This work presents a case study, containing the diagnosis of reverse logistics of the solid wastes existing in Ituiutaba (MG). It includes the main residues, who are the biggest collectors and buyers and which is the way taken by the residues. It still presents, a pro-active model for its environmental management. Model this, that induces the capacity to think, to project and to foresee a better future for the society of what is lived deeply today in the city. The qualitative analysis of the domiciliary residues disclosed the presence of 70% in weight of decaing organic substance. Five aspects are identified: costs of Iandfill maintenance , non senses, technique imperfections, administrative problems and lack of equipment in the current model of reverse logistics. There is a new perspective for the city of Ituiutaba (MG) to give a leap in order to improve its efficiency in environmental management. The way for the efficiency of the management of the residues is demonstrated, which must have as main precursor the municipal public power. So that the model can have effectiveness it will have to count on the support of the population, which will have to be informed of the new the proposal of reverse logistics for the urban residues. In relation to the compost produced from the humid residues, it can be evidenced that its composition presents good potential of use for production of varied plants and vegetables for presenting a good constitution of macro and micron nutrients. In relation to the balance of mass in the pro-active model there is a perspective of a shunting line of the residues from the landfills much bigger than nowadays. That is, the ambient reintegration of the residues makes a leap from current 19% to 82,8% in the proactive model of reverse logistics. This way it is possible to see a new age in the management of the solid residues for the city of Ituiutaba supported in reverse logistics. With the adoption of the pro-active model the municipal landfill will have to be used less for the covering and compacting of the recycleable residues and unwanted matter and more for the composting of the perishable organic residues. This way it is possible to prolong the useful life of the landfill, from 24 years to 99 years, with drastic reduction in the leachate generation. Soon, the study of the reverse logistics of the residues is a contribution to subsidize the city hall in the management of the solid residues, also serving, to increase the conscience of the population on the necessity of its participation in the discarding process and reusage of solid residues. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso, contendo o diagnóstico da logística reversa dos resíduos sólidos existentes em Ituiutaba (MG). Ele caracteriza quais são os principais resíduos, quem são os maiores catadores e compradores e qual é o caminho percorrido pelos resíduos. Apresenta ainda, um modelo pró-ativo para a sua gestão ambiental. Modelo esse, que induz a capacidade de pensar, projetar e antever um futuro melhor para a sociedade tijucana do que se vivencia hoje na cidade. A análise qualitativa dos resíduos domiciliares revelou a presença de 70% em peso de matéria orgânica putrescível. Identificam-se: custos de manutenção do aterro, contra sensos, falhas técnicas, administrativas e ausência de equipamentos no modelo atual de logística reversa. Abre-se a perspectiva para a cidade de Ituiutaba (MG) dar um salto a fim de melhorar a sua eficiência em gestão ambiental. O caminho para a eficiência da gestão dos resíduos é demonstrado, o qual deverá ter como principal precursor o poder público municipal. Para que o modelo possa ter efetividade ele deverá contar com o apoio da população, a qual deverá ser informada sobre a nova proposta de logística reversa para os resíduos sólidos urbanos. Em relação ao húmus produzido a partir dos resíduos putrescíveis, pode-se constatar que o composto apresenta bom potencial de uso para produção de variadas plantas e hortaliças e possui uma boa constituição de macro e micro nutrientes. Em referência ao balanço de massa no modelo pró-ativo abre-se uma perspectiva de um desvio dos resíduos do aterro sanitário bem maior do que se presencia hoje. A reintegração ambiental dos resíduos sólidos dá um salto dos atuais 19% para 82,8% no modelo pró-ativo da logística reversa. Destarte vislumbrase uma nova era na gestão dos resíduos sólidos para o