L'objectif de ce travail est identifier les principales sources de croissance des exportations brésiliennes du complexe soja, vérifier si le pays présente des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés pour les exportations du grain, du son et de l'huile de soja ainsi qu'analyser si les exportations de ces commodities sont guidées pour quelques marchés consommateurs. Dans ce travail, s'est adopté comme méthodologie le modèle Constant-Market-Share, et les Indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés (IVCR) et d'Orientation Régionale (IOR). Les données pour le calcul du modèle Constant-Market-Share et des indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés et de l'Orientation Régionaux ont été rassemblées près du Système d'Analyse des Informations de Commerce Extérieur (ALICE), de Département de Commerce Extérieur (SECEX), qui possède les données d'exportations brésiliennes Free on Board (FOB) en dollars, au Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) et à l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC). Les résultats ont indiqué que le pays a présenté des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés, tant pour le grain, que pour l’huile et le son dans tout la période analysée. Dans que concerne aux sources de croissance, tant pour le grain, le son et l'huile de soja, dans la première période, l'effet compétitivité a été ce qui plus a collaboré pour les exportations et, dans la seconde période, l'effet croissance du commerce mondial a été prépondérante. Les exportations du grain sont guidées pour l'Union européenne et Chine, ce du son pour l'Union européenne et Thaïlande et ce de l'huile de soja pour la Chine, Iran et Inde. / Lo scopo di questo lavoro è identificare le principali fonti di crescita delle esportazioni brasiliane del complesso soja, verificare se il paese presenta Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati con le esportazioni di chicchi, crusca ed olio di soja, così come analizzare se le esportazioni di queste commodities sono orientate verso alcuni mercati consumatori. In questa indagine si adottò come metodologia il modello Constant-Market-Share, l’Índice di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati (IVCR) e l’Indice dell’Orientamento Regionale (IOR). I dati per il calcolo del modello Constant-Market Share e degli Indici di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati e dell’Orientamento Regionale furono raccolti dal Sistema di Analisi delle Informazioni del Commercio Estero (ALICE), della Segreteria del Comercio Estero (SECEX), che possiede i dati delle esportazioni brasiliane Free on Bord (FOB), in dollari, alla Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ed alla Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (OMC). I risultati indicarono che il paese presentò Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati tanto per i chicchi come per l’ólio e per la crusca, in tutto il periodo analizzato. In riferimento alle fonti di crescita, tanto per i chicchi come per la crusca e l’olio de soja, nel primo periodo, l’effetto competitività fu quello che più collaborò alle esportazioni e, nel secondo periodo, l’effetto crescita del commercio mondiale fu prevalente. Le esportazioni di chicchi è orientata verso l’Unione Europea e la Cina; quella della crusca verso l’Unione Europea e la Thailandia e quella dell’olio di soja verso la Cina, l’Iran e l’Índia. / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais fontes de crescimento das exportações brasileiras do complexo soja, verificar se o país apresenta Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas para as exportações do grão, farelo e óleo de soja bem como analisar se as exportações dessas commodities estão orientadas para alguns mercados consumidores. Neste trabalho, adotou-se como metodologia o modelo Constant-Market-Share e os Índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) e de Orientação Regional (IOR). Os dados para cálculo do modelo Constant-Market-Share e dos índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas e Orientação Regional foram coletados junto ao Sistema de Análise das Informações de Comércio Exterior (ALICE), da Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), que possui os dados de exportações brasileiras Free on Board (FOB) em dólares, à Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e à Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Os resultados indicaram que o país apresentou Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para grão, como para óleo e farelo em todo o período analisado. No que tange às fontes de crescimento, tanto para o grão, farelo e o óleo de soja, no primeiro período, o efeito competitividade foi o que mais colaborou para as exportações e, no segundo período, o efeito crescimento do comércio mundial foi preponderante. A exportação do grão está orientada para a União Européia e China, a do farelo para a União Européia e Tailândia e a do óleo de soja para a China, Irã e Índia. / The aim of this study is to identify the main sources of growth of brazilian export soy-bean industrial complex, to verify if the country has Revealed Comparative Advantages for soy grain, bran and oil as well as to analyze if the export of these commodities are oriented to some consumer markets. In this study, the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCAI), and the Regional Orientation Index (ROI) were used as methodology. The data for calculation of the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, and the Regional Orientation Index were collected from system analysis of the International Trade Information (ALICE), International Trade Secretariat (SECEX) which is responsible for brazilian export data Free on Board in dollars, also from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and from World Trade Organization (WTO). The results showed that the country presented Revealed Comparative Advantages either for the grain or the oil as well as for the bran across the entire period analyzed. Regarding the sources of growth as much as for soy grain, bran and oil in the first period, the Competitiveness Effect revealed to be the main driver for the export while in the second period the Growth Effect was more predominant. The grain export is more oriented to European Union and China while the bran is towards European Union and Thailand and ultimately soy-bean oil export is directed to China, Iran and India. / El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las principales fuentes de crecimiento de las exportaciones brasileñas del complejo soja, verificar si el país presenta Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas para las exportaciones de grano, salvado y aceite de soja, bien como analizar si las exportaciones de esas commodities están orientadas para algunos mercados consumidores. En este trabajo se adoptó como metodología el modelo Constant-Market-Share y los Índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) y de Orientación Regional (IOR). Los datos para cálculo del modelo Constant-Market-Share y de los índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas y Orientación Regional fueron cosechadas en Comercio Exterior (SECEX), que posee los datos de las exportaciones brasileñas Free on Board (FOB) en dólares, en Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) y en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Los resultados indicaron que el país presentó Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para el grano como aceite y salvado en todo el período analizado. Con respecto a las fuentes de crecimiento, tanto para el grano, el salvado y el aceite de soja, en el primer período, el efecto competitividad fue el que más colaboró para las exportaciones y, en el segundo período, el efecto crecimiento del comercio mundial fue preponderante. La exportación de grano está orientada para la Unión Europea y China, la de salvado para Unión Europea y Tailandia y la de aceite de soja, para China, Irán e India.

