o Acordo sobre Têxteis e Vestuário (ATV), que regulavam o comércio deste setor, foram abolidos. O complexo têxtil brasileiro, evidenciando os capítulos 61 e 62 da Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), que englobam os produtos de vestuário, tem um papel importante na geração de empregos e na produção industrial brasileira, mas apresenta um baixo grau de competitividade internacional. De um total de 231 produtos, a seis dígitos da Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), apenas três mostravam-se competitivos e, mesmo assim, essa competitividade apresentava uma tendência de queda ao longo do período anal / This study sought to reveal which Brazilian clothing products are prone to show the highest growth potential with the phasing out of the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) between 2000 and 2003. International trade on textile and clothing sector was subject to bilateral quotas for a long time, but recently the Multifibre Arrangement and the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) that regulate the trade on this sector were abolished. Brazilian textile sector, especially the chapters 61 and 62 of the Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM), which encompasses the clothing products, has an important role to play in both employment and industrial production, but shows a low level of competitiveness. From a sample of 231 products at 06-digit level of the NCM, only three could be considered competitive and, even so, this competitiveness was declining throughout the period examined. Thus, the end of restrictions on international trade on textiles and clothing would no

How does material production become socially recognised in capitalism? This is a fundamental question to be addressed in capitalist production, since material production takes place privately and independently in a global and atomistic system. This thesis shows that the question is tackled by Marx in the first three chapters of Capital. The process of social recognition of material production is that of the realisation of work carried out privately and independently as part of the social labour. For Marx this occurs through the private and independent work becoming objective social labour as the substance of the value of commodities, and through the latter finding its necessary developed mercantile expression in the price form of commodities. Therefore, private and independent work becomes social labour through the recognition of its product as equivalent to a certain amount of money. The thesis argues that Marx’s answer is powerfully insightful but flawed because it did not succeed in fully characterising the historical specificity of commodity. Commodity is not merely the differentiated unity of use value and value but of use value and mercantile use value, and of labour value and mercantile value. The former dialectic is immediate and distinguishes between the utility of commodity as a direct means of consumption or production and that as a means of exchange, fully determining the behaviour of the private and independent commodity producer. The latter dialectic is objective and distinguishes between commodity as the embodiment of the social labour necessary to reproduce it and as the embodiment of command over social labour, enabling the adjustment of the productive structure. Both dialectics are mediated by the mercantile form of value, which allows the indirect expression of labour value as the gravitational force of the system. The theory of commodity offered in this thesis, unlike that of Marx, consistently hinges on the atomistic private and independent commodity producer. The thesis shows that commodity production is the organisation of society’s labour for its material reproduction, just as in any previous mode of production. The discovery of the generic aspect of commodity production breaks the false immediate link between production and supply, and that between the labour theory of value and both the supply-side-determined theory of price and the single-factor theory of production. The thesis also shows that the mercantile form of value is what allows society’s labour to become an objective and autonomous materially abstract substance regulating the adjustment of the productive system under the form of material signals. This is the specific aspect of a global mode of production comprised of free and independent individuals. The mercantile form of value is thus Adam Smith’s invisible hand. Finally, the thesis analyses some implications of the framework with regard to the analysis of monetary phenomena, capital accumulation and sustainable development, and reviews the most popular Marxian topic in Economics: the transformation of values into prices of production.

This thesis consists of four essays, covering four different topics. The first essay investigates the relationship between inter-firm labor mobility and regional productivity growth. Previous studies have shown that density is positively correlated with growth. I claim that it is not density in itself, but rather the attributes associated with it that drives economic growth. One such attribute is the increased possibility for labor mobility and knowledge diffusion that follows when firms and individuals locate in close proximity to each other. This hypothesis is tested using density as an instrument for labor mobility. The result shows that labor mobility increases regional growth rates. The second essay examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. The empirical analysis finds that FDI has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage costs across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The third essay looks at the impact of FDI on home country investments. Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effects on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. We argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The fourth, and final, essay of this thesis analyses how increased R&D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets were much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.

