Background: Existing literature suggests research about sustainability and Small- and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) to be limited. SMEs tend to have less resources than large companies and as a result of this sustainability integration may be challenging. Despite these resource restrictions, some SMEs still succeed in integrating sustainability. Some literature suggests that organisational culture could influence the integration of sustainability. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how organisational culture attributes influence the integration of sustainability in Swedish SMEs. Method: To fulfil the purpose of this thesis, a multiple case study consisting of six SMEs in the Jönköping region is performed. Qualitative semi-structured interviews are conducted with the manager and/or head of sustainability. Furthermore, structured interviews are conducted with managers and employees, in an attempt to gain insights into the values and cultural attributes of the organisational culture of the SME.   Main Findings: The results reveal that an organisational culture which emphasises internal relationships, stability and goal-setting and planning seem to facilitate the integration of sustainability. SMEs with the attribute of valuing internal relationships are aided in the integration of sustainability through the existence of tightly knit groups that work together toward the long-term goal of integrating sustainability. The positive influence of stability stems from the fact that the attribute provides structure, economic stability, and a stable employee base. A high focus on goal-setting and planning may enable the integration of sustainability through providing clear missions and objectives which the company strives toward.  Managerial Implications: This study urges three implications for managers of SMEs; 1. It provide managers with some understanding of how their organisational culture may affect sustainability integration. 2. It provide insight into the challenges companies may face as the result of lacking certain cultural attributes. 3.  It provide indications of which attributes that could be beneficial to develop or incorporate into the organisational culture in order to aid the integration of sustainability.

Purpose and research question: The purpose of this research is to explore how dynamic marketing capabilities in international e-tail companies are influenced by organizational culture. Furthermore, the aim is to contribute to the theoretical field of marketing capabilities, as well as providing practical implications to managers in international e-tail companies.How does organisational culture influence dynamic marketing capabilities in international e-tail companies? Method: The study is conducted with a qualitative method and an abductive approach, using a single case study design. The empirical data consist of eight semi-structured interviews with people at the company Scandinavian Design Center, in addition to secondary data and observations on site. Findings: The results of the study indicate that characteristics from four types of organisational cultures, including entrepreneurial, team, hierarchical and rational can influence DMCs positively and negatively on two levels: incremental and renewing. Team culture influences DMCs positively on both levels, while entrepreneurial culture has both positive and negative influence on different levels. Hierarchical and rational culture negatively influence DMCs on both levels, except when it comes to formal roles and articulated goals, which positively influence both incremental and renewing DMCs.

The high costs associated with turnover and the loss of skilled employees have a significant adverse effect on organizational performance. The loss of one skilled worker can cost 25-500% of an employee's salary with respect to replacement, training, and productivity. The purpose of this descriptive multiple case study was to explore strategies for frontline managers and human resource managers to reduce voluntary employee turnover. The sample consisted of 5 frontline supervisors and 6 human resource leaders with successful experience designing and implementing strategies to reduce voluntary employee turnover in 8 organizations in Orange County, Florida. The conceptual framework for this study was the competing values framework, which researchers have used to explore turnover in different settings. Methodological triangulation occurred from individual interviews, a focus group, and companies' documents. Interview data were analyzed using the modified van Kaam method and the constant comparative method. Analysis resulted in 4 themes (a) knowledge of your workforce, including what motivates your employees; (b) communication, including addressing communication barriers; (c) employee engagement, including leadership development; and (d) performance evaluations, including using a 360-degree feedback system. Social change implications include the potential to help human resource leaders align employee values with the organizational culture, thus increasing job satisfaction and decreasing voluntary employee turnover, which may contribute to lowering unemployment and minimizing the need for social services due to the loss of income.