L'objectif de ce travail est identifier les principales sources de croissance des exportations brésiliennes du complexe soja, vérifier si le pays présente des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés pour les exportations du grain, du son et de l'huile de soja ainsi qu'analyser si les exportations de ces commodities sont guidées pour quelques marchés consommateurs. Dans ce travail, s'est adopté comme méthodologie le modèle Constant-Market-Share, et les Indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés (IVCR) et d'Orientation Régionale (IOR). Les données pour le calcul du modèle Constant-Market-Share et des indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés et de l'Orientation Régionaux ont été rassemblées près du Système d'Analyse des Informations de Commerce Extérieur (ALICE), de Département de Commerce Extérieur (SECEX), qui possède les données d'exportations brésiliennes Free on Board (FOB) en dollars, au Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) et à l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC). Les résultats ont indiqué que le pays a présenté des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés, tant pour le grain, que pour l’huile et le son dans tout la période analysée. Dans que concerne aux sources de croissance, tant pour le grain, le son et l'huile de soja, dans la première période, l'effet compétitivité a été ce qui plus a collaboré pour les exportations et, dans la seconde période, l'effet croissance du commerce mondial a été prépondérante. Les exportations du grain sont guidées pour l'Union européenne et Chine, ce du son pour l'Union européenne et Thaïlande et ce de l'huile de soja pour la Chine, Iran et Inde. / Lo scopo di questo lavoro è identificare le principali fonti di crescita delle esportazioni brasiliane del complesso soja, verificare se il paese presenta Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati con le esportazioni di chicchi, crusca ed olio di soja, così come analizzare se le esportazioni di queste commodities sono orientate verso alcuni mercati consumatori. In questa indagine si adottò come metodologia il modello Constant-Market-Share, l’Índice di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati (IVCR) e l’Indice dell’Orientamento Regionale (IOR). I dati per il calcolo del modello Constant-Market Share e degli Indici di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati e dell’Orientamento Regionale furono raccolti dal Sistema di Analisi delle Informazioni del Commercio Estero (ALICE), della Segreteria del Comercio Estero (SECEX), che possiede i dati delle esportazioni brasiliane Free on Bord (FOB), in dollari, alla Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ed alla Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (OMC). I risultati indicarono che il paese presentò Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati tanto per i chicchi come per l’ólio e per la crusca, in tutto il periodo analizzato. In riferimento alle fonti di crescita, tanto per i chicchi come per la crusca e l’olio de soja, nel primo periodo, l’effetto competitività fu quello che più collaborò alle esportazioni e, nel secondo periodo, l’effetto crescita del commercio mondiale fu prevalente. Le esportazioni di chicchi è orientata verso l’Unione Europea e la Cina; quella della crusca verso l’Unione Europea e la Thailandia e quella dell’olio di soja verso la Cina, l’Iran e l’Índia. / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais fontes de crescimento das exportações brasileiras do complexo soja, verificar se o país apresenta Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas para as exportações do grão, farelo e óleo de soja bem como analisar se as exportações dessas commodities estão orientadas para alguns mercados consumidores. Neste trabalho, adotou-se como metodologia o modelo Constant-Market-Share e os Índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) e de Orientação Regional (IOR). Os dados para cálculo do modelo Constant-Market-Share e dos índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas e Orientação Regional foram coletados junto ao Sistema de Análise das Informações de Comércio Exterior (ALICE), da Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), que possui os dados de exportações brasileiras Free on Board (FOB) em dólares, à Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e à Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Os resultados indicaram que o país apresentou Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para grão, como para óleo e farelo em todo o período analisado. No que tange às fontes de crescimento, tanto para o grão, farelo e o óleo de soja, no primeiro período, o efeito competitividade foi o que mais colaborou para as exportações e, no segundo período, o efeito crescimento do comércio mundial foi preponderante. A exportação do grão está orientada para a União Européia e China, a do farelo para a União Européia e Tailândia e a do óleo de soja para a China, Irã e Índia. / The aim of this study is to identify the main sources of growth of brazilian export soy-bean industrial complex, to verify if the country has Revealed Comparative Advantages for soy grain, bran and oil as well as to analyze if the export of these commodities are oriented to some consumer markets. In this study, the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCAI), and the Regional Orientation Index (ROI) were used as methodology. The data for calculation of the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, and the Regional Orientation Index were collected from system analysis of the International Trade Information (ALICE), International Trade Secretariat (SECEX) which is responsible for brazilian export data Free on Board in