Educators who teach international students English as a second language (ESL) or English speakers teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) in universities in non- English speaking countries in the Asia-Pacific region are often challenged to develop culturally appropriate curriculum for a diverse group of learners. Prompted by educational policy over the past two decades, the technological infrastructure in most universities throughout the world has advanced. Innovative tools for language learning have been developed for computer-assisted instruction. The purpose of the present study was to assess to what extent teachers use multimedia in EFL/ESL university classrooms in relation to the theoretical underpinnings of constructivism as well as Rogers' (1995) theory of diffusion of innovations and adopter categories. Further, the study aimed to ascertain what factors contribute to or discourage teachers' use of multimedia in tertiary level English language teaching classrooms. A mixed- method research design was used and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. One hundred and seventy-nine English-language teachers from five universities in the Asia-Pacific region were interviewed and data were collected on their use of multimedia. Complex relationships were found among teacher-held educational and cultural values, teaching experience, formal computer professional learning, nationality, institution, region, age, gender, and collaboration with colleagues. Results showed that even with adequate access to hardware, software, technical support and computer professional learning, most teachers in the study made limited use of multimedia in the EFL/ESL classroom. As well, the results indicated that teachers in all three universities in Taiwan used multimedia in the EFL/ESL classroom less than teachers in Australia and in Thailand. Teachers who endorsed constructivist teaching methodologies tended to use multimedia more. Also, teachers with fewer than ten years teaching experience tended to use technology in teaching more. Data showed the use of integrated technology by teachers usually diminished as teachers got older. However, results showed that teachers who engaged in professional learning tended to use multimedia more regardless of age. Future directions in technology integration and recommendations for creating and sustaining a culture of technology at educational institutions are offered. Suggestions for professional development to encourage the integrated use of technology in English language teaching programs are outlined.

Cette recherche, qui relève du domaine de l'apprentissage des langues assisté par ordinateur, se penche sur diverses aides logicielles pouvant faciliter l'activité scripturale en Français Langue Étrangère. Le cadre théorique s'inspire de la linguistique textuelle (Adam, notamment), des travaux portant sur les processus rédactionnels des apprentis-scripteurs, particulièrement en L2 et de l'approche par tâches dans la didactique des langues. Le terrain est constitué d'étudiants thaïlandais de la Section de Français à l'Université de Chiang Maï en Thaïlande, dont le niveau en français se situe entre B1 et B2. Le dispositif d'écriture a été organisé à partir d'une plateforme d'apprentissage en ligne Moodle permettant, d'une part, la présentation de contenus et, d'autre part, la pratique du feedback entre pairs via le forum de la plateforme. Nous avons également expérimenté, dans notre recherche, une aide logicielle à la rédaction, ScribPlus. Cette application, version Internet de logiciels hors-ligne des années 1990 (Scrivere con Word Prof, Gammes d'écriture), vise à développer des compétences de production textuelle chez les apprentis scripteurs par une série d'incitations débouchant sur la génération d'une ébauche de texte. L'ensemble du dispositif (Moodle, ScribPlus, consignes, textes supports) a fait l'objet d'une première mise œuvre et d'un recueil de données; celles-ci ont été analysées dans le but d'améliorer le dispositif. Il a ainsi été possible de faire une seconde expérience en modifiant certains paramètres, notamment les incitations de ScribPlus et le lien lecture-écriture. Les analyses, de nature essentiellement qualitative, se sont fondées sur le système d'incitations de ScribPlus, sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec les étudiants, sur les productions écrites et les feedbacks laissés sur le forum de ces derniers. Leur but était de dégager les apports et les limites du dispositif d'écriture afin de proposer un certain nombre d'améliorations. Cette recherche relève donc de la recherche-action, voire de la recherche développement. / This study falls within the field of computer-assisted language learning and examines various software aids that can facilitate writing activities in French as a Foreign Language. The theoretical framework draws on both textual linguistics (in particular, Adam) and work focusing on learners' writing processes, particularly among second-year undergraduates, as well as on the task-based approach in language learning theory. The research field is composed of Thai students in the French Section at Chiang Mai University in Thailand, with a B1 to B2 level in French. The set of writing aids was organised using the online learning platform Moodle, allowing, on the one hand, the presentation of content and, on the other, peer feedback via the platform's forum. Within this study, the writing aid software Scribplus was also tested. This application, which is an Internet version of 1990s off-line software programs (Scrivere con Word Prof, Gammes