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Submitted by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-05T13:50:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRIOTTA_Amanda_2015.pdf: 1662270 bytes, checksum: eaa5bc450b58729fcfe628d6d499277d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-05T13:50:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRIOTTA_Amanda_2015.pdf: 1662270 bytes, checksum: eaa5bc450b58729fcfe628d6d499277d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-05T13:50:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRIOTTA_Amanda_2015.pdf: 1662270 bytes, checksum: eaa5bc450b58729fcfe628d6d499277d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-05T13:50:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRIOTTA_Amanda_2015.pdf: 1662270 bytes, checksum: eaa5bc450b58729fcfe628d6d499277d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / During the most recent decades the Brazilian foreign trade has shown significant changes regarding its pattern of trade specialization. These changes suggest that the country is undergoing into a process of exports reprimarization, caused mainly by the increase of the Chinese demand for commodities. The increase of the share of commodities in trade transactions between Brazil and the rest of the world has happened at the same time that manufactures have lost importance in the nations’ total trade. The new composition of the Brazilian foreign trade transactions indicates the country is following a new pattern in the international market. In addition, not only the country’s exports composition has changed over the last years, but we can also verify changes in the main exports destinations rank list. In this paper, our goal is to investigate the dynamics of changes in the Brazilian foreign trade transactions, focusing on exports, during the period of 1997 and 2003. We divided our analysis in different sectors, destination markets, and different periods to have a better understand of how changes happened. Our main hypothesis is that the reveled comparative advantages in international trade have led the country to the reprimarization process of its exports. Moreover, fewer sectors have shown high competitive levels over the last years, indicating a poor dynamics of Brazilian exports. In order to test our hypothesis, we first calculated revealed symmetric comparative advantages indexes, and then used Markov chains to calculate their probability distributions in different periods. We combined the two methodologies to identify the sectors and groups of technology where the country has higher competitiveness. We could also test for changes in exports composition, identifying which were the sectors and technology groups with higher trade competitiveness, in each period. Our results show that Brazil has been using its comparative advantages in the international trade, and its exports are becoming more dependent of commodities, since this is the group of products with higher revealed comparative advantages index. We also found a general loss of competitiveness in the non-commodity sectors during the analyzed period, which clearly shows that the country is facing a process of export reprimarization. The analysis of trade regarding different groups of countries shows that, even though with different intensities, commodity exports are becoming more relevant to all exports destinations (BRICS, European Union, MERCOSUL, and NAFTA), and it has happened more intensively during the third reporting period (2007- 2011). In addition, we also found that there is an indication that, in the future (ceteris paribus), there will be a possible convergence of exports in sectors with lower levels of comparative advantage. Our findings indicate that Brazil has been losing competitiveness in international trade, even with those products that the country has more comparative advantages in trade. / O comércio exterior brasileiro tem apresentado importantes modificações no que tange seu padrão de especialização comercial, sugerindo que o país vem passando por um processo de reprimarização de sua pauta exportadora, ocasionado, principalmente, pelo aumento da demanda chinesa por produtos básicos. Uma vez que os produtos primários têm aumentado a sua participação nas transações comerciais do Brasil com o restante do mundo, enquanto os produtos manufaturados vêm diminuindo relativamente a sua relevância, há um indicativo de que está se desenhando uma nova inserção da economia brasileira no comércio mundial. Entretanto, não só a composição das exportações brasileiras apresenta modificação ao longo dos anos, mas também se observa um reordenamento dos países figurando-se entre os principais mercados de destino das exportações brasileiras. Diante disso, esse trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a dinâmica das transformações no padrão comercial brasileiro no mercado internacional, sobretudo, das exportações, no período de 1997 a 2013. Acredita-se que a divisão da análise em setores, mercados e subperíodos de anos é capaz de proporcionar um melhor entendimento das relações comerciais brasileiras no comércio mundial nos últimos anos. Ademais, supõe-se que o aproveitamento das vantagens comparativas tem feito o país passar por um processo de reprimarização das exportações, porém poucos setores têm conseguido se figurar em níveis elevados de competitividade, mostrando baixo dinamismo das exportações brasileiras. Para verificar tais proposições, o trabalho faz uso da combinação de duas metodologias: cálculo do índice de vantagem comparativa revelada normalizado e a aplicação das cadeias de Markov, utilizando as matrizes de distribuição de probabilidades. A partir de tais métodos é possível verificar os setores e grupos tecnológicos que o país apresenta competitividade no comércio. Em adicional, é possível analisar as transformações de tais vantagens em níveis de competitividade, identificando a direção com que as mudanças no padrão competitivo está se desenhando. Assim, os resultados demonstram que o Brasil vem tornando a sua pauta de exportações cada vez mais intensiva nos produtos primários, ocorrendo um aproveitamento das vantagens comparativas do país, uma vez que esses produtos são os que possuem índice de vantagem competitiva mais elevado. Entretanto, esse movimento de reprimarização é acompanhado por uma perda de competitividade dos demais grupos e setores que não são dessa classificação. Em relação aos blocos econômicos selecionados, observa-se que, mesmo com intensidades diferentes, as exportações de produtos básicos estão se tornando cada vez mais relevantes nos destinos avaliados, sobretudo, tal processo tem ocorrido de forma mais intensa no terceiro período analisado (2007-2011). Além disso, todas as matrizes de distribuição limite desse período demonstram uma convergência dos setores para menores níveis de vantagem comparativa, indicando que o Brasil vem perdendo competitividade no comércio internacional, mesmo naqueles produtos que o país apresenta maior vantagem comparativa, mostrando uma perda de dinamismo das exportações brasileiras.