dollars, also from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and from World Trade Organization (WTO). The results showed that the country presented Revealed Comparative Advantages either for the grain or the oil as well as for the bran across the entire period analyzed. Regarding the sources of growth as much as for soy grain, bran and oil in the first period, the Competitiveness Effect revealed to be the main driver for the export while in the second period the Growth Effect was more predominant. The grain export is more oriented to European Union and China while the bran is towards European Union and Thailand and ultimately soy-bean oil export is directed to China, Iran and India. / El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las principales fuentes de crecimiento de las exportaciones brasileñas del complejo soja, verificar si el país presenta Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas para las exportaciones de grano, salvado y aceite de soja, bien como analizar si las exportaciones de esas commodities están orientadas para algunos mercados consumidores. En este trabajo se adoptó como metodología el modelo Constant-Market-Share y los Índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) y de Orientación Regional (IOR). Los datos para cálculo del modelo Constant-Market-Share y de los índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas y Orientación Regional fueron cosechadas en Comercio Exterior (SECEX), que posee los datos de las exportaciones brasileñas Free on Board (FOB) en dólares, en Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) y en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Los resultados indicaron que el país presentó Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para el grano como aceite y salvado en todo el período analizado. Con respecto a las fuentes de crecimiento, tanto para el grano, el salvado y el aceite de soja, en el primer período, el efecto competitividad fue el que más colaboró para las exportaciones y, en el segundo período, el efecto crecimiento del comercio mundial fue preponderante. La exportación de grano está orientada para la Unión Europea y China, la de salvado para Unión Europea y Tailandia y la de aceite de soja, para China, Irán e India.

L'objectif de ce travail est identifier les principales sources de croissance des exportations brésiliennes du complexe soja, vérifier si le pays présente des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés pour les exportations du grain, du son et de l'huile de soja ainsi qu'analyser si les exportations de ces commodities sont guidées pour quelques marchés consommateurs. Dans ce travail, s'est adopté comme méthodologie le modèle Constant-Market-Share, et les Indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés (IVCR) et d'Orientation Régionale (IOR). Les données pour le calcul du modèle Constant-Market-Share et des indices d'Avantages Comparatifs Révélés et de l'Orientation Régionaux ont été rassemblées près du Système d'Analyse des Informations de Commerce Extérieur (ALICE), de Département de Commerce Extérieur (SECEX), qui possède les données d'exportations brésiliennes Free on Board (FOB) en dollars, au Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) et à l'Organisation Mondiale de Commerce (OMC). Les résultats ont indiqué que le pays a présenté des Avantages Comparatifs Révélés, tant pour le grain, que pour l’huile et le son dans tout la période analysée. Dans que concerne aux sources de croissance, tant pour le grain, le son et l'huile de soja, dans la première période, l'effet compétitivité a été ce qui plus a collaboré pour les exportations et, dans la seconde période, l'effet croissance du commerce mondial a été prépondérante. Les exportations du grain sont guidées pour l'Union européenne et Chine, ce du son pour l'Union européenne et Thaïlande et ce de l'huile de soja pour la Chine, Iran et Inde. / Lo scopo di questo lavoro è identificare le principali fonti di crescita delle esportazioni brasiliane del complesso soja, verificare se il paese presenta Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati con le esportazioni di chicchi, crusca ed olio di soja, così come analizzare se le esportazioni di queste commodities sono orientate verso alcuni mercati consumatori. In questa indagine si adottò come metodologia il modello Constant-Market-Share, l’Índice di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati (IVCR) e l’Indice dell’Orientamento Regionale (IOR). I dati per il calcolo del modello Constant-Market Share e degli Indici di Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati e dell’Orientamento Regionale furono raccolti dal Sistema di Analisi delle Informazioni del Commercio Estero (ALICE), della Segreteria del Comercio Estero (SECEX), che possiede i dati delle esportazioni brasiliane Free on Bord (FOB), in dollari, alla Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ed alla Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (OMC). I risultati indicarono che il paese presentò Vantaggi Comparativi Rivelati tanto per i chicchi come per l’ólio e per la crusca, in tutto il periodo analizzato. In riferimento alle fonti di crescita, tanto per i chicchi come per la crusca e l’olio de soja, nel primo periodo, l’effetto competitività fu quello che più collaborò alle esportazioni e, nel secondo periodo, l’effetto crescita del commercio mondiale fu prevalente. Le esportazioni di chicchi è orientata verso l’Unione Europea e la Cina; quella della crusca verso l’Unione Europea e la Thailandia e quella dell’olio di soja verso la Cina, l’Iran e l’Índia. / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais fontes de crescimento das exportações brasileiras do complexo soja, verificar se o país