Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ FRANCIELI .pdf: 3210488 bytes, checksum: 139233665a2fb9191412af6ecba0f292 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / The composting process has been used as the main way to stabilize agro-industrial waste from the broiler production chain. These wastes are generated in the run-fattening stage and during the slaughtering and processing of meat, originally inadequate to composting process due to its high levels of nitrogen. The objective of this research was to evaluate different lignocellulosic materials available regionally as a carbon source to be added to the composting process. The lignocellulosic materials were carding cotton waste, pruning of urban trees, sawdust, crushed sugarcane bagasse and crushed napier grass, which mixed with other wastes (reproductive poultry bedding, hatchery waste, flotation sludge, sausage skins and coal from boilers), constituted the treatments. Five windrows were set up and monitored, with C:N ratio of around 30. The windrows were turned twice a week in the first month and once a week in the following months until stabilization, confirmed by the decline of the windrow temperature until it reaches values of room temperature. At every turning, moisture was adjusted to 60%. The time of composting was evaluated, as well as mass reductions and volume (parameters related to optimization of the composting area); losses of N, P and K; concentration of N, P and K and the ratio of humic to fulvic acid - HA / FA that to characterize the agronomic value of the final compost, in addition to monitoring of microbiological parameters such as basal respiration and activity enzymatic β-glucosidase, cellulase, acid and alkaline phosphatase. With the aid of techniques of Multivariate Analysis (Cluster Analysis and Principal Component), it was concluded that the treatment which used the carding cotton waste as a carbon source allowed optimizing the use of composting area and provided the production of a organic compost with greater agronomic value. Regarding the microbiological parameters, these were most intense in the thermophilic phase, being the cellulase activity most accentuated. / O processo de compostagem é utilizado como principal forma de estabilizar resíduos agroindustriais provenientes da cadeia produtiva do frango de corte. Trata-se dos resíduos gerados no período que antecede a fase de engorda e durante o abate e industrialização da carne, originalmente inadequados ao processo de compostagem por apresentarem altos teores de nitrogênio. Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes materiais lignocelulósicos disponíveis regionalmente como fonte de carbono a ser adicionado na compostagem destes resíduos. Os materiais lignocelulósicos avaliados foram: resíduos da desfibrilação do algodão, podas de árvores urbanas, serragem, bagaço de cana moído e capim napier triturado, que em mistura com os demais resíduos (cama de matrizeiro, resíduos de incubatório, lodo de flotador, tripa celulósica e carvão), constituíram os tratamentos. Foram montadas e monitoradas cinco leiras, com relação C:N em torno de 30. As leiras foram revolvidas duas vezes por semana no primeiro mês e uma vez por semana nos meses seguintes até a estabilização, confirmada pelo declínio da temperatura da leira até atingir os valores da temperatura ambiente. A cada revolvimento, a umidade foi corrigida para 60%. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o tempo de compostagem e as reduções de massa e volume (parâmetros relacionados à otimização do pátio de compostagem); perdas de N, P e K, concentração de N, P e K e relação ácidos húmicos:ácidos/fúlvicos AH/AF que permitiram caracterizar o valor agronômico do composto final. Monitorou-se os parâmetros microbiológicos, como a respiração basal e a atividade enzimática de β-glucosidase, celulase, fosfatase ácida e alcalina. Com auxílio de técnicas da Análise Multivariada (Análise de Agrupamento e de Componentes Principais), concluiu-se que o tratamento em que se utilizou o resíduo da desfibrilação de algodão como fonte de carbono permite otimizar a utilização do pátio de compostagem e proporciona a produção de um composto orgânico com maior valor agronômico. Com relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, estes foram mais intensos na fase termofílica, sendo a atividade de celulase a mais pronunciada

L'industrie oléicole joue un rôle socio-économique important pour les pays méditerranéens. Cependant, ce secteur pose également de sérieux problèmes environnementaux dus à la production de grandes quantités de sous-produits pendant de courtes périodes : les grignons d'olive, les margines (effluents liquide) et les margions. En effet, les margines représentent un défi environnemental majeur. Face à cette situation, plusieurs techniques physico-chimique et biologique ont été développées pour répondre à cette problématique. Malgré leur efficacité, ces techniques présentent l’inconvénient d’être chères. L'objectif de ce travail est de contribuer à la gestion et la valorisation à grande échelle des sous-produits oléicoles à travers l’optimisation des paramètres de démarrage du processus, le compostage et le lombricompostage et de mettre au point une méthode simple et efficace de suivi de l’évolution chimique et biologique des composts. Notre étude a porté sur le lombricompostage et le compostage d’un mélange de grignons d’olive, de fumier de cheval et de paille de blé, imbibé avec un ajout de margines à différentes concentrations. Le compost et le vermicompost ont été caractérisés par des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques qui ont mis en évidence la minéralisation, l’humification et la stabilisation de la matière organique. Le lombricompostage, combiné au compostage, peut être une technique adaptée et moins couteuse pour le traitement et la valorisation des sous-produits oléicoles comme amendement organique à grande échelle. / The olive industry plays an important socio-economic role for the Mediterranean countries. However, this sector also caused serious environmental problems due to the production of large quantities of by-products for short periods: olive pomace, olive mille wastewater (OMWW) and tow phase olive waste. Indeed, OMWW represent a major environmental challenge because of their chemical composition. Faced with this situation, several physicochemical and biological techniques have been developed to respond to this problem. Despite their effectiveness, these techniques have the disadvantage of being expensive. The objective of this study is to contribute to the management and the large-scale valorization of olive oil by-products through the optimization of the starting parameters of the process; composting and vermicomposting and to develop a simple and effective method for monitoring the chemical and biological evolution of composts. Our study focused on vermicomposting and composting a mixture of olive pomace, horse manure and wheat straw, soaked with the addition of OMWW at different concentrations. Compost and vermicompost were characterized by physicochemical parameters and biological parameters which showed the mineralization, humification and stabilization of organic matter.Vermicomposting, combined with composting, may be a suitable and less expensive technique for the processing and valorization of olive oil by-products as a large-scale organic amendment.