município de Ituiutaba amparada na logística reversa. Com a adoção do modelo pró-ativo a área do aterro municipal deverá ser utilizada menos para o recobrimento e compactação dos resíduos recicláveis e rejeitos e mais para a compostagem dos resíduos orgânicos putrescíveis. Com isso, se vislumbra o prolongamento da vida útil do aterro, que passaria de 24 anos para 99 anos, com redução drástica na geração de chorume. O estudo do reverso da logística dos resíduos é uma contribuição para subsidiar a prefeitura na gestão dos resíduos sólidos, servindo também, para aumentar a consciência da população sobre a necessidade de sua participação no processo de descarte e reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos. / Mestre em Geografia

The objective if this degree work is creating a survey of possible uses of surplus grass material which is caused by animal farming reduction and by bringing the ground in less fertile areas of our country to a standstill. In the work possible uses of the grass are described, especially its use in the energy industry as a fuel source for the production of heat and biogas. Classical usage of the grass material as a food source for livestock or for the production of compost is described here as well. Examples are shown there of energy kinds of grass, which seems to be a promising renewable resource of biomass for favourable economic results. The harvest of the grass material and its consequent prossesing is done by production lines, that is why a survey of such lines and their economic figures connected with the operation of these machines is also included in this work. The economic part of this work contains many formulae that can be used for counting out all the costs connected with the operation of the grass harvest machine and for evaluating the effectiveness of the return on investment into this machine

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_ FRANCIELI .pdf: 3210488 bytes, checksum: 139233665a2fb9191412af6ecba0f292 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / The composting process has been used as the main way to stabilize agro-industrial waste from the broiler production chain. These wastes are generated in the run-fattening stage and during the slaughtering and processing of meat, originally inadequate to composting process due to its high levels of nitrogen. The objective of this research was to evaluate different lignocellulosic materials available regionally as a carbon source to be added to the composting process. The lignocellulosic materials were carding cotton waste, pruning of urban trees, sawdust, crushed sugarcane bagasse and crushed napier grass, which mixed with other wastes (reproductive poultry bedding, hatchery waste, flotation sludge, sausage skins and coal from boilers), constituted the treatments. Five windrows were set up and monitored, with C:N ratio of around 30. The windrows were turned twice a week in the first month and once a week in the following months until stabilization, confirmed by the decline of the windrow temperature until it reaches values of room temperature. At every turning, moisture was adjusted to 60%. The time of composting was evaluated, as well as mass reductions and volume (parameters related to optimization of the composting area); losses of N, P and K; concentration of N, P and K and the ratio of humic to fulvic acid - HA / FA that to characterize the agronomic value of the final compost, in addition to monitoring of microbiological parameters such as basal respiration and activity enzymatic β-glucosidase, cellulase, acid and alkaline phosphatase. With the aid of techniques of Multivariate Analysis (Cluster Analysis and Principal Component), it was concluded that the treatment which used the carding cotton waste as a carbon source allowed optimizing the use of composting area and provided the production of a organic compost with greater agronomic value. Regarding the microbiological parameters, these were most intense in the thermophilic phase, being the cellulase activity most accentuated. / O processo de compostagem é utilizado como principal forma de estabilizar resíduos agroindustriais provenientes da cadeia produtiva do frango de corte. Trata-se dos resíduos gerados no período que antecede a fase de engorda e durante o abate e industrialização da carne, originalmente inadequados ao processo de compostagem por apresentarem altos teores de nitrogênio. Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes materiais lignocelulósicos disponíveis regionalmente como fonte de carbono a ser adicionado na compostagem destes resíduos. Os materiais lignocelulósicos avaliados foram: resíduos da desfibrilação do algodão, podas de árvores urbanas, serragem, bagaço de cana moído e capim napier triturado, que em mistura com os demais resíduos (cama de matrizeiro, resíduos de incubatório, lodo de flotador, tripa celulósica e carvão), constituíram os tratamentos. Foram montadas e monitoradas cinco leiras, com relação C:N em torno de 30. As leiras foram revolvidas duas vezes por semana no primeiro mês e uma vez por semana nos meses seguintes até a estabilização, confirmada pelo declínio da temperatura da leira até atingir os valores da temperatura ambiente. A cada revolvimento, a umidade foi corrigida para 60%. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o tempo de compostagem e as reduções de massa e volume (parâmetros relacionados à otimização do pátio de compostagem); perdas de N, P e K, concentração de N, P e K e relação ácidos húmicos:ácidos/fúlvicos AH/AF que permitiram caracterizar o valor agronômico do composto final. Monitorou-se os parâmetros microbiológicos, como a respiração basal e a atividade enzimática de β-glucosidase, celulase, fosfatase ácida e alcalina. Com auxílio de técnicas da Análise Multivariada (Análise de Agrupamento e de Componentes Principais), concluiu-se que o tratamento em que se utilizou o resíduo da desfibrilação de algodão como fonte de carbono permite otimizar a utilização do pátio de compostagem e proporciona a produção de um composto orgânico com maior valor agronômico. Com relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos, estes foram mais intensos na fase termofílica, sendo a atividade de celulase a mais pronunciada

食安問題引爆，人們關注入口的食物。人類社會發展歷史中，人類與大自然最貼近的是農業，人類生存動機帶動食農產業創新，追求富足牽動社會演進的動能。社會型態的改變就是社會創新的歷程與成果，食、農與人類的歷史進程、社會的結構、生活習慣、文化的演進、經濟、政治力環環相扣。本研究以臨海農場為例，探討個案廚餘堆肥的創新研發成果，在現有的法規規範下無法進入有機農業市場及肥料市場。研究發現以農業為核心，廚餘堆肥的創新研發，生物的智慧有機農法（Smart Organic Farming Model）對生態農業、傳統有機農業對食農產業是一項翻轉性的變革，也是社會創新。社會創新的成果進入市場機制推廣與銷售將衝擊現有利害關係人與法規政策，建議政府在社會創新的變革，政策政治力及時予以反饋，政策創新，向生態農業永續發展方向調整。 / As the food safety issues attracted prevailing attention in recent years, organic farming is widely considered an important solution of the daunting problem. Advocating eco-friendly farming in Taiwan has encountered two major challenges, however. First, most of the organic farming methods are labor intensive which would be hard to be promoted in rural places where the population are aging rapidly. Second, without the aid of chemicals, the produce production tends to be low, and incomes, therefore, tend to be insufficient for sustaining the family. The social innovation conducted by a French Canadian, Pierre, found a perfect solution for both problems. His smart organic farming, basing on turning kitchen waste to compost, shed a light on the future of organic farming in Taiwan. By experiment and intensive interview, this research shows the potential of this innovative farming method.

(in English) The work is focused on the possibilities of people with disabilities in the labor market. What kind of services there are, what are the possibilities of finding work both on open labour market and in the sheltered environment. The work also describes what is in the Czech Republic legislation regarding the employment of people with disabilities. The work includes mapping of services, what is offers to to people with disabilities by state employment policy - its pros and cons, accessibility and clarity of the services provided by NGOs, mainly by supported employment as an alternative to the protected labor market. The work also deals with a proposal for the creation and of the workplace, which should be co-financed by the labor office and its active employment policy funds. Workplace should be managed by NGO Rytmus - od klienta k občanovi. The aim is to analyze and capture the particular aspects of the financing and viability of project, which would be within the organization completely new. I tis not an attempt to create a comprehensive business plan, which would mapped all the aspects, but rather to create a material that will be in the organization and serve as guide or inspiration. Key words: active employment policy, persons with disabilities, supported employment, strategic...