apresenta Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas para as exportações do grão, farelo e óleo de soja bem como analisar se as exportações dessas commodities estão orientadas para alguns mercados consumidores. Neste trabalho, adotou-se como metodologia o modelo Constant-Market-Share e os Índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) e de Orientação Regional (IOR). Os dados para cálculo do modelo Constant-Market-Share e dos índices de Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas e Orientação Regional foram coletados junto ao Sistema de Análise das Informações de Comércio Exterior (ALICE), da Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), que possui os dados de exportações brasileiras Free on Board (FOB) em dólares, à Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e à Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Os resultados indicaram que o país apresentou Vantagens Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para grão, como para óleo e farelo em todo o período analisado. No que tange às fontes de crescimento, tanto para o grão, farelo e o óleo de soja, no primeiro período, o efeito competitividade foi o que mais colaborou para as exportações e, no segundo período, o efeito crescimento do comércio mundial foi preponderante. A exportação do grão está orientada para a União Européia e China, a do farelo para a União Européia e Tailândia e a do óleo de soja para a China, Irã e Índia. / The aim of this study is to identify the main sources of growth of brazilian export soy-bean industrial complex, to verify if the country has Revealed Comparative Advantages for soy grain, bran and oil as well as to analyze if the export of these commodities are oriented to some consumer markets. In this study, the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCAI), and the Regional Orientation Index (ROI) were used as methodology. The data for calculation of the Constant-Market-Share model, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, and the Regional Orientation Index were collected from system analysis of the International Trade Information (ALICE), International Trade Secretariat (SECEX) which is responsible for brazilian export data Free on Board in dollars, also from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and from World Trade Organization (WTO). The results showed that the country presented Revealed Comparative Advantages either for the grain or the oil as well as for the bran across the entire period analyzed. Regarding the sources of growth as much as for soy grain, bran and oil in the first period, the Competitiveness Effect revealed to be the main driver for the export while in the second period the Growth Effect was more predominant. The grain export is more oriented to European Union and China while the bran is towards European Union and Thailand and ultimately soy-bean oil export is directed to China, Iran and India. / El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las principales fuentes de crecimiento de las exportaciones brasileñas del complejo soja, verificar si el país presenta Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas para las exportaciones de grano, salvado y aceite de soja, bien como analizar si las exportaciones de esas commodities están orientadas para algunos mercados consumidores. En este trabajo se adoptó como metodología el modelo Constant-Market-Share y los Índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas (IVCR) y de Orientación Regional (IOR). Los datos para cálculo del modelo Constant-Market-Share y de los índices de Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas y Orientación Regional fueron cosechadas en Comercio Exterior (SECEX), que posee los datos de las exportaciones brasileñas Free on Board (FOB) en dólares, en Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) y en la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Los resultados indicaron que el país presentó Ventajas Comparativas Reveladas, tanto para el grano como aceite y salvado en todo el período analizado. Con respecto a las fuentes de crecimiento, tanto para el grano, el salvado y el aceite de soja, en el primer período, el efecto competitividad fue el que más colaboró para las exportaciones y, en el segundo período, el efecto crecimiento del comercio mundial fue preponderante. La exportación de grano está orientada para la Unión Europea y China, la de salvado para Unión Europea y Tailandia y la de aceite de soja, para China, Irán e India.

Ce travail étudie l’influence des questions environnementales sur le commerce international à partir des échanges de bois tropicaux Malaisie – Europe, la Malaisie étant un important exportateur de bois. Les avantages comparatifs des produits forestiers Malaisiens sont évalués, ainsi que la propension à payer le bois issu de gestion forestière durable par les consommateurs français (en tant qu’Européens). La première partie envisage les différences de perception entre pays développés et pays en développement pour le lien entre commerce et environnement. Il apparaît que les normes environnementales agissent comme des barrières non-tarifaires. Ces barrières sont accentuées par les critères de marquage, d’étiquetage, et de technologie imposés par les pays importateurs. La seconde partie analyse le rôle clé de la Malaisie dans le commerce des bois tropicaux. Les principaux marchés d’exportation des bois Malaisiens sont évalués. Le marché Européen est étudié plus en détail. Il apparaît que les ventes de meuble ont dépassé en 2004 celles des autres principaux produits forestiers. Sur le marché Européen la Malaisie fait face à la concurrence de produits tropicaux à bas prix venant de Chine, et à celle de produits forestiers éco-certifiés venant du