Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as construções linguísticas usadas para marcar a conclusão de um texto dissertativo-argumentativo e analisar, pela perspectiva da Gramaticalização e da Cognição, a construção mais frequente. Para tanto, uso um corpus composto por 500 redações de vestibular da FUVEST (Fundação para o vestibular USP), produzidas nos anos de 2007 a 2011, consideradas as melhores pela banca corretora. Como material de controle, analiso redações da FUVEST, de mesmos anos, consideradas as piores, bem como redações escolares e textos jornalísticos argumentativos (editoriais e artigo de opinião). Fundamento teoricamente esta tese nos estudos sobre Cognição, a partir de Tomasello (2003) e Bybee (2010), sobre Gramaticalização, com Diewald (2006), Traugott e Dasher (2005), Traugott (2008), Lehmann (1985, 2002 e 2011) e sobre Texto, com Halliday (1973), Halliday e Hasan (1976) e Koch (2002). Todo o material analisado teve tratamento quantitativo e qualitativo e chegou-se à determinação de quatro formas básicas de conclusão textual com uso de uma marca gramatical ou lexical para esse fim: fecho de raciocínio lógico, retomada, finalização e sinalização de conclusão. A construção mais frequente utilizada para concluir o texto (o portanto, com 33,2% de frequência de uso nas melhores redações da FUVEST e 38,6% nas piores) foi estudada levando-se em conta etimologia, estatuto categorial nos dicionários e uma análise diacrônica para estabelecer padrões funcionais e valores semânticos. Foi possível, assim, constatar que o portanto encontra-se em vários níveis de gramaticalização, a depender da categoria analisada, sendo que o estágio mais avançado de gramaticalização é como marcador de conclusão textual. Também é possível afirmar que, cognitivamente, o uso do portanto revela intencionalidade e atenção conjunta do escrevente com seu leitor. / This research aims to describe the linguistic constructions used to mark the conclusion of a dissertative-argumentative text and from the perspective of Grammaticalization and Cognition analyzes the most frequent construction. To do so, it is used a corpus of 500 essays from FUVEST (Foundation for the exam - USP) vestibular, produced in the years 2007 to 2011, they are considered the best the examination board. As control material, it is analyzed the FUVEST essays from the same years, that are considered the worst as well as school essays and argumentative-journalistic texts (editorials and opinion article). This thesis is theoretically based in studies on Cognition from Tomasello (2003) and Bybee (2010), on Grammaticalization with Diewald (2006), Traugott and Dasher (2005), Traugott (2008), Lehmann (1985, 2002 and 2011 ) and on Text with Halliday (1973), Hasan and Halliday (1976) and Koch (2002). All analyzed material had quantitative and qualitative treatment and four basic forms of textual conclusion were determination with use of a grammatical or lexical feature for this purpose: closing of logical reasoning, resumption, termination and signaling conclusion. The most common construction used in dissertative texts to complete the text (portanto, with 33.2% of use frequency in the best FUVEST compositions and 38.6% in the worst ones); the construction was studied taking into account etymology, the categorical status in the dictionaries and a diachronic analysis to establish functional standards and semantic values. It was thus possible to observe that portanto lies on multiple levels of grammaticalization, depending on the category analyzed, and the most advanced stage of grammaticalization is the marker of textual conclusion. It is also possible to assume that, cognitively, the use of portanto reveals intentionality and the scribe joint attention his/her reader.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho é baseada em dois aspectos fundamentais: (i) o estudo de procedimentos de normalização para sistemas de provas, especialmente para a lógica clássica com dedução natural; e (ii) a investigação de técnicas da perspectiva geométrica aplicadas em propriedades da teoria da prova. Com isso, a motivação específica deste trabalho reside principalmente na análise daqueles trabalhos que estão voltados à definição de técnicas da normalização através de mecanismos da perspectiva geométrica. Destaca-se que técnicas da perspectiva geométrica trazem o uso de arcabouços gráficos e/ou topológicos com a finalidade de representar sistemas formais de provas e suas propriedades. Dessa forma, a primeira parte do documento apresenta o uso de técnicas e arcabouços topológicos para estabelecer algumas propriedades, como, por exemplo, o critério de corretude e a normalização de sistemas de prova. Ao passo que a segunda parte do documento é inicialmente direcionada à descrição de algumas abordagens de normalização (principalmente) para a lógica clássica com dedução natural. E o complemento da segunda parte é dedicado à definição do principal objetivo do trabalho, i.e., desenvolver um procedimento de normalização para o conjunto completo de operadores dos N-Grafos, através do auxílio de algumas técnicas de perspectiva geométrica. (Destaca-se que as técnicas de perspectiva geométrica, aplicadas à normalização dos N-Grafos, não fazem uso de arcabouços topológicos). N-Grafos é um sistema de prova com múltipla conclusão definido para lógica clássica proposicional com dedução natural. Ademais, os N-Grafos possuem tanto regras lógicas como estruturais, estruturas cíclicas são permitidas e além disso as derivações são representadas como grafos direcionados. De fato, a princpal característica do procedimento de normalização aqui apresentado é fornecer um tratamento completo para as estruturas cíclicas. Ou seja, são definidas classes de ciclos válidos, critério de corretude, propriedades e ainda um algoritmo específico para normalizar os ciclos nos N-Grafos. Destaca-se que esses elementos são construídos através do auxílio de arcabouços gráficos. Além disso, o mecanismo de normalização é capaz de lidar com os diferentes papéis executados pelos operadores ?/>. Adicionalmente, apresenta-se uma prova direta da normalização fraca para os N-Grafos, bem como, a determinação das propriedades da subfórmula e da separação