Knowledge management (KM) has been determined by many researchers as one of the most important domains within the information systems (IS) field, and knowledge sharing (KS) has been identified as the most vital component of KM. Lack of KS within organizations has been approached from many perspectives. One perspective that has been outlined in recent studies is the organizational culture (OC) perspective, which examines the interaction between OC and KS behaviors. Although research has been conducted on OC and KS, the findings of recent studies have been contradictory. These conflicts were due to the different operationalization of KS. The purpose of this research was to conduct a multi method study to investigate the interaction between KS and OC in detail. A case study within a Fortune 50 organization was undertaken to address the problem. By focusing on socialization adopted from the socialization, externalization, combination, internalization (SECI) model, the iceberg theory, and the Competing Values Framework (CVF), two questions were explored to address an unexamined area within the body of knowledge. Per the recent calls for research, the questions addressed KS itemized into knowledge seeking and knowledge contributing, and investigated the phenomenon at multiple levels of the organization. The first question examined the interaction between OC and KS via socialization amongst peers for: (a) overall organization, (b) non-managers, (c) first level managers, and (d) second-level managers. The second question examined the interaction between OC and KS via socialization amongst various levels for: (a) subordinates and managers in overall organization, (b) non-managers and first level managers, and (c) first level managers and second level managers. Data were collected through 82 surveys, 23 interviews, 23 observations, and company records for the calendar year of 2017 to provide multiple types of data for triangulation. The quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, correlation tables, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and visualization. The qualitative data were analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The combined results were triangulated to reach the conclusions. The MANCOVA displayed a significant interaction between OC and KS via socialization. Furthermore, the triangulated results showcased that perceived bureaucratic culture and perceived competitive- bureaucratic culture had a negative relationship with KS via socialization amongst peers, knowledge seeking for manager to subordinate, and subordinate to manager, but not for between level knowledge contributing. While perceived clan culture had a positive relationship with KS via socialization amongst peers, and for knowledge seeking from managers, but not for between level knowledge contributing. Perceived competitive culture was only discovered to have a negative relationship with knowledge seeking for level two managers, while having a positive relationship with knowledge contributing to employees, and knowledge contributing amongst peers with knowledge seeking as moderating variable. The various organizational levels also showcased distinct results which requires further investigation. Future research suggestions were made to extend the body of knowledge through various directions, alongside an IS solution recommendation for organizations to improve KS.

Lean manufacturing is one of the most developing manufacturing philosophies through which firms can minimise waste in the production process. Implementing lean practices successfully enables firms to lower unit costs of production and maximise value to the customer, which in turn helps them to increase their competitive edge over rivals. The emerging literature considers organisational culture as a necessary intangible source for achieving a competitive advantage for companies, and to have a critical role in the success or failure of lean practices implementation. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of organisational culture on lean technical practices in the manufacturing firms in Jordan. More specifically, four conceptual models have been developed in the current study highlighting the effect of each type of organisational culture on lean technical practices implementation. In addition, more emphasis was on understanding the mechanism through which customers' involvement, employees’ involvement and suppliers’ involvement affect the relationship between organisational culture and lean technical practices. Thus, the four conceptual models bring to light the potential intervening role of the human lean practices in the organisational culture/ lean technical practices association. After identifying and reviewing the relevant literature, the socio-technical system theory, contingency theory and RBV are adopted to develop the conceptual models and associated hypotheses. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques have been adopted to analyse a dataset of over 200 manufacturing firms in Jordan, collected by using a self-administered survey. The findings of this study indicate that the hierarchical culture has the highest substantial positive effect on lean technical practices followed by developmental culture, group culture and rational culture respectively. In addition, it is found that each type of organisational culture (group, developmental, hierarchical and rational) affects positively lean human practices (customers' involvement, employees’ involvement and suppliers’ involvement) in different statistical levels. For example, all types of organisational culture affect suppliers’ involvement more than customers’ involvement and employees’ involvement respectively. Moreover, it is found that customers’ involvement and suppliers’ involvement have the highest positive effect on lean technical practices in the rational culture and the least positive effect in the hierarchical culture. Furthermore, it is found that the positive effect of each type of organisational culture on lean technical practices is partially mediated by customers' involvement and partially mediated by suppliers’ involvement. The highest significant mediating effect of customers' involvement and suppliers’ involvement lies in the rational culture/lean technical practices link whereas the lowest significant mediating effect of customers' involvement and suppliers’ involvement lies is in the hierarchical culture/ lean technical practices link. Finally, it is found that employees’ involvement does not mediate the relationship between organisational culture and lean technical practices. These findings provide new evidence from Jordan to support the hypotheses that the organisational culture can act as a crucial pre-condition for lean technical practices to be fully effective. Additionally, the findings reinforce the notion that emphasizing the human side of lean especially for customers' involvement and suppliers' involvement can promote the effectiveness of lean implementation. The current study contributes to the current literature at two levels. First, at the theoretical level, this study develops multiple conceptual models which crosses two streams of literature mainly, organisational culture literature and lean manufacturing literature with a focus on the human side of lean. Unlike previous studies, the models integrate the direct effect of organisational culture on lean technical practices and the intervening role of lean human practices due to which the organisational culture is assumed to have also an indirect effect on lean technical practices. Furthermore, employing a powerful statistical technique (Analysis of Moment Structure-SEM) provides more credibility to the results reported in this study. Second, at the empirical level, this study is conducted in the Jordanian context. As such, this study is one of the first, to our knowledge, that examines the effect of organisational culture on lean technical practices, as well as having examined the mechanism of how each type of organisational culture affects lean technical practices using empirical survey data from this context.