Ce travail vise à proposer une solution d’assainissement durable, digne, sécurisante, accessible à tous, permettant de réduire les maladies à transmission hydrique, adaptée aux populations vivant dans des conditions précaires en zones rurales de pays en développement. Il contribue ainsi à la lutte contre la défécation à l’air libre, une des cibles de l’Objectif de Développement Durable n°6 concernant l’eau et l’assainissement. Le choix s’est porté sur des toilettes sèches individuelles à litière biomaîtrisée et un mode de gestion communautaire des résidus, en lien avec une association paysanne locale. La mise en place s’est faite avec un accompagnement scientifique qui a donné lieu aux travaux présentés ici. Dans un premier temps, nous avons opéré selon une approche participative, visant à s’assurer de l’adhésion des utilisateurs. Puis nous avons mené un programme scientifique pour identifier les conditions permettant l’hygiénisation des résidus traités. Après 3 ans d’expérimentation, la filière d’assainissement mise en place est totalement adoptée par les ménages, qui apportent régulièrement leurs résidus sur le site de compostage. Une enquête a fait ressortir que les familles sont très satisfaites de ce mode d’assainissement à domicile et se sentent moins sujettes à des maladies féco-orales. Ces ménages se sont constitués en un groupe qui procède à présent à l’appui à la réplication. Les litières absorbantes utilisées, les résidus avant et après traitement par compostage ont été caractérisés. Des essais en pilotes ont permis de déterminer les conditions permettant de garantir une hygiénisation rapide, ce qui était un de nos principaux objectifs, afin de réduire les risques sanitaires. Nous sommes à présent à même de définir les « bonnes pratiques » pour que la filière d’assainissement par toilettes sèches à litière biomaîtrisée dans une zone rurale de pays en développement soit sûre et durable, sur les aspects sociaux, techniques, économiques, environnementaux et sanitaires. / This work aims at proposing a sustainable, dignified, safe, accessible to everyone sanitation solution, allowing to reduce water-borne diseases, adapted to populations living in precarious conditions in rural areas of developing countries. It thus contributes to the fight against open defecation, one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal n ° 6 concerning water and sanitation. The choice fell on individual dry toilets with biocontrolled litter and a way of community management of residues, in connection with a local peasant association. The implementation was done with a scientific accompaniment which gave rise to the work presented here. Firstly, we operated according to a participatory approach, aiming to ensure the adhesion of the users. Then we conducted a scientific program to identify the conditions allowing the sanitizing of treated residues. After 3 years of experimentation, the sanitation system set up is totally adopted by the households, who regularly bring their residues to the composting site. One survey found that the families are very satisfied with this type of home sanitation and feel less prone to disease. These households have formed into a group that now supports replication of the system. The absorbent litter used, the residues before and after composting were characterized. Pilot tests were conducted to determine conditions to ensure rapid sanitizing, which was one of our main objectives, in order to reduce health risks. We are now in position to assure safe and sustainable practices so that the sanitation by dry biocontrolled litter toilets in rural areas of developing countries satisfy social; technical; economical, environmental and health criteria.

El alperujo (AL) es uno de los principales residuos agroindustriales que se generan actualmente en España. Su tratamiento mediante compostaje ha demostrado ser suficientemente viable para su revalorización y utilización agrícola, conduciendo a la producción de composts ricos en materia orgánica humificada de clara naturaleza lignocelulósica, que pueden constituir una excelente materia prima para la producción industrial de abonos orgánicos y órgano-minerales de calidad. En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado a escala pre-industrial la viabilidad del compostaje de AL demostrando que con este proceso se pueden llegar a obtener cerca de 20 categorías de abonos y enmiendas orgánicas comerciales tanto en sus formas sólidas como líquidas de acuerdo con la legislación vigente (Real Decreto 824/2005).