Brésil. Concomitamment, l’engagement de la Malaisie dans une dynamique de gestion plus durable y crée une pénurie relative de matériau brut. La troisième partie calcule l’index de Balassa d’avantage comparatif, pour 21 produits forestiers Malaisiens sur le marché Européen. Seuls 5 produits industriels intermédiaires ou à transformation fortement mécanisée, ont un avantage comparatif marqué. Il s’agit des sciages, moulures, contreplaqués, placages, charpente et menuiserie industrielle. Les autres produits présentent des avantages comparatifs faibles ou même négatifs. La quatrième partie estime la propension à payer pour différents attributs environnementaux, ainsi que d’autres tels le commerce équitable et l’origine géographique. Un questionnaire reprenant ces attributs pour du parquet bois hypothétique a été utilisé. Il semble que les consommateurs soient prêts à rémunérer le plus les critères de commerce équitable et d’origine Française, la gestion durable étant recherchée dans une moindre mesure. La propension à payer les tous les attributs varie en fonction des notions et attitudes qu’ont les consommateurs sur l’éco-certification, l’environnement, ainsi qu’en fonction de leur lieu d’habitation, niveau d’éducation et de revenu, et type de profession. Enfin les résultats des 4 parties sont synthétisés en reliant les échelles micro et macroéconomiques, avec les dimensions de demande et d’approvisionnement. D’une façon générale, les résultats suggèrent que les opportunités et contraintes propres à la l’industrie du bois de Malaisie façonnent les exports de produits. La Malaisie s’adapte en se tournant vers des produits à plus haute valeur ajoutée et à moindre impact environnemental, pour pallier aux barrières commerciales et à la pénurie relative de matériau. La Malaisie s’est dotée d’une certification nationale (Malaysian Timber Certification) propre à remplir les critères de durabilité et de légalité de l’Europe, et s’est engagée la gestion durable des forêts. / This study analyses the international timber trade between Malaysia and Europe with respect to the importance of environmental issues on trade and the role of Malaysia as a major timber exporter to Europe. It also evaluates the comparative advantage of Malaysian wood products and the willingness of French consumers (to represent European communities) to pay for sustainable forest management. The first part gives an overview the clashes of perception between developed and developing countries on the environmental concerns over trade. It was observed that environmental standards may act as non-tariff barriers to exporting countries. In addition, the stringent requirements posed by importing countries on technical, marking and labelling to some extent provide unnecessary barriers to trade. The second part deals with the role of Malaysia as a key player in the tropical timber trade. This part evaluates the main export market for Malaysian wood products to the world. For the purpose of this thesis, the analysis focuses on the European market. From the observations, it was found that the export of wooden furniture surpassed major timber exports in 2004. However, to penetrate the European market, Malaysia has to compete with the Chinese with their lower cost tropical wood products, and Brazil with their advantage in certification and labelling of tropical wood products. In tandem with that, the commitment towards sustainable forest management at national level causes shortage of raw materials in Malaysia. To a certain extent, the internal and external factors create necessary challenges to enter the European market. In the third part, the Balassa approach was used to classify the comparative advantage of Malaysia’s twenty one types of wood products in Europe. It was estimated that Malaysia had high comparative advantage only in five products which were mechanized and intermediary industrial products. The products identified were sawn wood, wooden mouldings, plywood, veneer and builders’ joinery and carpentry. The remaining products had lower comparative advantage and disadvantage to export to the European market based on the Balassa index. In the last part, the estimation on the willingness to pay for sustainable forest management attributes was conducted. Besides that, additional attributes such as fair trade and wood origin were included. A questionnaire was set up using all the attributes reflected in the hypothetical wood flooring product in the market. Based on the result, consumers were willing to pay the highest for the presence of fair trade and wood origin (in this study referring to French origin); nevertheless they were still willing to pay for sustainable aspects of forest. However, the willingness to pay for all the attributes was altered depending on the respondents’ knowledge of forest labelling, their attitudes towards environmental preservation, living area, education level, type of job and income level. In the overall finding of the thesis, all the results from each part were synthesized in a systemic approach simultaneously deliberating on the macro and microeconomic perspectives as well as the dimensions on demand and supply. Overall, the findings suggest that the challenges and constraints facing the Malaysian timber industry indirectly shaped the export of Malaysian wooden products. Malaysia has adapted by going into value-added products to lessen the impact of environment-related trade barriers and to circumvent the shortage of raw materials supply. Malaysia has successfully customized the wooden products to the sustainability and legality requirements of the European market by pursuing the national certification (Malaysian Timber Certification) and being committed to sustainable forest management objectives.