d'écriture), aims to develop learners' competence in textual production by using a series of prompts that lead to the generation of a draft text. During an initial phase, the whole set of aids (Moodle, Scribplus, instructions, textual materials) was implemented and data was collected; these data were then analyzed with a view to improving the system. A second experiment was then possible, in which certain parameters were changed, in particular Scribplus's prompts and the reading-writing link. These analyses were mainly qualitative and based on Scribplus's prompting system and on semi-structured interviews with the students, as well as on their written productions and the feedback that they left on the forum. The aim was to identify the benefits and limitations of the set of writing aids in order to suggest a certain number of improvements. This research can therefore be qualified as action research, or even as development research.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Research in the field of computer assisted language learning and teaching has discussed the necessity of defining a research agenda in area. Because of this, some of these studies have focused on the analysis of research reports to identify the objectives of studies, the methodologies and the themes in order to identify the state of the art. By using a methodology of a research synthesis, this work describes the research practice of the Computer Assisted Language Learning and the discourses which come out this investigation field in relation to what researchers from this area conceive about language and about English as a foreign language teaching and learning. To do that, I collected 123 research articles from specific international journals in the field of Computer Assisted Language Learning and 14 reports from Brazilian journals in the same field which were published from 2005 to 2009. By analyzing the research articles, I have also analyzed the content of the selected articles, the methodology and the results. Then, after the textual analysis, I elaborated an interview through e-mail with the authors of the articles to confirm or deny the data obtained in the textual analysis. The textual and contextual analysis is theoretically based on Genre Analysis and on Critical Discourse Analysis, which helped to describe the theoretical-methodological procedures adopted in this investigation field. The results suggest a field oriented by the investigation of four main themes which are: language, participants, technologies and online pedagogy. The investigation discourses in CALL suggest the existence of an area interested in the analysis of practices such as teach, read and write, virtually speak and communicate, which are done through the Internet. However, the predominant discourse about language in the research has been conceived as a cognitive and social phenomenon. The description of the Research Agenda suggested in this dissertation describes the main themes investigated in CALL, the social and discursive practices which are realizable in the cyberspace and examples of researches oriented by different language concepts. / Pesquisas na área de ensino e aprendizagem de línguas mediados por computador têm discutido a necessidade do estabelecimento da agenda de pesquisa nessa área. Devido a isso, algumas pesquisas têm centralizado na análise de relatos de pesquisas para identificar os objetivos dos estudos, as metodologias e os temas de interesse nessa área de investigação com vistas a identificar o estado da arte. Usando a metodologia de pesquisa de síntese, este trabalho descreve a prática de pesquisa em Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) e os discursos que emergem dessa área de investigação com relação ao que os pesquisadores dessa área concebem por linguagem e pelos processos de ensino e aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira. Para tanto, coletei 123 relatos de pesquisa em periódicos internacionais específicos da área e 14 relatos em periódicos brasileiros sobre a temática de ensino de inglês mediado por computador, os quais foram publicados entre os anos de 2005 a 2009. Na análise textual, analisei o conteúdo dos artigos acadêmicos selecionados, a metodologia e os resultados. Em seguida, elaborei entrevistas via correio eletrônico com os autores dos artigos, para confirmar ou refutar dados obtidos na análise textual. A análise textual e contextual está ancorada teoricamente pela Análise de Gêneros e pela Análise Crítica do Discurso, as quais ajudaram a descrever os procedimentos teórico-metodológicos adotados nessa área de investigação. Os resultados sugerem uma área orientada pela investigação de quatro eixos temáticos, os quais são: a linguagem, os participantes, as tecnologias e a pedagogia online. Os discursos de investigação em CALL sugerem a existência de uma área com interesse na análise de práticas tais como ensinar, ler e escrever, falar e se comunicar virtualmente, que são realizadas na Internet. Porém, o discurso predominante sobre linguagem nas pesquisas é como um fenômeno cognitivo e social. A descrição da Agenda de Pesquisa sugerida nesta tese descreve os temas principais investigados na área de CALL, as práticas sociais e discursivas realizáveis no ciberespaço e exemplos de pesquisas orientadas por diferentes concepções de linguagem.

The purpose of this project is to address the problems and improve English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning for the students of Korea by contrasting cultural similarities and differences and the same time utilizing computer-based instruction learning.