Soils in the urban environment are distinctive in that they are modified through waste amendments. Consideration has been given to how urban soil properties reflect current human influence; however, recent studies highlight their potential as historical archives. The impact of waste disposal on the nature, properties and formation of urban soils is significant, especially in historic small towns where the extent and complexity of refuse management practices is only just emerging. This study uses a multi-method approach to characterise and understand modes of urban anthrosol formation in three Scottish burghs; Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown. The objectives of this study are threefold; to establish the nature and diversity of urban anthrosols in and near to historic small towns, to characterise and account for the multiplicity of urban anthrosols in and near to historic small towns, and to elucidate the processes associated with waste management and disposal in historic small towns. Physical, chemical and micromorphological analysis of topsoil deposits indicate sustained addition of past waste materials to soils within and near to historic small towns. Soil characteristics were heterogeneous across burghs; however, distinct patterns according to past functional zones were identified. The burgh core and burgh acres are important areas of interest at all three burghs. Soil modification was most pronounced within burgh cores resulting in the formation of hortic horizons. Soils within burgh cores are characterised by neutral pH, increased organic matter content, enhanced magnetic susceptibility and elevated elemental concentrations such as calcium, phosphorus and potassium. In comparison the nature and extent of soil modification within burgh acres is more varied. At Lauder hortic soils were identified in the burgh acres suggesting pronounced soil modification through cultivation. Deepened topsoil in the burgh acres at Pittenweem provided evidence for application of mineral rich waste materials in the past. Moreover, magnetic and elemental enhancement (barium, phosphorus, lead, zinc) within the burgh acres south of Wigtown revealed historic soils based anthropogenic signal. It is argued that changes in soil characteristics at Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown can be explained through processes of waste management and disposal in the past. Evidence from micromorphological analyses suggests that waste in burgh cores typically comprised domestic waste, animal waste, building materials and fuel residues. These materials were also identified within burgh acres, although it is noted that their abundances were significantly lower. Variation in urban anthrosol characteristics between burghs is attributed to differing industries and patterns of resource exploitation, for example marine waste associated with fishing was only identified in coastal burghs. The sustained addition of waste materials to soils within and near to historic small towns was an effective waste management strategy. Waste disposal in burgh cores was likely to be a combination of direct application and midden spreading in back gardens. This led to enhanced soil fertility which was important in the development of urban horticulture; particularly for poorer inhabitants who did not have access to arable farm land adjacent to the burgh. Dunghills acted as temporary stores of waste in the main thoroughfares of Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown. These dunghills were systematically transported to the burgh acres for further use as a fertiliser; hence, an early form of urban composting. Processes of waste disposal could not be deduced from soil characteristics alone; however, likely methods include direct waste deposition, storage and redistribution of midden waste, and storage and redistribution of dunghills. The limitations of soil classification systems and mapping are highlighted, for example urban soils are either omitted from soil maps or are misclassified. It is recommended that urban soils in historic towns should be incorporated into future regional soil maps. Urban soils represent a complex archive of past human behaviour not necessarily reflected in archaeological excavation or documentary analysis. It is argued that soil and artefacts are equally important, hence soil should be a consideration in urban heritage and conservation strategies.

Environmental pollution from untreated wastewater disposal is one of the most serious environmental issues. Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is known to be a very toxic compound, frequently found in polluted industrial wastewaters, and causes major environmental problems. On the other hand, among the agro-industrial wastewaters, dairy wastewaters can also cause serious environmental pollution due to their high organic loads. Specifically, when untreated dairy wastewater is deposited into surface water bodies it can cause eutrophication and environmental toxicity. The use of constructed wetlands began 40 years ago in North America and Europe. The idea arose from the use of wetlands as final recipients to treat effluent wastewaters. After studies on their construction and improved operations, today constructed wetlands are used as a processing technology in many countries for the treatment of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, landfill leachates, etc. Due to their simplicity and low operational cost, constructed wetlands are becoming more prevalent in wastewater treatment all over the world. Their range of applications is no longer limited to municipal wastewater or industrial wastewater but has expanded to the treatment of heavily polluted wastewaters such as agro-industrial effluents. Constructed wetlands can tolerate high pollutant loads and toxic substances without reducing their removal ability, thus these systems are very effective bio-reactors even in hostile environments. The potential application of constructed wetlands in the treatment of chromium-bearing