Waste management (WM) is a prominent issue in the world’s most populated country, India. Lack of WM can have a negative impact on the environment through leachate contamination of water bodies and emissions of greenhouse gases. The purpose of this study was to thoroughly map WM processes in South East India and identify areas with potential for environmental improvement. This was conducted in three steps: by mapping the flows in a WM system in Chennai (India), by qualitatively assessing these flows through a literature review of articles published in the field, and by interviewing representatives from the company that are responsible for the collection and transportation of waste to identify what challenges the process faces and how they can be addressed. The main finding from the study was that the lack of site-specific data made it difficult to quantitatively assess the global warming potential of the process; however, it is possible to make a qualitative analysis. From study visits to the different treatment facilities, it was clear that energy recovery is a technical solution that could reduce the GWP of the process. Additionally, it became clear that the process should be seen as a socio-technical system, as the studied process is currently focusing on developing and improving the social elements of the process. These social elements include getting the residents to segregate their waste through education in schools and door-to-door collection. The results also showed how an improved cultural perception on WM could potentially influence several of the identified challenges in the process and their respective solutions. Finally, the study highlighted the importance of conducting more in-depth research to enable the implementation of an LCA that can contribute with valuable results. / Avfallshantering är en viktig fråga i världens mest befolkade land, Indien. Bristande avfallshantering kan ha en negativ inverkan på miljön genom att lakvatten förorenar vattendrag och utsläpp av växthusgaser. Syftet med den här studien var att noggrant kartlägga en process för avfallshantering i sydöstra Indien och identifiera områden med potential för miljöförbättringar. Detta genomfördes i tre steg: genom att kartlägga flödena i ett avfallshanteringssystem i Chennai (Indien), genom att kvalitativt bedöma dessa flöden genom en litteraturgenomgång av artiklar som publicerats på området och genom att intervjua representanter från det företag som ansvarar för insamling och transport av avfall för att identifiera vilka utmaningar som processen står inför och hur de kan åtgärdas. Det viktigaste resultatet av studien var att bristen på platsspecifika data gjorde det svårt att kvantitativt bedöma processens globala uppvärmningspotential (GWP), men att det var möjligt att göra en kvalitativ analys. Vid studiebesöken vid de olika behandlingsanläggningarna blev det tydligt att energiåtervinning är en teknisk lösning som skulle kunna minska processens GWP. Dessutom blev det tydligt att processen bör ses som ett sociotekniskt system, eftersom den studerade processen för närvarande fokuserar på att utveckla och förbättra processens sociala element. Dessa sociala element omfattar att få invånarna att sortera sitt avfall genom utbildning i skolor och insamling av avfall från dörr till dörr. Resultaten visade också hur en förbättrad kulturell uppfattning om avfallshantering potentiellt skulle kunna påverka flera av de identifierade utmaningarna i processen och deras respektive lösningar. Slutligen betonade studien vikten av att genomföra mer djupgående forskning för att möjliggöra genomförandet av en LCA som kan bidra med värdefulla resultat.

Many environmental crises are threatening to collapse human societies, but also life on the Earth as we may know. Climate change due to anthropogenic global emissions is one of the main issues, but also soil degradation, and the management of the enormous amount of organic wastes that are harmfully released into the environment by human activities. On the one hand, direct spreading of biowastes onto the land is often limited due to eutrophication or pollution by toxic compounds. On the other hands, these biomasses may contain nutrients, such as phosphorus (listed as a critical raw material) and nitrogen, which could be recovered to sustain the high demand in expensive soil amendments and fertilizers. Thus, finding new solution to close the loop towards circular economy and sustainable processes is crucial, nowadays, to convert the global trends and restore the delicate equilibrium in the water-food-energy nexus, with soil ‘under special surveillance’. In this framework, many researchers are focusing their attention on hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as a possible candidate, in particular to treat moist biowastes and obtain useful solid (hydrochar) and liquid (HTC liquor) products. Nutrients contained in biowastes are sensitive to HTC process parameters and initial feedstock properties, thus it is crucial to analyze their distribution and (im)mobilization among the HTC products for their reuse in soil. On the other hand, since some organic compounds are generated during the thermochemical process, which may be responsible for toxicity to plants and other organisms, analysis of their possible toxicity towards the biosphere becomes crucial before implementation at a large scale. This thesis collects our efforts to explore new processes and deepen the knowledge about the possibility to produce amendments suitable for soil application from hydrochar. The core is from a process engineering perspective, focusing on the production phase and the characterization of the products, never forgetting any possible limits or the implications on ecotoxicological issues. In the first part of the thesis, ‘How to make hydrochar a soil amendment?’ is the main question. Based on few pioneer studies about composting of hydrochar, we assessed a complete analysis of hydrochar co-compost, produced from the 25-day aerobic stabilization of digestate of organic fraction of municipal solid waste, together with a fraction of its hydrochar, and green waste. Under the umbrella of C2Land project (funded by The European Institute of Innovation & Technology -EIT), we produced this new amendment in specifically designed bioreactors, then we characterized the products from the point of view of physico-chemical properties, nutrients distribution, toxicity to plants and mammalian cells. We are confident that the crucial result of toxicity removal from hydrochar through composting will attract the interest of many stakeholders, since implementing HTC in anaerobic/aerobic plants is almost ready to be applied at a large scale. Moreover, an experimental campaign performed at the University of Leeds further explored the effect of some other post-treatments on hydrochar composition and phytotoxicity, depending on the initial feedstocks (manure, sewage digestate, water hyacinth, and grass). The second part of the thesis was dedicated to nutrients recovery, necessary when some harmful matrixes - such as the municipal sewage sludge digestate - are not allowed to be reused for agricultural purposes, due to law limitations or pollution issues. In this case, nutrients recovery (N, P) could be achieved chemically, via HTC and struvite precipitation, being struvite recognized as a good fertilizer. Firstly, we performed a techno-economic assessment of the implementation at a district level of HTC-centered sewage sludge management. The mass reduction of waste streams may have some important effects on transportation costs, while the recirculation of HTC liquor back to the anaerobic digestors can imply more biomethane production with increased revenues. A mass balance for the potential of N and P recovery through struvite precipitation in the centralized facility was also assessed. Secondly, a near-zero waste treatment process for municipal sewage sludge via HTC was designed according to the available literature and preliminarily analyzed at lab level. The fractionation of the different types of phosphorus was analyzed through the STM-P protocol before and after HTC, confirming the mineralization of organic phosphorus during the process. Citric acid was validated as a good green solvent for phosphorus extraction and high-quality struvite precipitation, even if the process was not still optimized in terms of yields. Future works may identify the best process parameters for final metal recovery from liquid byproducts in order to internally recirculate them back to water line, and to characterize the leached hydrochar as purified renewable fuel or soil amendment. Thus, the proof-of-concept chain would be confirmed and could be applied to the sustainable HTC-centered biorefineries of the future.

Methane (CH4) source of Greenhouse Gases should be considered; CH4 is formed by composting under anaerobic conditions. Using microbial Methane oxidation is a solution with low cost and effective. In this study, 27 bio-filters and 18 laboratory-scale bioreactors were used to investigate the potential for CH4 removal in biogas. The CH4, Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the air purifier were measured by gas chromatography. The results showed that the CH4 concentration decreased in experiments while the CO2 and N2O content increased in all experiments. An experiment was conducted with 1 kg of biofilter material with the input of 800 ppm CH4 contained in a 5-liter flask for 49 hours containing. The results also showed that the CH4 concentration decreased by 71% after 20 hours and N2O was formed in the reactor. / Mê-tan (CH4) là nguồn khí gây nên hiệu ứng nhà kính cần được quan tâm, khí CH4 được sinh ra trong quá trình ủ vi sinh trong điều kiện kị khí. Một giải pháp với chi phí thấp là sử dụng vi sinh vật oxy hóa khí CH4 cố định trên giá thể là vật liệu sử dụng trong thiết bị lọc sinh học. Trong nghiên cứu này, 27 thiết bị lọc sinh học trên thực tế và 19 bình lọc tại phòng thí nghiệm đã được sử dụng nhằm mục đích khảo sát khả năng loại bỏ CH4 có trong khí sinh học. Nồng độ khí CH4, N2O và CO2 ở đầu vào và đầu ra bể lọc khí được đo đạc bằng phương pháp sắc ký khí. Kết quả cho thấy nồng độ khí CH4 giảm sau khi qua hệ thống lọc sinh học ở một số bình, trong khi nồng độ khí CO2 và N2O lại tăng lên ở tất cả các bình. Khi khảo sát khả năng oxi hóa CH4 ở nồng độ 800 ppm của 1kg vật liệu thiết bị lọc sinh học chứa trong bình phản ứng thể tích 5L với thời gian 49 giờ. Kết quả cho thấy nồng nồng độ CH4 giảm 71% sau 20 giờ. Tuy nhiên, N2O đã được ghi nhận có hình thành trong bình phản ứng đó.