The nonidentity problem is the issue of how to justify the belief that it is wrong to bring a person into existence if they would have a flawed life, though still worth living, instead of bringing another, nonidentical person into existence who would have a better life. To have an impaired life that is worth living seems to be a good existence, at least for the person in question. The nonidentity problem was made known mostly by Derek Parfit. The problem draws attention to three intuitions that seemingly cannot all be correct. How we respond to this predicament and which intuitions a solution depends on have severe implications primarily in population ethics but it will also affect other areas, to mention a few; genetic engineering, if and how to correct historical wrongdoing, and just resource management. In this essay, I will discuss David Boonin’s objections to previously proposed approaches to handle the nonidentity problem and his proposal on a solution. The conclusion I will draw is that although Boonin presents an answer based on a strategy of biting the bullet he fails to show how this is a plausible response to the nonidentity problem. Instead, I argue for my preferred strategy to tackle the problem by referring to a consequentialist moral theory such as utilitarianism. I intend to show that such a theory provides the most plausible solution and make the case that Boonin’s critique of such an approach is unjustified.

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This contribution analyzes the rhetoric surrounding natural disasters in historiographic sources, challenging our assumptions about the eschatological nature of late antique and medieval historical consciousness. Contrary to modern expectations, a large number of late antique and medieval sources indicate that earthquakes and other natural disasters were understood as signs from God, relating to theophanic encounters or divine wrath in the present time. Building on recent research on premodern concepts of time and historical consciousness, the article underscores the fact that eschatological models of time and history—that is, the relentless linear, teleological progression of time towards the End of Days—was not how premodern people perceived the relationship between past, present, and future. The textual evidence presented here is supported by a fragmented and littleknown illuminated historiographic text, the Ravennater Annalen, housed today in the cathedral library in Merseburg. This copy of a sixth-century illustrated calendar from Ravenna contains unique depictions of earthquakes in the form of giants breathing fire. Like the textual sources, this visual document should not be read as a premonition of the End of Days, rather it visualizes the belief that divine agency and wrath caused natural disasters.

Background. Long-term sick leave is one of the main risk factors for permanent exit out of the labour market. The longer the duration of sickness absence, the less likely sick leave conclusion. Objectives and Methods. The aims were to analyse possible determinants of sick leave conclusion and their relative impacts, to analyse the properties of two models for the assessment of sick leave conclusion, to study the impact of a multidisciplinary vocational intervention for sick leave conclusion in a high-risk group for long-term sick leave compared to a matched-control group, and to compare the patients’ own assessment on chance to sick leave conclusion within 6 months with the assessment of a team of rehabilitation professionals. A prospective cohort study of 943 patients aged 18 to 63 years, sickness certified at a Primary Health Care Centre in Sweden during 8 months in 2004, and follow-up for three years. Results. Significant determinants increasing time to sick leave conclusion were number of sick leave days the year before baseline, age and a psychiatric diagnosis (F in ICD-10). Concordance between actual sick leave conclusion and that predicted by a computer-based model was 73-76% during the first 28-180 days in a manual model, and approximately 10% units higher in a computer based model. Three nomograms provided detailed information on the probability on sick leave conclusion. Before intervention started, the rehabilitation group had a 73% higher sick leave conclusion rate than the control group but during the rehabilitation programme period, a 51% lower conclusion rate, and after there were no significant differences between the groups. The patients’ and the rehabilitation teams’ assessment scores were highly correlated (r=0.49).   Conclusions. Previous sick leave was the most influential variable associated with sick leave conclusion. A computer- based assessment model gave more detailed information on sick leave conclusion than a manual model. A multidisciplinary intervention declined sick leave in a high-risk group for long-term sick leave but after intervention there was no difference between groups. Patients’ own view on sick leave conclusion was highly correlated to the assessment of professionals’.