wastewaters has been reported recently. Additionally, secondary cheese whey, a nutrient-rich wastewater which has high potential of polluting surface and/or groundwater, is now being treated either by conventional or biological treatment processes. However, limited research has been conducted on the treatment of secondary cheese whey using constructed wetlands. The objectives of this PhD research were to evaluate a) the effect of different parameters (HRT, temperature, physiochemical parameters) on the treatment of wastewater containing Cr(VI) and secondary cheese whey, using pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) constructed wetlands, b) a sustainable disposal technique of chromium treated reed biomass and c) the treatment efficiency of undiluted secondary cheese whey using pilot-scale HSF constructed wetland at very low HRT and removal of Cr(VI) by providing cheese whey as source of carbon. In the 1st experimental period of this dissertation, the research focused on the study of integrated chromium removal from aqueous solutions in HSF constructed wetlands. Two pilot-scale HSF constructed wetlands (CWs) units were built and operated. One unit was planted with common reeds (Phragmites australis) and one was kept unplanted. Influent concentrations of Cr(VI) ranged from 0.5 to 10 mg/L. The effects of temperature and hydraulic residence time (8 - 0.5 days) on Cr(VI) removal were studied. Temperature proved to affect Cr(VI) removal in both units. In the planted unit, maximum Cr(VI) removal efficiencies of 100% were recorded at HRT’s of 1 day with Cr(VI) concentrations of 5, 2.5 and 1 mg/L, while a significantly lower removal rate was recorded in the unplanted unit. Harvested reed biomass from the CWs was co-composted with olive mill wastes. The final product had excellent physicochemical characteristics (C/N: 14.1-14.7, germination index (GI): 145-157%, Cr: 8-10 mg/kg dry mass), fulfills EU requirements, and can be used as a fertilizer in organic farming. In the 2nd experiment of the first experimental period of this research, two horizontal subsurface flow pilot-scale constructed wetlands were built and operated for almost two years to treat secondary cheese whey. One unit was planted with common reeds (Phragmites australis) and one was kept unplanted. The pilot-scale wetlands operated under various hydraulic residence times (8, 4, 2 and 1 day), temperatures (2.4 to 32.90C) and COD influent concentrations (1200 to 7200 mg/L) in order to examine their effect on secondary cheese whey treatment efficiency. Both units successfully removed organic matter, as COD removal efficiencies of 91% and 77.23% were recorded for the planted and unplanted unit, respectively. Hydraulic residence time affected COD removal efficiency only when limited to 1 day. Temperature significantly affected COD removal only in the unplanted unit, while the planted unit's efficiency was affected only by the annual plant growth cycle. It should be noted that COD effluent concentrations were below EU legislation units (120 mg/L) even when the CWs operated under the shortest hydraulic residence time ever reported in the literature (2 days) with COD influent concentrations ranging from 1200 to 3500 mg/L. In the 2rd experimental period, a mixed solution of cheese whey and hexavalent chromium was treated using pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. This study was performed in order to assess the effect of hydraulic residence time, the initial concentrations of both substances (i.e., Cr(VI) and cheese whey), the presence of vegetation, and surface load throughout the treatment process. Two hydraulic residence times (HRT) (8 and 4 days) were applied. The average electrical conductivity did not show any significance and the average pH values also did not fluctuate. COD concentrations varied between 2000 to 3000 mg/L, and Cr(VI) concentrations were between 0.5 and 5 mg/L. Regarding the removal of organic matter, the planted pilot units had the highest removal rates of around 70%, compared to the unplanted units with around 50%. The vegetation does not affect the removal of Cr(VI) whereas for COD removal, the vegetation does not perform its proper function which leads us to conclude that Cr(VI) influences the removal of COD. The overall outcome of this research is a significant contribution to the treatment of Cr(VI) and secondary cheese whey using constructed wetland technology. It could also be concluded that, constructed wetlands can potentially remove both Cr(VI) and COD at very low HRTs (1 and 2 days, respectively), when receiving moderate pollutant concentrations (5 mg Cr(VI)/L and >5000 mg COD/L), without any seasonal effect. Moreover, by using cheese whey as the carbon source, Cr(VI) can be successfully removed in constructed wetland systems with 4 days of HRT. / Η ρύπανση του περιβάλλοντος από τα ανεπεξέργαστα λύματα αποτελεί ένα από τα σημαντικότερα περιβαλλοντικά ζητήματα. Το εξασθενές χρώμιο (Cr(VI)), που είναι γνωστό για την τοξική του δράση, εντοπίζεται συχνά σε βιομηχανικά υγρά απόβλητα και προκαλεί σημαντικά περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα. Από την άλλη τα υγρά απόβλητα τυροκομικών μονάδων επίσης αποτελούν σημαντική περιβαλλοντική απειλή, λόγω του υψηλού οργανικού τους φορτίου. Ειδικότερα όταν ανεπεξέργαστα τυροκομικά υγρά απόβλητα καταλήγουν σε επιφανειακά υδάτινα σώματα μπορούν να προκαλέσουν ευτροφισμό και τοξικά φαινόμενα. Η χρήση των τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων ξεκίνησε πριν από περίπου 40 χρόνια στη Βόρεια Αμερική και την Ευρώπη. Η ιδέα προήλθε από τη χρήση φυσικών υγροβιότοπων ως τελικών αποδεκτών επεξεργασμένων υγρών αποβλήτων. Μετά από εκτεταμένη έρευνα σήμερα οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως ως τεχνολογία επεξεργασίας διαφόρων ειδών υγρών αποβλήτων και απορροών (π.