No description available.

In off-grid holiday homes, alternative toilet solutions are needed. There is a wide range of dry toilet systems, where urine-diverting systems and incineration toilets are common solutions. Urine-diverting dry toilets require that users need to manage generated fecal fractions. This is often done by private composting or through municipal latrine bucket pick-ups. In this project, fecal management for holiday homes in Sweden is examined from three perspectives by (1) studying the biological phenomenon with composting and how a compost should be managed to generate rich humus, whilst minimizing greenhouse gas emissions associated with the act of composting, (2) examine current user experiences associated with latrine compost management, and (3) map out current latrine management systems, including laws and regulations. The goal was to develop a user-friendly concept for fecal management for urine-diverting toilets, based on this research. The project was carried out in collaboration with Harvest Moon, a company focused on the development of innovative and refined dry toilet systems. The project was initiated with a literature review, the examination of current fecal management systems, and interviews with composting experts and researchers. The background research showed that there is no such thing as perfect compost management since it depends on what end goals the users have. Research also showed that frequently turning the pile, increases ammonia (NH3) emissions, but reduces methane (CH4) formation. Furthermore, biochar can be added as a bulking agent to aerate the compost mass, and aid the hygienization process of such a mass, since it binds e.g., hormones. Regarding composting methods, a static passively aerated compost is not the fastest process but has the least compost mass reduction, which is desired when using it as a soil enhancer. In addition, it requires the least management. This method was therefore chosen for further development. Furthermore, since temperature and moisture are easily measured with sensors, it was deemed interesting to implement such sensors in a final concept, to alleviate management for the user. To assure that the final concept would reflect user needs and wishes, a phase of user studies was then initiated. The studies showed that users generally see latrine compost more as something to take care of, rather than as a resource, and therefore have no interest in using composted humus. The research also showed that because many municipalities require 2-year storage of the material in the composter, users experienced scheduling issues, which ultimately led to an inefficien composting system. The third perspective that was investigated, was the management systems of today and how they are regulated by laws. Each municipality has its own requirements on how latrine composts should be managed. These requirements are based on the Environmental Code, as well as Naturvårdsverket’s recommendation for the implementation of the law. Apart from the compilation of these regulations, this investigation showed that pyrolysis, as well as the centralization of hygienized feces, could be future alternatives to latrine composting and latrine pickup. But due to the short Time-to-Market, and the project's limited time scope, product development towards system innovation was deemed unrealistic within this project.  Insights from these three perspectives created a framework for the concept development phase, which was finalized with building a full-scale functional prototype. During detailed design, the concept was further developed in CAD. The final concept presented in this project is a modular, user-friendly latrine compost that can be adapted to follow different municipal regulations. It has an inner mesh that aerates the compost mass to reduce methane gas formation. The mesh is constructed with hexagonal perforated acid-proof steel. The composter has a push latch mechanism on the lid together with two gas struts, which makes it easy to open since the user only needs to push the lid once, for it to open. Temperature and moisture sensors make it easier for the user to manage their compost correctly, and a front door allows for ergonomic emptying of the finished compost humus. Future development to reduce production costs, simplify the construction, continue the CAD model development, find suitable sensors, develop product instructions as well as perform user tests with the physical prototype should be further investigated. / I fritidshus som saknar kommunalt avlopp behövs alternativa toalettlösningar. Det finns en rad olika torra toalettsystem, där