Submitted by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-05T14:19:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGUES_Elizeu_2015.pdf: 45148626 bytes, checksum: c2601f6494ea32696c5123573351bd95 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-05T14:19:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGUES_Elizeu_2015.pdf: 45148626 bytes, checksum: c2601f6494ea32696c5123573351bd95 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-05T14:19:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGUES_Elizeu_2015.pdf: 45148626 bytes, checksum: c2601f6494ea32696c5123573351bd95 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-05T14:19:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGUES_Elizeu_2015.pdf: 45148626 bytes, checksum: c2601f6494ea32696c5123573351bd95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Não recebi financiamento / This research aims to investigate the relation that exists between the exchange rate and the international competitiveness of the Brazilian transformation industries classified by level of technology. It begins with a synthesis of the several studies that show the importance of the exchange rate to the development of the country and, particularly to the Brazilian case, it highlights those that point a domestic currency appreciation and stress that appreciation is contributing to put the country down in backward position in technological terms. Therefore, some authors propose the Real should be depreciated relative to Dollar to promote an internal productive diversification and the sophisticated sectors development. That discussion motived us making econometrical analyses and graphics linking exchange rate, exports and international competitiveness index to investigate if exchange rate variations impacted in determinant form and distinctly the internacional competitiveness of Brazilian industries. The methodology was used the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index of Balassa (1965) and VAR models to connect exchange rate and industries exports. The RCA index time evolution was analyzed in graphics together with the exchange rate from 1999 until 2011. The results has been showed that occurred a loss of competitiveness to the majority of national industries and exchange rate appreciation most of the analyzed period still affected the industries in the distinct manner. Finally, almost all industries did not get competitiveness gains in the period of exchange rate depreciation as expected, because they did not have enough time to react. / Neste trabalho, buscou-se investigar as relações existentes entre a taxa de câmbio e a competitividade internacional das indústrias de transformação brasileiras classificadas por nível de tecnologia. Iniciou-se com uma síntese de vários estudos, que apresentam a importância do câmbio para o desenvolvimento de um país e, particularmente para o caso brasileiro, destacam-se àqueles que apontam uma apreciação cambial e frisam que isso está contribuindo para deixar o país em posição atrasada em termos tecnológicos. Por isso, alguns autores sugerem que o real deveria se depreciar frente ao dólar para favorecer a diversificação produtiva interna e o desenvolvimento dos setores de ponta. Motivado por essa discussão, foram feitas análises econométricas e gráficas relacionando taxa de câmbio, exportações e índice de competitividade internacional com o objetivo de investigar se as variações cambiais impactaram de forma determinante e distinta a competitividade internacional das indústrias brasileiras. Como metodologia foram utilizados o Índice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada (IVCR) desenvolvido por Balassa (1965) e modelos VAR que relacionam taxa de câmbio e exportações das indústrias. A evolução temporal dos IVCR foi verificada em gráficos juntamente com a taxa de câmbio de 1999 até 2011. Os resultados mostraram que houve perda de competitividade para a maioria das indústrias nacionais e apreciação cambial na maior parte do período analisado, que a apreciação cambial atingiu as indústrias de maneira diversificada e que a maioria das indústrias não auferiu ganhos de competitividade no período de depreciação cambial, como se esperava, dado que o tempo que ela ocorre não foi o suficiente para que essas indústrias reagissem.

Trade structure changes over time as a result of fundamental changes within the country or the world around it. This thesis will investigate the case of Czech Republic in the period from the transition period till today with the foundation in classical and neoclassical trade theory. The trade structure will be analyzed in regard to trade partners, commodity structure, relative comparative advantages and degree of intra-industry trade within an industry or sector. It will provide basis for assessing the effects of increased European integration which the Czech Republic increasingly engaged itself in with the accession to the EU in 2004.