χ. αστικά, βιομηχανικά, δισταλλάγματα κλπ.). Λόγω της απλότητας τους και του χαμηλού λειτουργικού κόστους οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι αποτελούν πλέον μια ανταγωνιστική τεχνολογία. Το εύρος των εφαρμογών τους δεν περιορίζεται πλέον μόνο στην επεξεργασία αστικών υγρών αποβλήτων, αλλά έχει επεκταθεί και στην επεξεργασία ισχυρών υγρών αποβλήτων, όπως των αγροτοβιομηχανικών. Οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι είναι ανθεκτικοί σε υψηλά ρυπαντικά φορτία και σε τοξικές ουσίες χωρίς να επηρεάζεται σημαντικά η λειτουργία τους. Συνεπώς οι τεχνητοί υγροβιότοποι είναι ιδιαιτέρως αποτελεσματικοί βίο-αντιδραστήρες ακόμα και ιδιαίτερα εχθρικά περιβάλλοντα. Η δυνατότητα χρήσης τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων για την επεξεργασία υγρών αποβλήτων με χρώμιο, μόλις πρόσφατα έχει αρχίσει να μελετάται. Επί πλέον ο δευτερογενής ορρός γάλακτος (τυρόγαλα), που είναι ένα υγρό απόβλητο με υψηλό περιεχόμενο θρεπτικών, κυρίως επεξεργάζεται με τη χρήση φυσικοχημικών και βιολογικών μεθόδων, ενώ η χρήση τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων είναι περιορισμένη. Ο κύριος σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης διαφόρων παραμέτρων (υδραυλικού χρόνου παραμονής-HRT, θερμοκρασίας, φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων) στην επεξεργασία αποβλήτων που περιέχουν Cr(VI) καθώς και του δευτερογενούς ορρού γάλακτος με τη χρήση πιλοτικών μονάδων τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων οριζόντιας υπόγειας ροής. Επιπλέον η παρούσα διατριβή στόχευε και στην εξεύρεση μιας βιώσιμης τεχνικής για την επεξεργασία της φυτικής βιομάζας και στην χρήση του δευτερογενούς ορρού γάλακτος, ως πηγή άνθρακα στην επεξεργασία του Cr(VI). Στη διάρκεια της 1ης πειραματικής περιόδου της παρούσας διατριβής, η έρευνα επικεντρώθηκε στη μελέτη της ολοκληρωμένης απομάκρυνσης του χρωμίου από υδατικά διαλύματα και στην επεξεργασία δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος από πιλοτικές μονάδες τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων οριζόντιας υπόγειας ροής. Για την ολοκληρωμένη απομάκρυνση του Cr(VI) χρησιμοποιηθήκαν δύο πιλοτικές μονάδες τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων οριζόντιας υπόγειας ροής. Η μία πιλοτική μονάδα ήταν φυτεμένη με κοινό καλάμι (Phragmites australis), ενώ η άλλη παρέμεινε αφύτευτη. Οι συγκεντρώσεις του Cr(VI) στα υδατικά διαλύματα κυμάνθηκαν από 0.5 έως 10 mg/L. Επίσης εξετάστηκε η επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας και του HRT (8 - 0.5 ημέρες) στην αφαίρεση του Cr(VI). Η θερμοκρασία αποδείχτηκε να επηρεάζει την αφαίρεση του Cr(VI) και στις 2 πιλοτικές μονάδες. Οι αποδόσεις απομάκρυνσης του Cr(VI) στην φυτεμένη πιλοτική μονάδα έφθασαν το 100% ακόμα και για HRT της 1 ημέρας, με συγκεντρώσεις εισόδου Cr(VI) 5, 2.5 και 1 mg/L. Σε αντίθεση, η αφύτευτη πιλοτική μονάδα κατέγραψε σημαντικά χαμηλότερες αποδόσεις απομάκρυνσης Cr(VI). Η φυτική βιομάζα που συλλέχθηκε από την φυτεμένη πιλοτική μονάδα κομποστοποιήθηκε μαζί με στερεά απόβλητα ελαιοτριβείου. Το τελικό προϊόν της κομποστοποιήσης είχε εξαιρετικά φυσικοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά (C/N: 14.1-14.7, δείκτης βλαστικότητας (GI): 145-157%, Cr: 8-10 mg/kg dry mass), τα οποία πληρούν τα όρια της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για τη χρήση του ως λίπασμα σε οργανικές καλλιέργειες. Η δεύτερη πειραματική διάταξη της 1ης πειραματικής περιόδου περιελάμβανε δύο όμοιες πιλοτικές μονάδες με τις παραπάνω, που ωστόσο χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την επεξεργασία δευτερογενούς ορρού τυρογάλακτος. Οι πιλοτικές μονάδες λειτούργησαν υπό διαφόρους χρόνους παραμονής (8, 4, 2 και 1 ημέρα), θερμοκρασίες (από 2.4 έως 32.90C) και συγκεντρώσεις εισόδου COD (από 1200 έως 7200 mg/L) Οι δύο μονάδες επεξεργάστηκαν επιτυχώς το δευτερογενή ορρό γάλακτος, αφού καταγράφηκαν για την φυτεμένη και την αφύτευτη πιλοτική μονάδα, αποδόσεις αφαίρεσης COD της τάξης του 91% και 77.23%, αντίστοιχα. Ο υδραυλικός χρόνος παραμονής επηρέασε την απόδοση τω δύο πιλοτικών μονάδων μόνο όταν μειώθηκε στην 1 ημέρα. Αντιθέτως, η θερμοκρασία επηρέασε μόνο την αφύτευτη πιλοτική μονάδα, ενώ η απόδοση της φυτεμένης επηρεάστηκε μόνο από τον ετήσιο κύκλο ανάπτυξης των φυτών. Πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι οι συγκεντρώσεις εξόδου του COD ήταν χαμηλότερες των ορίων της Ε.Ε., ακόμα και για χρόνους παραμονής 2 ημερών (ο χαμηλότερος που έχει αναφερθεί μέχρι τώρα στη βιβλιογραφία) με αρχικές συγκεντρώσεις εισόδου COD από 1200 έως 3500 mg/L. Στη διάρκεια της 2ης πειραματικής περιόδου οι τέσσερεις συνολικά πιλοτικές μονάδες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην 1η περίοδο, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επίσης και για την επεξεργασία ενός μεικτού διαλύματος δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος και Cr(VI). Στόχος των πειραμάτων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν ήταν η αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης του χρόνου παραμονής (8 και 4 ημέρες), των συγκεντρώσεων εισόδου του Cr(VI) (από 0.5 έως 5 mg/L) και του COD (από 2000 έως 3000 mg/L), του φυτού και του επιφανειακού φορτίου στην απόδοση των πιλοτικών μονάδων. Όσον αφόρα την αφαίρεση της οργανικής ύλης, οι φυτεμένες πιλοτικές μονάδες κατέγραψαν υψηλότερα ποσοστά απομάκρυνσης (περίπου 70%) σε σύγκριση με τις αφύτευτες (περίπου 50%). Σε αντίθεση, η απομάκρυνση του Cr(VI) έδειξε να μην επηρεάζεται από την παρουσία φυτών. Τέλος, παρατηρήθηκε ότι η ύπαρξη του Cr(VI) επηρεάζει την απομάκρυνση του οργανικού φορτίου. Τα τελικά συμπεράσματα της παρούσας διατριβής αποτελούν μια σημαντική συνεισφορά στην επεξεργασία υγρών αποβλήτων που περιέχουν Cr(VI) καθώς και του δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος από τεχνητούς υγροβιότοπους. Επίσης μπορεί να συμπεραθεί ότι η χρήση των τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων για την αφαίρεση Cr(VI) και COD μπορεί να επιτευχθεί ακόμη και σε πολύ χαμηλούς χρόνους παραμονής (1 και 2 ημερών, αντίστοιχα), καθώς και σε υψηλές αρχικές συγκεντρώσεις (5 mg Cr(VI)/L και >5000 mg COD/L, αντίστοιχα). Τέλος, η χρήση του δευτερογενή ορρού γάλακτος ως πηγή άνθρακα στην αφαίρεση του Cr(VI), ήταν πλήρως επιτυχημένη.