In 2014, Russia imposed an import ban against a large variety of western food products. The ban served as a shield against foreign competition, including from Russia’s neighbours. In 2015-2016, a major drop in the Russian rouble’s exchange rate heightened Russia’s food products’ competitiveness versus its neighbours’. Both these events acted as trade shocks to Belarus’ and Kazakhstan’s agricultural sectors’ as they suddenly created an uneven competitive balance between their sectors and Russia’s. However, while previous research has documented disruptions to political cooperation between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan following these shocks, researchers have yet to quantify the influence of heightened Russian agricultural sector competitiveness on its neighbouring countries’ agricultural sectors. This Master’s thesis studies Belarus’ and Kazakhstan’s agricultural sectors’ capacity to maintain competitiveness versus Russia’s during both these shocks by analysing the developments of and the causes behind these developments for two indices measuring the countries’ Revealed Comparative Advantage between 2014-2019. Belarus’ and Kazakhstan’s agricultural sectors competed rather well with Russia’s during both these events. However, while Belarus had the overall most internationally competitive agricultural sector out of the three countries, Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector’s competitiveness better withstood the negative effects of increases in Russian competitiveness. Overall, Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector emerges as having the most rapidly growing international competitiveness out of the three countries.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:06630020 研究代表者:江崎 光男 研究期間:1994-1995年度 Discussion Paper No.41 中国経済のインフレーションと価格競争力 江崎光男･伊藤正一･王名･板倉健 1996年3月を含む

In Anbetracht des Kompromisses zwischen der Erzielung des höchsten Gewinns und der geringsten Umweltbelastung ist ein tiefes Verständnis der ökonomischen Folgen der Stickstoff (N) Düngung erforderlich. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit liefert umfassende Einblicke in (i) die Auswirkungen des standortspezifischen N-Managements (SSNM) auf die Rentabilität und Risikominderung, (ii) die Auswirkungen von Unsicherheiten und Risikoeinflüssen auf optimale N-Düngergaben und (iii) das Potenzial und die Kosten der Vermeidung von Treibhausgas (THG) Emissionen durch N-Düngereduktion. Ein Modellierungsansatz wurde entwickelt, um die Wirkung von Ertrag und Proteingehalt, Wirtschafts- und Risikoauswirkungen sowie THG-Emissionen auf die N-Düngung zu simulieren. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass SSNM die Wirtschaftlichkeit verbessert, indem es eine höhere Weizenqualität und damit Preisprämien erzielt. SSNM reduziert das Risiko, die Backqualität nicht zu erreichen, und es gibt keine wesentlichen Nachteile beim Verlustrisikomanagement im Vergleich zum einheitlichen Management. Preisprämien für eine höhere Weizenqualität bieten Anreize für höhere N-Düngergaben. Prämien verflachen die Gewinnfunktion weiter, was unzureichende Argumente für eine Absenkung des N-Inputs aus der Wirtschaftlichkeitssicht liefert, selbst bei einer hohen Risikoaversion der Landwirte. Eine moderate Reduzierung der mineralischen N-Düngung kann die THG-Emissionen bei moderaten Opportunitätskosten mindern. Die THG-Vermeidung durch N-Düngereduktion in einer bestimmten Region kann unter Berücksichtigung kultur- und ertragszonenspezifischer Ertragswirkungen optimiert werden. Insgesamt liefert diese Arbeit wichtige Erkenntnisse über die Chancen und Nachteile der Anpassung der N-Düngergaben. Darüber hinaus leistet sie einen direkten Beitrag zur Identifizierung von kosten- und risikoeffizienten N-Managementoptionen und bildet die Grundlage für effektive politische Ansätze zur THG-Vermeidung durch selektive N-Düngereduktion. / Considering the tradeoff between achieving the highest profit and causing the lowest environmental impact, there is a need for a profound understanding of the economic consequences of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. The present doctoral research provides comprehensive insights into (i) effects of site-specific N management (SSNM) on profitability and risk mitigation; (ii) impacts of uncertainties and risk implications on optimal N fertilizer rates; and (iii) potential and costs of mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by N fertilizer reduction. A modelling approach was developed to simulate the response of yield, protein, economic and risk implications, and GHG emissions to N fertilizer application. Findings of the thesis show that SSNM improves profitability by achieving higher grain quality, thus, price premiums. SSNM reduces the risk of not reaching the baking grain quality and poses no considerable disadvantage on downside risk management compared to uniform management. Price premiums for higher wheat quality provide incentives for higher N input rates. Premiums further flatten the profit function, giving insufficient arguments for lowering N input from a farm profitability perspective, even in presence of high risk aversion of farmers. Moderate reduction of mineral N fertilizer can mitigate GHG emissions at moderate opportunity costs. GHG mitigation by N fertilizer reduction in a given region can be optimized considering crop and yield-zone-specific yield responses. Overall, this thesis provides important insights on chances and drawbacks of adjusting N fertilizer rates. Moreover, it makes a direct contribution in identifying cost- and risk-efficient N management options and provides a basis for effective policy approaches to reduce GHG emissions by selective N fertilizer reduction.