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21世紀「知識」成為各國經濟發展之主要驅動力，企業更多採專案型組織運作以靈活應變，如何有效管理知識工作者也使企業文化愈受重視。專案型組織因知識工作者增加、多角化跨入新業務型態而有文化轉型需求。本研究欲探討專案型組織於傳統營建工程、知識密集服務、複雜產品系統三種業務類型下之配適文化與轉型模式。藉由蒐集個案公司Kyowa Exeo和IBM官方資料與高階主管談論文化之內容進行文化元素篩選，經競值架構特質表檢驗後，得出應變型文化、家族型文化、市場型文化、階層型文化四種文化類型之佔比，依此繪製舊文化暨新文化之文化剖面圖以進行文化配適與轉型討論。本研究貢獻為專案型組織分類、專案型組織文化情境配適表與文化轉型模式，並確認「家族型文化」於三類專案型組織配適文化中皆為重要元素。後續研究可繼續完善專案型組織文化情境配適表，驗證家族型文化在知識經濟時代對於專案型組織之重要性。 / In the 21st century, “Knowledge” becomes the driving force of economic development all over the world. More and more enterprises choose to change their structure to project-based organization in order to achieve flexibility. Corporate culture is getting more important for enterprises to manage knowledge workers. The demand of culture transformation in project-based organization is derived from the phenomenon of booming knowledge worker population and the strategy of diversification into new business. This study aims to explore the most suitable kinds of organizational culture for three different types of project-based organization, including traditional construction, knowledge-intensive business service, and complex product and system, and discuss the process of the culture transformation. The initial data bank of cultural elements is selected from official information, culture-related comment from senior managers (Kyowa Exeo and IBM). These elements are sorted into four kinds of organization cultures by the characteristic table of Competing Values Framework: Adhocracy culture, Clan culture, Market culture and Hierarchy culture. Two cases are studied in details by grouping their cultural elements in accordance to the four cultural categories. The percentage of each culture of Competing Values Framework is calculated and the culture profile of initial culture and new culture are drawn for in–depth discussion of cultural fit and culture transformation. The contributions of this research are the classification of project-based organization, and their most suitable cultures and culture transformation model. Besides, “Clan culture” is a critical element towards all three types of project-based organization. Follow-up research can improve the effectiveness of cultural fit table of project-based organization and verify the significance of Clan culture for project-based organization in the era of knowledge economy.