Behovet av bättre avfallshantering ökar ständigt då befolkningen ökar och jordbruket intensifieras. Avfallshanteringen idag är dåligt konstruerad för organiskt avfall i många länder då det hamnar på deponier som släpper ut växthusgaser till atmosfären vilket påverkar klimatet negativt. En möjlig lösning att implementera en metod som genererar en värdefull produkt så som fluglarvskompostering. Det är en organisk avfallsbehandlingsmetod som använder larver av den amerikanska vapenflugan som kan reducera mängden avfall. Avfallet omvandlas till larvernas biomassa som är proteinrik och kan användas som djurfoder. Behandlingsresterna kan användas som gödningsmedel eller producera biogas. Väldigt lite är känt gällande växthusgasutsläppen från fluglarvskompostering. Under nuvarande EU lagstiftning i produktionssammanhang så är flugan ett produktionsdjur, som inte tillåts att födas upp på matavfall innehållande animaliska biprodukter. Därför har vegetabiliskt matavfall undersökts i denna studie för att i produktionssammanhang kunna använda sig av fluglarvskompostering. De vegetabiliska avfallet som använts var apelsinskal och blomkål blandat med broccoli (i denna studie kallad blomkålsblandning). Vegetabiliskt avfall innehåller svåråtkomlig näring för larverna och för att de ska kunna tillgodose sig så mycket som möjligt gjordes förbehandlingar. Förbehandlingarna som utfördes var med svamp och med ammoniumlösning då dessa har visat sig spjälka upp svåråtkomlig näring. Matavfall är känt för att fungera bra i fluglarvskompostering och användes som referens. Utsläpp av växthusgaserna CO2, NH3, N2O och CH4 undersöktes genom användande av kammarteknik. Vid behandlingar av blomkålsblandningen förbättrade förbehandlingarna materialreduktionen endast lite, vilket var i genomsnitt 82 %, men den totala minskningen i detta substrat var större än för matavfall vars reduktion var 60 %. Reduktionen varierade mellan 38-86 % i behandlingarna av apelsinskal. Larvbehandlingen av matavfall resulterade i den högsta omvandlingskvoten. Båda vegetabiliska substraten förbehandlat med NH4+ hade höga utsläpp av NH3. Behandlingarna av blomkålsblandningen hade högre utsläpp av N2O men mindre än i konventionella avfallsbehandlingar som kompostering. De substrat som inte förbehandlats hade låga utsläpp av CH4, inklusive matavfallet jämfört med de förbehandlade substraten som var mindre än i aerobisk kompostering. När en behandlingsstrategi väljs för kompostering med fluglarver, för små gasutsläpp så bör svampförbehandlat substrat användas, medan substrat förbehandlat med NH4+ resulterar i högre materialreduktion. / The need for better waste management is increasing as the population increases and agriculture is intensified. Organic waste management today is poorly designed in many countries leading to waste ending up in landfills which results in more greenhouse gases being emitted to the atmosphere, contributing to the global climate change. A possible solution is to implement a method that generates a valuable product such as fly larvae composting, which is an organic waste treatment method that uses larvae of the black soldier fly that can reduce the amount of waste. The waste is converted to the larval biomass which is rich in protein and possible to use as animal feed. Treatment residues can be used as fertilizers or to produce biogas. Very little is known about greenhouse gas emissions from fly larvae composting. Under current EU legislation in production contexts, the fly is considered a production animal that is not allowed to be raised on food waste containing animal by-products. Therefore, in this study, vegetable waste was investigated in order to be able to use fly larvae composting in production contexts. The vegetable waste used was orange peels and cauliflower mixed with broccoli (in this study referred to as cauliflower mix). Vegetable waste contains nutrients which are hard to digest for larvae and in order to improve digestibility, pretreatments were performed. The pretreatments carried out were with fungus and ammonia solution, as these have been shown to make hardly bound nutrients available. Food waste is known to work well in fly larvae composting and was used as a reference. Emissions of greenhouse gases CO2, NH3, N2O and CH4 were measured using chamber technique. In the treatment of cauliflower mix, the pretreatment improved the material reduction only slightly, which was on average 82 % but the overall total reduction was greater than that for food waste which had a reduction at 60 %. The reduction ranged between 38-86 % among all of the treatments of orange peels. Larvae treatment on food waste resulted in the largest biomass conversion ratio. Both vegetable substrates pretreated with NH4+ had high emissions of NH3. The treatments of cauliflower mix had higher emissions of N2O but they were lower than what is generally expected in conventional waste treatments such as composting. The non-pretreated substrates had low emissions of CH4, including the food waste compared to the pretreated ones which nevertheless were lower than in aerobic composting. When selecting a treatment strategy for fly larvae composting, to achieve low gas emissions, fungus pretreated substrates should be used while substrates pretreated with NH4+ result in higher material reduction.