[ES] Las exportaciones de Ecuador han estado caracterizadas por productos primarios (Petróleo crudo, banano y plátano, café, camarón, cacao, abacá, madera, atún, pescado, flores naturales) y por productos industrializados (derivados de petróleo, café elaborado, elaborados de cacao, harina de pescado, otros elaborados del producto del mar, químicos y fármacos, manufacturas de metales, sombreros, manufacturas de textiles). Las exportaciones de Ecuador en el período 2017-2021 han estado sobre los 20 mil millones de dólares, de los cuales el 80% corresponde a productos primarios y el 20% a productos industrializados. Dentro de los productos primarios la participación del petróleo crudo ha ido disminuyendo al pasar del 42% en el 2017 a 34% en el 2021, en cambio el resto de productos primarios ha pasado del 58% en el 2017 al 66% en el 2021. Estas cifras significan que la especialización de Ecuador es netamente agrícola. En este contexto la presente investigación titulada "Diseño de un modelo para mejorar la competitividad del sector florícola ecuatoriano" apunta a contribuir el sector agrícola ecuatoriano. Para el efecto el estudio contempló las siguientes investigaciones: a) Competitividad del sector florícola ecuatoriano, para lo cual se aplicó la metodología de Balassa, que determinó que Ecuador y Colombia tienen una fuerte ventaja comparativa en comparación con los países exportadores estudiados como son: Países Bajos, Kenia y Etiopía. Se concluye que Ecuador debe aplicar estrategias de marketing, como es el desarrollo del mercado, para lograr el posicionamiento de su exportación en la Unión Europea que en la actualidad es el principal mercado de flores cortadas del mundo. Otra estrategia que debe aplicar Ecuador es la diversificación relacionada que especifica que se debe aplicar la producción de flores cortadas hacia otras variedades como son crisantemos, claveles, flores y capullos, lirios y orquídeas, que actualmente forman parte del mercado mundial. b) Análisis comparativo de los modelos de la cadena de suministro: ABC, BSC y SCOR, se aplicó una revisión de la literatura, se encontró que el modelo SCOR es una herramienta muy poderosa para estructura, evaluar y comparar las prácticas y el desempeño de la cadena de suministro. El modelo SCOR propone un enfoque integrado que se basa en la concepción de una estructura interconectada que une procesos, incluye métricas de desempeño, mejores prácticas y tecnología con el objeto de la mejora continua de la cadena de suministro. c) Análisis de desempeño de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano, por métricas, aplicando SCOR y AHP. Para este estudio se aplicó la metodología SCOR y AHP y dio como resultado que los procesos Devolución y Gestión registran las puntuaciones más bajas, y por lo tanto los agentes del sector florícola deberían trabajar más sobre estos procesos para su mejora. Del estudio realizado a la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano se concluye que el modelo SCOR junto con AHP constituyen una adecuada metodología para el análisis de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola, y particularmente del sector florícola ecuatoriano. Los resultados de este estudio muestran las posibilidades tan interesantes que se abren con la aplicación conjunta, para identificar los aspectos más críticos en la SC de un sector con el objeto de introducir mejoras. d) Análisis del desempeño de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano, por procesos, subprocesos, actividades y tareas, aplicando SCOR y AHP. Se aplicó la metodología SCOR y AHP. Se determinó que de las 29 empresas estudiadas el desempeño tuvo como resultado el 85% de rendimiento calificándose como "bueno". La investigación contribuye a la literatura científica con una propuesta metodológica que utiliza el modelo SCOR con AHP para medir el rendimiento de la cadena de suministro. El modelo propuesto permite analizar el desempeño de la cadena de suministro a nivel sectorial. / [CA] Les exportacions de l'Equador han estat caracteritzades per productes primaris (Petroli cru, bananer i plàtan, café, gambeta, cacau, *abacá, fusta, tonyina, peix, flors naturals) i per productes industrialitzats (derivats de petroli, café elaborat, elaborats de cacau, farina de peix, altres elaborats del producte de la mar, químics i fàrmacs, manufactures de metalls, barrets, manufactures de tèxtils). Les exportacions de l'Equador en el període 2017-2021 han estat sobre els 20 mil milions de dòlars, dels quals el 80% correspon a productes primaris i el 20% a productes industrialitzats. Dins dels productes primaris la participació del petroli cru ha anat disminuint en passar del 42% en el 2017 a 34% en el 2021, en canvi la resta de productes primaris ha passat del 58% en el 2017 al 66% en el 2021. Aquestes xifres signifiquen que l'especialització de l'Equador és netament agrícola. En aquest context la present investigació titulada "Disseny d'un model per a millorar la competitivitat del sector *florícola equatorià" apunta a contribuir el sector agrícola equatorià. Per a l'efecte l'estudi va contemplar les següents investigacions: a) Competitivitat del sector *florícola equatorià, per a això es va aplicar la metodologia de *Balassa, que va determinar que l'Equador i Colòmbia tenen un fort avantatge comparatiu en comparació amb els països exportadors estudiats com són: Països Baixos, Kenya i Etiòpia. Es conclou que l'Equador ha d'aplicar estratègies de màrqueting, com és el desenvolupament del mercat, per a aconseguir el posicionament de la seua exportació a la Unió Europea que en l'actualitat és el principal mercat de flors tallades del món. Una altra estratègia que ha d'aplicar l'Equador és la diversificació relacionada que especifica que s'ha d'aplicar la producció de flors tallades cap a altres varietats com són crisantems, clavells, flors i capolls, lliris i orquídies, que actualment formen part del mercat mundial. b) Anàlisi comparativa dels models de la cadena de subministrament: ABC, *BSC i *SCOR, es va aplicar una revisió de la literatura, es va trobar que el model *SCOR és una eina molt poderosa per a estructura, avaluar i comparar les pràctiques i l'acompliment de la cadena de subministrament. El model *SCOR proposa un enfocament integrat que es basa en la concepció d'una estructura interconnectada que uneix processos, inclou mètriques d'acompliment, millors pràctiques i tecnologia amb l'objecte de la millora contínua de la cadena de subministrament. c) Anàlisi d'acompliment de la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola equatorià, per mètriques, aplicant *SCOR i *AHP. Per a aquest estudi es va