This thesis deals with historical and socio-cultural context of Korean political economy and its relationships with important aspects of Korean business environment. The work dedicates significant space to chaebols as specific business organizational structures and the application of Korean paradigm of rationality to the reform following 1997 International Monetary and Financial Crisis. The main part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of Korean political economy from the viewpoint of its institutional comparative advantage, through which Korean cultural characteristics influence commodity structure of Korean international trade and Korea's patent specialisation profile. The main contribution of the thesis lies in its effort to document mutual relationships and links among various aspects of Korean political economy. The findings of the thesis show that Korea's socio-cultural characteristics still represent an important factor influencing Korean business environment and local form of capitalism. The continuing existence and success of chaebols in current economy implies that the socio-cultural and economic sources of their existence still prevail despite the increasing number of conglomerates of non-chaebol types operating in Korea since post-crisis reform. The application of "Eastern paradigm" to the post-crisis reform reveals that the reform was based on "Western paradigm" of highly liberal Anglo-American form of capitalism and crisis management was thus ethnocentrically biased. Regarding the institutional comparative advantage, the thesis concludes Korea can be regarded as a group coordinated market economy where mutual links among various agents of its political economy are of outmost importance, with some aspects of liberal market economies. The main coordination mechanism of Korean political economy can be characterised as thick networks of highly particularistic socio-economic relationships based on Korean socio-cultural characteristics. This institutional and socio-cultural set up provides Korean companies with capacities that favour companies'preference of incremental innovation production strategies. However, Korean "mobilizational culture" along with other specific organizational principles and socio-cultural features of Korean corporate culture also provide Korean firms with advantages in some radical innovation fields.

This thesis is situated in the academic sphere of human geography. The overall aim is to identify the current challenges and possibilities Icelandic farmers face in terms of changes in importation laws. This research is exemplary in its field as it uses the narratives of the stakeholders, farmers in this case, as the main data source. The research questions were as following: Is there an agricultural cluster in the region and if so, how does it work; what challenges and possibilities do farmers in the municipality of Hrunamannahreppur face in terms of the recent import law and lastly; according to the farmers, how do policies and laws in Icelandic agriculture ensure long-term farming practices in Iceland. The thesis uses theories of agricultural localization theory, cluster theory and the concepts of competitive and comparative advantages along with the concept of food self-sufficiency. The methods used are semi-structured qualitative interviews during a field study in southern Iceland. Data sources include seven qualitative interviews with farmers in the selected area, a review of agricultural policies and frameworks, and other sources such as articles and media. The main findings are that there is an unexplained disconnect within agriculture and its actors, indicating that policies give preferentiality to economic gain rather than preserving long-term farming in Iceland.

Объем магистерской диссертации 77 страниц основного текста, для иллюстрации использованы 12 таблиц и 5 рисунков. Библиографический список состоит из 73 источника. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что международная торговля – одна из наиболее развитых и традиционных форм международных экономических отношений. Анализ специфических проблем открытой экономики начинается обычно с международной торговли как важнейшей формы международных отношений. В целом международная торговля является средством, с помощью которого страны могут развивать специализацию, повышать производительность своих ресурсов и тем самым увеличивать общий объем производства. Цель работы – проанализировать влияние санкций на специализацию России в международной торговле. Объектом настоящего исследования является влияние санкций на специализацию России в международной торговле, предметом – изменения, которые произошли в структуре международной торговли России в условиях санкций. Мы выявили, что улучшение позиций России в мировой торговле отчасти обусловлено изменением в специализации России связанным с политикой протекционизма и увеличением товарооборотов со странами БРИКС и ЕАЭС в условиях санкций. / The volume of the master's thesis is 77 pages of the main text, 12 tables and 5 figures are used for illustration. The bibliographic list consists of 73 sources. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that international trade is one of the most developed and traditional forms of international economic relations. The analysis of the specific problems of an open economy usually begins with international trade as the most important form of international relations. In general, international trade is a means by which countries can develop specialization, increase the productivity of their resources, and thereby increase overall production. The purpose of this work is to analyze the impact of sanctions on Russia's specialization in international trade. The object of this study is the impact of sanctions on Russia's specialization in international trade; the subject is the changes that have occurred in the structure of Russia's international trade under the sanctions. We found that the improvement in Russia's position in world trade is partly due to a change in Russia's specialization associated with the policy of protectionism and an increase in trade with the BRICS and EAEU countries under sanctions.