Depuis l’avènement de l’approche communicative, puis actionnelle, en enseignement des langues secondes (L2), des chercheurs comme Ellis (2003) ont relevé les différences individuelles entre apprenants, notamment concernant le désir de communiquer (DDC), défini comme « une disposition à entrer dans un discours à un moment spécifique avec une ou des personnes spécifiques, en utilisant la L2 » (MacIntyre et al., 1998, p. 547). Il a ainsi été suggéré de faire du développement du DDC de plus en plus une priorité en enseignement des L2. À cet égard, la recherche indique que la communication assistée par ordinateur peut permettre d’augmenter le DDC (Rankin et al., 2006; Gonzalez-Lloret, 2017), en influençant l’anxiété langagière et le sentiment de compétence communicative perçu (SCCP), qui sont les deux antécédents directs du DDC. L’émergence récente de la réalité virtuelle 360 (RV360), qui peut être définie comme un environnement immersif s’appuyant sur des photos ou vidéos reproduisant le monde réel et fournissant à l’utilisateur un fort sentiment de présence, ouvre un nouveau champ d’expérimentation en DdL. Nous proposons que la RV360 permettrait aux apprenants de L2 de prendre part à des simulations quasi authentiques diminuant leur anxiété et augmentant leur SCCP, améliorant ainsi leur DDC à l’extérieur de la salle de classe. Pour répondre à notre questionnement, nous avons créé puis mis en place trois courtes tâches de simulation RV360 présentant des situations communicatives similaires à celles de la vie quotidienne des apprenants, comme payer son épicerie en français. Ces tâches sont ancrées dans la réalité sociolinguistique de l’environnement d’apprentissage : dans cette étude, Montréal, une métropole bilingue français-anglais ayant une variété régionale de français distincte. Les 19 participants à cette recherche exploratoire sont des étudiants universitaires internationaux de FLS au niveau débutant. Une méthodologie mixte (prétest et posttest quantitatifs, journaux de bord et entrevues de groupe semi-dirigées) a été adoptée pour suivre l’évolution de leur SCCP, anxiété langagière et DDC, ainsi que pour cerner leurs défis quant à la pratique du français à Montréal et leur perception des tâches RV360 en tant qu’outil d’apprentissage préparant à la communication authentique en L2. L’analyse des données indique que les défis à la communication en FLS dans le monde réel proviennent principalement d’une perception négative de son vocabulaire et de sa prononciation, combinée à l’anxiété liée à l’anticipation de ruptures de communication avec des locuteurs francophones. Face à cet écueil, les participants estiment globalement que les tâches RV360 sont un bon outil pour créer un pont entre la salle de classe et le monde réel et ainsi préparer aux interactions en L2 dans le monde réel, même si leur faible degré de difficulté et leur manque de flexibilité nuisent à leur authenticité. Les tâches RV360 ont ainsi contribué positivement (mais à degré variable selon les apprenants) à l’amélioration du DDC, principalement via le renforcement du SCCP. La discussion des résultats fournit un nouvel éclairage sur les bonnes pratiques d’enseignement et sur l’élaboration de séquences didactiques intégrant la RV360 pour favoriser le DDC au niveau débutant. Ces séquences devraient en priorité intégrer l’enseignement stratégique et mettre l’accent sur la complexification progressive des tâches et la rétroaction, tout en doublant la réalisation des tâches RV360 d’une interaction humain-humain. / Since communicative approach and task-based language teaching have placed communication at the centre of second language (L2), researchers such as Ellis (2003) have underlined the importance of individual differences between L2 learners, regarding their willingness to communicate (WTC), which is defined as "readiness to enter into discourse at a particular time with a specific person using the L2" (MacIntyre et al., 1998, p. 547). These researchers have suggested that the development of L2 WTC be made a priority of L2 teaching. In this respect, the literature shows that computer-mediated communication has a positive effect on increasing L2 learners' WTC (Rankin et al., 2006; Gonzalez-Lloret, 2017), by lowering language anxiety and increasing self-perceived communicative competence (SPCC), which are the two main antecedents of L2 WTC. One avenue for research that has not received much attention is the pedagogical use of 360 virtual reality (VR360), a promising medium for teachers hoping to increase their L2 students' WTC. VR360 can be defined as an immersive digital environment relying on 360 photos/videos from the real world and providing the user with a strong feeling of presence in “real life” situations. We propose that VR360 has the potential to provide learners with semi authentic simulations designed to lower their anxiety and increase their SPCC, leading to increased WTC. To assess this potential, we designed and implemented three short communicative VR360 tasks presenting learners with communicative situations similar to the ones they could encounter in their daily life, such as paying for groceries using L2 French. The tasks are anchored in the reality of the learning environment: in this case, Montreal, a French-English bilingual metropolis with a distinct regional variety of French. The 19 participants to this exploratory study are international university students learning L2 French at a beginner level. Mixed methodology (quantitative pre/post tests, reflective journals and semi-structured focus groups) was used to measure and probe their level of SPCC, anxiety and WTC, and to shed light on the challenges they face while trying to interact in French in Montreal and their perception of the RV360 tasks as a learning tool preparing for real-life L2 use. The data analysis indicates that the challenges to communication in L2 French in the real world mainly come from a negative perception of one’s vocabulary and pronunciation, combined with anxiety due to the anticipation of breakdowns in communication with native French speakers. Faced with this pitfall, participants generally argued that RV360 tasks are a good learning tool to bridge the classroom and the real world and thus prepare them for L2 interaction in the real world, even if the low level of difficulty and the lack of flexibility limit task authenticity. The RV360 tasks thus contributed positively (albeit to varying degrees among learners) to the improvement of their WTC, mainly via the strengthening of their SCCP. The discussion provides new insights into good teaching practices and the development of learning scenarios incorporating the RV360 to promote WTC at a beginner level. These scenarios should focus on strategic instruction, task complexity and feedback, while relying on a human-human interaction in addition to the completion of the RV360 tasks.