aplicar la metodologia *SCOR i *AHP i va donar com a resultat que els processos Devolució i Gestió registren les puntuacions més baixes, i per tant els agents del sector *florícola haurien de treballar més sobre aquests processos per a la seua millora. De l'estudi realitzat a la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola equatorià es conclou que el model *SCOR juntament amb *AHP constitueixen una adequada metodologia per a l'anàlisi de la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola, i particularment del sector *florícola equatorià. Els resultats d'aquest estudi mostren les possibilitats tan interessants que s'obrin amb l'aplicació conjunta, per a identificar els aspectes més crítics en la *SC d'un sector a fi d'introduir millores. d) Anàlisi de l'acompliment de la cadena de subministrament del sector *florícola equatorià, per processos, *subprocesos, activitats i tasques, aplicant *SCOR i *AHP. Es va aplicar la metodologia *SCOR i *AHP. Es va determinar que de les 29 empreses estudiades l'acompliment va tindre com a resultat el 85% de rendiment qualificant-se com a "bo". La investigació contribueix a la literatura científica amb una proposta metodològica que utilitza el model *SCOR amb *AHP per a mesurar el rendiment de la cadena de subministrament. El model proposat permet analitzar l'acompliment de la c / [EN] Ecuador's exports have been characterized by primary products (crude oil, bananas and plantains, coffee, shrimp, cocoa, cocoa, abaca, wood, tuna, fish, natural flowers) and industrialized products (petroleum derivatives, processed coffee, processed cocoa, fishmeal, other processed seafood, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, manufactured metals, hats, manufactured textiles). Ecuador's exports in the period 2017-2021 have been over US$20 billion, of which 80% corresponds to primary products and 20% to industrialized products. Within primary products the participation of crude oil has been decreasing going from 42% in 2017 to 34% in 2021, on the other hand the rest of primary products has gone from 58% in 2017 to 66% in 2021. These figures mean that Ecuador's specialization is purely agricultural. In this context, the present research entitled "Design of a model to improve the competitiveness of the Ecuadorian flower sector" aims to contribute to the Ecuadorian agricultural sector. For this purpose, the study contemplated the following research: a) Competitiveness of the Ecuadorian flower sector, for which the Balassa methodology was applied, which determined that Ecuador and Colombia have a strong comparative advantage compared to the exporting countries studied such as: Netherlands, Kenya and Ethiopia. It is concluded that Ecuador should apply marketing strategies, such as market development, to achieve export positioning in the European Union, which is currently the main market for cut flowers in the world. Another strategy that Ecuador should apply is related diversification, which specifies that it should apply the production of cut flowers to other varieties such as chrysanthemums, carnations, flowers and buds, lilies and orchids, which are currently part of the world market. b) Comparative analysis of supply chain models: ABC, BSC and SCOR, a literature review was applied, and it was found that the SCOR model is a very powerful tool for structuring, evaluating and comparing supply chain practices and performance. The SCOR model proposes an integrated approach based on the concept of an interconnected structure that links processes, includes performance metrics, best practices and technology for the purpose of continuous improvement of the supply chain. c) Performance analysis of the supply chain of the Ecuadorian flower sector, by metrics, applying SCOR and AHP. For this study, the SCOR and AHP methodology was applied and resulted in the Return and Management processes registering the lowest scores, and therefore the floriculture sector agents should work more on these processes for their improvement. From the study of the supply chain of the Ecuadorian flower sector, it is concluded that the SCOR model together with AHP is an adequate methodology for the analysis of the supply chain of the flower sector, and particularly of the Ecuadorian flower sector. The results of this study show the interesting possibilities opened up by their joint application to identify the most critical aspects of a sector's SC in order to introduce improvements. d) Analysis of the performance of the Ecuadorian flower supply chain, by processes, sub-processes, activities and tasks, applying SCOR and AHP. The SCOR and AHP methodology was applied. It was determined that of the 29 companies studied, the performance resulted in 85% of performance, qualifying as "good". The research contributes to the scientific literature with a methodological proposal that uses the SCOR model with AHP to measure supply chain performance. The proposed model allows the analysis of supply chain performance at the sector level. / Rodríguez Mañay, LO. (2023). Diseño de un modelo para mejorar la competitividad de la cadena de suministro del sector florícola ecuatoriano [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194338

This study aims to investigate the effects of the integration in global value chains on the specialization in the production of services and the relative demand for high-skilled labor in the Swedish manufacturing industry. The empirical model and the predictions are based on theories and findings such as the phenomenon of servicification, the Hecksher-Ohlin theorem, and the Stolper-Samuelsson theorem. The study is conducted using a regression analysis of panel data and employs a fixed effects model to control for unobserved heterogeneities between the entities. An interaction variable based on the initial ICT capital stock of each sector is used in an attempt to establish causality. The results show that there is a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate imports and the growth value added through total services and business services between 2000 and 2018. The results also display a positive and significant correlation between the growth of intermediate trade and the value added through total services between 1995 and 2018. The direction of causality of the relationships are not established. Furthermore, the results for growth of relative employment and relative wage are insignificant. Based on these findings it is concluded that there is a correlation between increased participation in global value chains and the growth of value added through services.

This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.