Ce travail se situe, en Sciences de l'Éducation, dans le champ des didactiques, c'est-à-dire dans celui de l'étude de la transmission sociale des savoirs culturels, notamment dans le cadre scolaire, plus précisément, il cherche à développer la théorie des situations didactiques, qui prend son origine dans le travail de Guy Brousseau. La première partie montre comment l'existence de ce que j'ai appelé les phases de conclusion permet une première intelligibilité du rôle du professeur dans les classes ordinaires. Le travail du professeur n'apparaît plus comme principalement un travail en classe : beaucoup des ressources et des déterminations de la situation du professeur proviennent de ressources et de contraintes en amont. La deuxième partie est centrée sur le modèle de la structuration du milieu,. Du point de vue de l'étude du professeur, les cinq niveaux de détermination dégagés par l'étude de la structuration du milieu permettent de décrire d'une façon fine les connaissances en jeu dans une situation du professeur au sens large. La troisième et dernière partie cherche à problématiser la difficile rencontre entre le professeur et les élèves autour des savoirs à enseigner et à apprendre. L'analyse des situations montre qu'il existe des bifurcations didactiques, qui sont un candidat pour comprendre, à l'échelle « microscopique », les phénomènes de différenciations scolaires connus au niveau macroscopique et sociologique.

Les activités du commerce électronique et le cadre juridique qui en découle soulèvent des questions pertinentes, en particulier celle de la protection du consommateur lors de la formation du contrat.Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé les règles juridiques relatives au contrat électronique afin d’assurer la cohérence entre ces règles et le droit commun du contrat. Nous avons constaté que les contrats électroniques sont également soumis à des règles juridiques qui encadrent l’obligation du vendeur et de l’acheteur, la livraison, la réception, le paiement, la signature du contrat, le droit de rétractation, la garantie, etc.Les questions de la compétence juridictionnelle et la loi applicable étaient également envisagés, car le contrat électronique peut faire l’objet d’un litige international.Enfin, nous avons constaté que la valeur juridique du contrat électronique dépend en principe de la valeur juridique de l’écriture et de la signature électronique. / E-commerce activities and the legal frame that results from them raise many relevant questions. Especially those related to the consumer protection at the moment of conclusion and implementation of the contract.In this study we analyzed the legal regulations that govern electronic contracts in order to establish correlations with common law regulation. We noticed that E-contracts are also subject to legal rules framed by the obligations of the seller and the buyer such as delivery, reception, payment, signature of the contract, the right to withdrawal, etc.E-contracts constitute an issue of international controversy. The rules of competences of jurisdiction and the applicable laws are especially disputed.We concluded that the legal value of electronic contracts depends to a great extent on the legal value of the electronic writing and signature.

Any discussion of the growth and development of essays in Sepedi must include the name of E.K.K. Matlala. Matlala was the first author to publish a volume of Sepedi essays. This publishing of this volume, entitled Mengwalo (Essays) Puku II, by Fort Hare University in 1943 is an event of historical importance in Sepedi literature. This research study investigates Matlala’s essays. The aim of this study is to focus on all various possible types of essays, including the four types that Matlala wrote, namely descriptive, analytical, narrative and meditative essays. Matlala’s volume of Sepedi essays, Mengwalo (Essays) Puku II, consists of four essays, namely ‘Lexae’, ‘Fsika-thsipi la Ramošweu’, ‘Tato ya monnyana ke lesoxana’ and ‘Šakeng la bophelo’. Each of these four belongs to a specific category of essays. For this reason, it can be argued that Matlala is a skilled author of Sepedi essays. His skill becomes clear in an analysis of his essays, which shows that he arranges them to be in line with a clear structure, namely title, introduction, body and conclusion. This structure is generally accepted as the correct structure for an essay. As for thematic content, Matlala’s essays discuss both modernity and the days gone by. In three of his essays, Matlala writes about the importance of events that happened in the past. In the fourth essay, ‘Fsika-thsipi la Ramošweu’, Matlala depicts modernity. Matlala’s writing style is recognizably dated; he makes extensive use of loan words and the archaic language of the twenties and thirties. However, this language is important as it promotes multilingualism. Analysing the classification of Sepedi informal essays reveals that Matlala not only wrote essays but also made an attempt to elevate their status. Therefore, it could be argued that Matlala has a unique talent among the writers of Sepedi informal essays. The argument developed in this study is that Matlala is the most successful author of Sepedi informal essays who has ever been published. This study also examines the influence in Matlala’s work of his study of English essays. / Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / African Languages / unrestricted

The dissertation deals with the cutting-edge subject of electronic contracts, which have the potential to automatically process and control the access rights for (electronic) goods. The dissertation shows the design and the implementation of a rights expression exchange framework. The framework enables digital rights management systems to exchange electronic contracts with each other and thus, provides DRM system compatibility. The electronic contracts, which are formulated in a standardized rights expression language, serve as exchange format between different DRM systems. The dissertation introduces a methodology for the standardized composition, exchange and processing of electronic contracts respectively rights expressions. (author´s abstract)