Corona-pandemin har påverkat utbildningen på många sätt, inte minst för dem som studerar svenska som andraspråk. Interaktion, kommunikation och kollaborativt lärande är viktiga delar av språkinlärning och något som blivit lidande av den påtvingade distansundervisningen. En metod för kollaborativt lärande som med fördel kan genomföras med digitala verktyg är kamratrespons. I denna studie undersöktes hur deltagare på en folkhögskola påverkats av den påtvingade distansundervisningen, med fokus på deras studier i svenska som andraspråk på gymnasienivå, och huruvida ett digitalt kamratresponssystem skulle kunna gynna det kollaborativa lärandet med digitala hjälpmedel. Studien genomfördes med deltagare och lärare på Mångkulturella Folkhögskolan i Göteborg, genom kvalitativa frågeformulär och intervjuer. Det empiriska resultatet visar på en varierad bakgrund bland deltagarna, till viss del försämrad studiemotivation på grund av distansundervisningen, samt en positiv inställning till kamratrespons som en möjlighet att lära av varandra. Tillsammans med tidigare forskning inom språkinlärning, datorstödd språkinlärning och datorstött kollaborativt lärande identifierades ett antal riktlinjer för framtagandet av ett digitalt kamratresponssystem som anses kunna gynna den studerade kontexten. Dessa riktlinjer gestaltas i ett designkoncept som visar ett förslag till hur det digitala kamratresponssystemet skulle kunna se ut. / The Corona pandemic has affected education in many ways, and those studying Swedish as a second language are no exception. Interaction, communication, and collaborative learning are all important factors of successful second language acquisition, all of which have been reduced because of forced remote learning. One method for collaborative learning that can be enhanced using digital tools is peer response. This study has examined how the adult students at a folk high school have been affected by the forced remote learning, focusing on their studies in Swedish as a second language at high-school level. The study also investigates whether a digital peer-response system could benefit the collaborative learning process for the involved students. The study involved students and teachers at Mångkulturella Folkhögskolan in Gothenburg, Sweden, who were asked to participate through an online survey and individual interviews. The empirical result shows a vast diversity among the participants, a somewhat decreased motivation to study due to forced remote learning, and a positive attitude towards peer response as a possibility to learn from each other. Together with previous research in the fields of language acquisition, computer assisted language learning and computer supported collaborative learning, several guidelines have been developed for the development of a digital peer review system that are considered to be favourable for the studied context. These guidelines have been illustrated in a design concept that shows a suggestion as to what the digital peer response system could look like.

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多選題測驗試題已證明能有效地評估學生的學習成效，然而，以人為方式建立題庫是一件耗時費力的工作。藉由電腦高速運算的能力，電腦輔助產生試題系統能有效率地建置大規模的題庫，同時減少人為的干預而得以保持試題的隱密性。受惠於網路上充裕的文字資源，本研究發展一套克漏詞試題出題系統，利用既有的語料自動產生涵蓋各種不同主題的克漏詞試題。藉由分析歷屆大學入學考試的資料，系統可產生類似難度的模擬試題，並且得到出題人員在遴選測驗標的方面的規律性。在產生試題的過程中導入詞義辨析的演算法，利用詞典與selectional preference模型的輔助，分析句子中特定詞彙的語義，以擷取包含測驗編撰者所要測驗的詞義的句子，並以collocation為基礎的方法篩選誘答選項。實驗結果顯示系統可在每產生1.6道試題中，得到1道可用的試題。我們嘗試產生不同類型的試題，並將這套系統融入網路線上英文測驗的環境中，依學生的作答情形分析試題的鑑別度。 / Multiple-choice tests have proved to be an efficient tool for measuring students’ achievement. Manually constructing tests items, however, is a time- consuming and labor-intensive task. Harnessing the computing power of computers, computer-assisted item generation offers the possibility of creating large amount of items, thereby alleviating the problem of keeping the items secure. With the abundant text resource on the Web, this study develops a system capable of generating cloze items that cover a wide range of topics based on existing corpra. By analyzing training data from the College Entrance Examinations in Taiwan, we identify special regularities of the test items, and our system can generate items of similar style based on results of the analysis. We propose a word sense disambiguation-based method for locating sentences in which designated words carry specific senses, and apply collocation-based methods for selecting distractors. Experimental results indicate that our system was able to produce a usable item for every 1.6 items it returned. We try to create different types of items and integrate the reported item generator in a Web-based system for learning English. The outcome of on-line examinations is analyzed in order to estimate the item discrimination of the test items generated by our system.