Organisationskultur är något som är komplext och svårdefinierat men som likväl har en betydelsefull roll. I nuvarande situation befinner sig sjukvården i en dragkamp mellan olika kulturer då det är en hierarkisk struktur, som idag kräver ett externt, ekonomiskt tänkt och som arbetar för att ge patienter ett värdigt möte. Samtidigt finns det stress för personalen i form av personalbrist medan cheferna har tryck från politiker och strama budgetar. Syftet med studien är att empiriskt undersöka om uppfattningen av en kultur inom slutenvården i Värmlands läns landsting, kan skilja sig beroende på hierarkisk position. I studiens syfte ingår också att identifiera och analysera de kommunikativa faktorer som bidrar till att kulturen skulle kunna uppfattas olika. Studiens huvudsakliga frågeställning är “I vilken utsträckning påverkar en anställds hierarkiska position dennes uppfattning om organisationskulturen?” följt av ”Vilken relation har den interna kommunikationen till den/de rådande uppfattningarna?”. Studiens analytiska ramverk har baserats på tidigare forskning och inom branschen väletablerade teorier för att definiera en viss typ av kultur inom en organisation, bland annat används ramverket för konkurrerande värderingar (Competing Values Framework) med vilken studien definierar de olika kulturerna inom organisationen genom dimensioner och kluster. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har en enkätundersökning tillämpats. En totalundersökning gjordes på populationen som dock fick en bristande svarsfrekvens. Resultaten indikerade att en tydlig hierarkisk kultur uppfattas inom organisationen. Däremot fanns stora önskemål om att styra den mot en mer familjär kultur men att fortfarande behålla de hierarkiska strukturerna. Cheferna ansåg att deras ledarskap karaktäriseras av hjälpsamhet och uppmuntran till deltagande, vilket dock inte var något som uppfattades av någon annan inom organisationen. Detta beror med stor sannolikhet på den enkelriktade kommunikationen som går igenom en hierarkisk kommunikationsmodell. / Organizational culture is somewhat hard to define and a complex matter that nevertheless has an important role. The current healthcare is challenged by a tug of war between different cultures for its hierarchical structure, which today needs an external and economic turn of mind and still work for a worthy meeting with the patient. Simultaneously it exists a stressful situation for the health professionals in terms of staff shortage while the management has a constraint from politicians and tight budgets. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate whether the perception of an organizational culture within Värmlands Council may differ depending on individual’s hierarchical positions. The purpose also includes identifying and analysing the communicative factors that contribute to the different perceptions. The main question of the study is “To what extent does an employee’s hierarchical position affect the perception of an organizational culture?” followed by “What is the relationship between the internal communication and the current perceptions?” The analytical framework of the study is based on previous research and within the industry well-established theories, including the Competing Values Framework, which the study uses to define the different cultures within the organization through its dimensions and clusters. To answer the study’s questions a survey has been applied that was sent to the whole population, which however, received a lack of response rate. The results indicate that a distinct hierarchical culture is perceived within the organization, alongside desires to direct it towards a more family-oriented culture while maintaining the hierarchical structures. The managers considered their leadership to be characterized by helpfulness and encouragement for participation, however it was not perceived in such way by anyone else within the organization. This is most likely due to the one-way communication that goes through a hierarchical communication model within the organization.

This Diploma Thesis focuses on comparison of organisational culture in state-controlled, commercial and non-profit organisations in the area of pre-school education. It is based on the Competing Values Framework developed by Cameron and Quinn, according to whom there are four types of organisational culture. The goal of this Thesis is to identify and describe the culture types in organisations in the above-mentioned three sectors, and to subsequently compare these types so that their similarities and differences can be revealed. The chosen method of research is a case study; the data was collected by a questionnaire survey among employees and by analysis of documents used in the organisations. My research has indicated that the organisational culture in the three sectors is similar in certain elements, but different in others. An established similarity is the presence of the clan culture, which is a friendly and informal working environment. Regarding the differences, the culture is more bureaucratic and hierarchic in a state-controlled organisation, while more dynamic and focused on innovations in commercial and non-profit ones.

I varje organisation existerar det en kultur, organisationskultur, som är unik just för företaget och inom den kan det finnas variationer. Kunskap om hur organisationskulturen ser ut, vilka variationer som finns, vad de beror på och hur de kan komma till uttryck är en styrka för organisationen och ger den en stor fördel i dess utveckling samt kan vara avgörande för organisationens överlevnad. Ett sätt att få kunskap om sin organisationskultur kan vara att mäta den. Denna studie syftade till att få en fördjupad förståelse av organisationskultur och, med mätinstrumentet OCAI, utröna hur den såg ut för två enheter (butik och HR) i en organisation. Genom en kombinerad studie genomfördes en enkät och en gruppintervju som besvarade frågeställningarna. Frågorna som användes för att besvara syftet innefattade hur organisationskulturen såg ut i respektive enhets Nuläge och Önskat läge, samsynen mellan enheterna och hur de betraktade utfallet av enkäten. De centrala resultat som framkom i studien var att de två enheterna hade, vid mätning av deras Nuläge, skattat sin organisationskultur lika. Klankultur är den kultur som domineras och delas av båda enheterna. Det rådde inte lika hög kongruens i enheternas skattning för Önskat läge; HR önskade större förändringar än butiken. Framförallt var det hierarki och marknadskulturen som HR ville minska medan butiken inte ville ha någon större förändring från Nuläget. De marginella skillnaderna butiken önskade var att minska hierarkin och öka adhokratin. Vid gruppintervjun uttryckte deltagarna en igenkänning i resultatet och att OCAI fyller ett glapp genom att kunna vara ett komplement till den årliga medarbetarundersökningen. Organisationen arbetade aktivt med sin organisationskultur och resultatet skulle kunna tyda på att kulturen genomsyrade hela företaget men en vidare undersökning behöver genomföras innan det går att konstatera.