La variété des pratiques de compostage et les différences de nature des substrats modifient la vitesse de dégradation de la matière organique (MO), la qualité finale du compost produit et la part d'émissions sous forme de polluants gazeux. L'optimisation du procédé nécessite la prédiction de ces transformations ou la réalisation d'essais empiriques. Cette thèse analyse les interactions entre les processus biologiques, biochimiques, physico-chimiques et thermodynamiques majeurs à l'origine de la stabilisation de la MO et des émissions gazeuses de CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. Elle se focalise sur le compostage par aération passive en andain d'effluents d'élevage. La méthode s'appuie sur la modélisation dynamique et des expérimentations. L'impact des interactions entre la biodégradabilité du carbone, la disponibilité de l'azote, l'humidité et la porosité, sur la cinétique et la stœchiométrie des émissions gazeuses est analysé à partir d’observations en conditions contrôlées et sur une plateforme de compostage. Les écarts de répétabilité faibles en conditions contrôlées deviennent élevés en conditions de reproductibilité sur le terrain. Un modèle dynamique de compostage a été développé simulant la stabilisation de la MO et les émissions de CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. Il est composé de quatre modules simulant les cinétiques d'oxydation de la MO par une population microbienne, les échanges thermiques et l'aération passive, le transfert d'oxygène, les transformations de l'azote. Lors de la phase thermophile, le facteur limitant le plus rapidement l'organisation de la MO est la disponibilité de l'azote. L'abaissement de la porosité entraîne une diminution des pertes gazeuses par l'augmentation de l'organisation de la MO. Le fractionnement initial de la MO ainsi que la teneur initiale en biomasse microbienne sont les facteurs clés pour prédire les cinétiques d'organisation de la MO. La calibration des paramètres d’initialisation du modèle reste à améliorer / The variety of the practices and the differences in nature of the substrates modify the kinetics of degradation of organic matter (OM), the final quality of the produced compost and the fraction emitted as gaseous pollutants. To optimize the composting process, it is required to predict these transformations or to do some empirical test. This thesis analyzes the interactions between the main biological, biochemical, physicochemical and thermodynamic processes which explain the OM stabilization and the gaseous emissions of CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. Focus is done on windrow composting with passive aeration. The method is based on dynamic semi-empirical modeling of the process and experimentations. The impact of the interactions between bioavailability of carbon and nitrogen, moisture and porosity, on the kinetics and the stoechiometry of the gaseous emissions is analyzed with data gathered in controlled conditions and on a commercial composting plant. The repeatability differences are small in controlled conditions but higher in field conditions. A dynamic model of composting was developed simulating the stabilization of OM as well as the emissions of CO2, H2O, NH3, N2O. This model is composed of four coupled modules which simulate the kinetics of oxidation of OM by a heterotrophic microbial population, the heat transfers leading to the passive aeration, the transfer of oxygen, the transformations of nitrogen. During the thermopilic phase, the first factor limiting the organization of OM is the availability of nitrogen. The decrease in porosity induces a reduction in the gas losses through the increase in the organization of OM. The initial OM fractionation and the initial microbial biomass are the key factors to predict the kinetics of organization of OM. The calibration of the specific parameters used for model initialization needs a further implementation

[pt] A preocupação com a gestão e gerenciamento adequado dos resíduos sólidos é uma questão de grande importância para a manutenção da qualidade de vida e de um meio ambiente saudável. É essencial que a conscientização em relação a este tema nasça da responsabilidade da população em parceria imprescindível e indispensável do Poder Público em todas as suas esferas e das empresas privadas. A partir de 2010, com a aprovação das leis federais n. 11.445 (Política Nacional de Saneamento Básico) e 12.305 (Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos), e com a definição de programas e metas visando à universalização dos serviços, o tema resíduos sólidos ganhou mais poder e visibilidade e vem sendo amplamente discutido. Entretanto, ainda é evidente que, na maioria dos municípios brasileiros, a gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos estão muito aquém de atingir resultados desejados e satisfatórios. Este trabalho avalia especificamente o Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos Sólidos para o município de Paty do Alferes, localizado no estado do Rio de Janeiro, e analisa a operacionalidade da Unidade de Triagem e Compostagem instalada neste município. Para isso, foram realizadas revisões bibliográficas, visitas de campo, coletas de dados e entrevistas com pessoas envolvidas neste processo. Como resultados obtiveram-se matrizes de análise que poderão ser aplicadas a outros municípios possibilitando a identificação de pontos fracos e fortes no Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos Sólidos e nas estruturas e operação de uma UTC, bem como sua utilização como apoio para elaboração do Plano Municipal de Resíduos Sólidos. Conclui-se que ainda é enorme a deficiência dos municípios brasileiros na gestão e gerenciamento de seus resíduos, demonstrando a necessidade de conscientização da população e de grandes investimentos em capacitação e infraestrutura por parte dos poderes públicos e privados. / [en] The integrated management of urban solid waste is of great importance to maintaining public health and the environment. The setting of policies suitable for the local reality ensures efficient performance of services, right choice of type of treatment and environmentally appropriate final disposal. Since 2010, with the regulation of Federal Law no. 11.445 (National Policy for Basic Sanitation) and Federal Law no. 12.305 (National Policy for Solid Waste), the guidelines concerning solid waste management and the responsibilities of its generators and the government became clearly defined, providing extensive discussions and the implementation of classes and seminars all over the country. The National Policy for Solid Waste provides for the goals, instruments and guidelines regarding solid waste management, both its generators and the government s responsibilities and the applicable economic instruments. Among the goals presented in the above-mentioned law, it s important to point out: Reduction of waste consumption and generation, encouragement towards recycling, reutilization, treatment and appropriate disposal of refuse; Support to the recycling industry, inciting the use of products made of recyclable raw materials; Perfecting of technical team for working with solid waste; and Promotion of the engagement of scavengers and associations in actions that involve shared responsibility for the products life cycle. This law also reaffirms that social participation is mandatory and essential in all steps of the elaboration process of solid waste plans (national, state and municipal), thus intending for the programs and plans to represent the real local and the people s need, in addition to determining that these plans be publicized in all social spheres.