urinsorterande och förbränningstoaletter är vanliga lösningar. Urinsorterande torrtoaletter kräver att användaren själv tar hand om genererade fekalier. Detta görs genom antingen privat latrinkompostering eller kommunal hämtning av latrin. I detta projekt undersöks fekaliehantering för fritidshus i Sverige från tre perspektiv genom att (1) studera biologiska fenomen i en kompost och hur en kompost ska hanteras för att få en rik humus, samt minimera växthusgasutsläpp som bildas vid just kompostering, (2) undersöka användarupplevelsen vid hantering av latrinkomposter idag, samt (3) kartlägga nuvarande system för latrinhantering, inklusive rådande lagar och förordningar. Målet med projektet var att utveckla ett användarvänligt koncept för fekaliehantering från urinsorterande toaletter, baserat på denna forskning. Projektet genomfördes i samarbete med Harvest Moon, ett företag som arbetar med att utveckla innovativa och estetiskt tilltalande torrtoalettsystem. Projektet inleddes med att studera litteratur, undersöka befintliga fekaliehanteringssystem, samt att intervjua komposteringsexperter och forskare inom området. Efter denna bakgrundsforskning kunde slutsatsen dras att det inte finns en perfekt komposthantering, då det beror på de mål som användaren har. Forskningen visade också att ju mer man vände kompostmassan, desto mer ökade utsläppen av ammoniak (NH3), dock minskade bildningen av metan (CH4). En annan insikt var att biokol kan tillsättas för att lufta, samt hjälpa till att hygienisera kompostmassan, då det binder till sig till exempel hormonrester. Gällande komposteringsmetoder så är en statisk passivt luftad kompost inte den snabbaste processen, men den leder till minst kompostreduktionen, vilket är bra om målet är att använda det komposterade materialet som jordförbättrare. Dessutom kräver det den minsta hanteringen av användaren. Denna metod valdes därför för vidareutveckling av slutkoncept. Slutligen, eftersom både temperatur och fukt lätt går att mäta med sensorer, så ansågs det intressant att implementera dessa typer av sensorer i ett slutkoncept i och med att det skulle kunna underlätta hanteringsprocessen för användaren. För att säkerställa att det slutliga konceptet skulle återspegla vad användarna behöver och önskar, inleddes sedan en fas av användarstudier. Användarstudierna visade att användare i allmänhet ser latrinkompost mer som något de måste ta hand om, än som en resurs, och har därmed inget intresse av att ta vara på det materialet som har komposterats. Studierna visade också att på grund av att många kommuner kräver två års lagring av materialet i fekaliekomposten, upplevde användare svårigheter med att få till en bra rutin kring hanteringen, vilket bidrog till att hela latrinhanteringssystemet fungerade sämre. Det tredje perspektivet som undersöktes inom projektet var hur systemen för latrinhantering ser ut idag, samt hur och av vilka lagar de regleras. Varje kommun har egna krav på hur en latrinkompost ska hanteras. Dessa krav är baserade på Miljöbalken, liksom Naturvårdsverkets rekommendationer gällande den praktiska implementeringen av Miljöbalken. Utöver sammanställningen av dessa regelverk visade studien att pyrolys, alternativt centralisering av hygieniserade fekalier, skulle kunna vara framtida alternativ till kompostering eller kommunal hämtning av latrin. Men på grund av den korta Time-to-Market för denna produkt, samt projektets begränsade tidsram ansågs produktutveckling mot systeminnovation vara orealistisk inom detta projekt. Insikter från dessa tre perspektiv bildade ett ramverk för konceptutvecklingsfasen, som avslutades med byggandet av en fullskalig funktionsprototyp. Under detaljutvecklingen fortsattes utvecklingen av konceptet i CAD. Det slutgiltiga konceptet som presenteras i projektet är en modulär, användarvänlig latrinkompost som går att anpassa till att följa olika kommunala regler. Den har en inre struktur som luftar kompostmaterialet för att minska bildandet av metangas. Strukturen består av hexagonalt perforerat syrafast stål. Komposten har en push latch mekanism på locket tillsammans med två gasfjädrar, vilket gör det enkelt att öppna eftersom användaren endast behöver trycka locket för att det ska öppnas. Temperatur- och fuktsensorer gör det lättare för användaren att hantera sin kompost korrekt, och en främre dörr möjliggör ergonomisk tömning av färdigt kompostmaterial. Framtida utveckling för att minska produktionskostnaderna, förenkla konstruktionen, vidareutveckla CAD-modellen, hitta lämpliga sensorer, utveckla användarinstruktioner, samt genomförandet av användartester med funktionsprototypen bör vidare undersökas.