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:43:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoSSJ_DISSERT.pdf: 1787707 bytes, checksum: 43dde43d6a3eb1e5d3dd4888ccb3c5b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Nowadays, as well as in the past decades, the dumping of biodegradable organic waste in landfill is common practice in Brazil, as well as in most parts of the world. Nevertheless due to its rapid decomposition and release of odors, this practice hamper?s the operation and implementation of a recycling system. These facts encouraged our research to find an efficient system for the management of organic waste, not only for the use of official workers responsible for managing these wastes, but also for non-governmental institutions. The Recycling for Life Community Association ? ACREVI (Associa??o Comunit?ria Reciclando para a Vida), together with the municipal authorities of Mossor?-RN, Brazil, have assumed the social role of collecting and recycling solid waste produced by most of the local population. However, it was observed that the organic waste it collected was not receiving any treatment. This present work aims to make compost with mixed waste (green waste and organic household), and then do chemical analysis of the material in view to use the waste as organic fertilizer. The objective being: to share the knowledge acquired by putting it into a very simple language accessible to people with little education. The experiment was conducted at ACREVI, Mossor? (RN), and the compost was obtained following the method "windrow", forming three cells (I, II, III) with conical shape, dimensions of 1.6 meters and 2.0 meters in diameter for cells I and II, and 1.0 meters high and 2.0 meters in diameter for cell III. The process was accompanied by analysis: CHN elemental, a variation of cell temperature, humidity, pH, TKN, bulk density, nutrients and heavy metals. Stabilized organic compounds reached the C/N ratio of 10.4/1 cell I and 10.4/1 in the cell II in the cell, showing how good soil conditions, with potential to improve the physical properties of any soil and pH acid soils, has presented the cell III at the end of the process the C/N 26/1, is a high ratio may be associated with the stack size III, thus changing the optimal conditions for the occurrence of the process. The levels of heavy metals in the analyzed compounds were lower than those established by the SDA normative instruction, N? 27, of 5 June, 2006. The use of pruning trees and grass are used in small-scale composting, while generating a quality compost in the final process, it also created an important condition for a correct sizing of the composting piles. Under the studied conditions it is not advisable to use cells with a height of 1.00 m in height and 2.00 m in diameter, as these do not prevent the rapid dissipation of heat and thus can not be a good product at the end of composting. The composting process in the shed of the association and the preparation of the primer enabled the development of an alternative technology to generate income for members of ACREVI. / Durante d?cadas e ainda hoje no Brasil, assim como em muitos pa?ses do mundo a deposi??o de res?duos org?nicos biodegrad?veis em aterro foi uma pr?tica muito comum, pois a r?pida decomposi??o e a libera??o de odores destes res?duos dificultam a operacionaliza??o e aplica??o de um sistema de reciclagem. Estes fatos incentivam ? busca de medidas eficientes para a gest?o de res?duos org?nicos n?o s? nas entidades oficiais respons?veis pela gest?o destes res?duos, mas tamb?m nas institui??es n?o governamentais. A Associa??o Comunit?ria Reciclando para a Vida ACREVI, com o apoio da prefeitura municipal de Mossor?, Brasil, tem assumido o papel social da coleta e reciclagem de res?duos s?lidos produzido por grande parte da popula??o local. Por?m, observou-se que os res?duos org?nicos que ela coleta n?o est?o recebendo qualquer tratamento. Nesse trabalho objetivou-se realizar a compostagem com misturas de res?duos urbanos (res?duos verdes e org?nicos domiciliares), fazer a an?lise qu?mica desse material, tendo em vista sua utiliza??o como adubo org?nico, e repassar o conhecimento produzido em linguagem bem simples e acess?vel a pessoas com baixa escolaridade via produ??o de uma cartilha de compostagem. O experimento foi realizado na ACREVI, Mossor? (RN) e o produto da compostagem foi obtido seguindo o m?todo windrow , formando tr?s pilhas (I, II, III) com formato c?nico, dimens?es de 1,6 metros de altura e 2,0 metros de di?metro para as pilhas I e II, e 1,0 metro de altura e 2,0 metros de di?metro para a pilha III. O processo foi acompanhado atrav?s das an?lises: elementar de CHN, varia??o de temperatura da pilha, grau de umidade, pH, NTK, densidade aparente, metais pesados e nutrientes. Os compostos org?nicos estabilizados atingiram a rela??o C/N de 10,4/1 na pilha I e 10,4/1 na pilha II, mostrando-se como bons condicionantes de solo, apresentando potencial para melhorar as propriedades f?sicas de qualquer solo e o pH de solos ?cidos, j? a pilha III apresentou no final do processo rela??o C/N 26/1, est? alta rela??o pode ser associada ao tamanho da pilha III, alterando desta forma as condi??es ideais para ocorr?ncia do processo. Os teores de metais pesados analisados nos compostos foram inferiores aos estabelecidos pela instru??o normativa SDA, N? 27 de 05 de Junho de 2006. O uso de podas de arvores e gramas, utilizadas na compostagem em pequena escala, ao mesmo tempo em que gerou um composto de qualidade no produto final do processo, tamb?m criou uma condi??o importante para um correto dimensionamento das pilhas de compostagem. Nas condi??es estudadas n?o ? aconselh?vel utilizar pilhas com altura de 1,00 m de altura e 2,00 m de di?metro, pois estas n?o impedem a r?pida dissipa??o de calor e assim n?o se consegue um bom produto no final da compostagem. O processo de compostagem no galp?o da associa??o e a elabora??o da cartilha viabilizou o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia alternativa de gera??o de renda para os associados da ACREVI