Le mensonge est un fait omniprésent dans notre vie. La religion et les règles morales condamne tout mensonge parce qu’il est le signe de trahison des valeurs morales universelles communes à toutes les sociétés. Tous les jugements et les droits doivent nécessairement reposer sur la vérité. Les règles juridiques, inspiré de règles religieuses et morales, répriment également le mensonge. Toutefois, en application des principes régissant la matière, le droit pénal ne réprime que les mensonges concrètement nuisibles à la société et aux individus. La sanction du mensonge nécessite que l’usage du mensonge permette de parvenir à une fin prohibée par la loi pénale. L’intervention du législateur est justifiée et légitimée par des impératifs d’ordre public imposant la protection des valeurs sociales nécessaires au fonctionnement de la société. La recherche entreprise porte sur les infractions consommées par le mensonge en droit pénal. Le droit pénal conçoit le mensonge comme une déviation par rapport à la vérité réalisée sous des multiples formes, sans apporter une définition précise. La matière pénale ne s’intéresse pas à une inexactitude en tant que telle, mais au mensonge, qui par définition, ne peut être qu’intentionnel, fait de mauvaise foi dans le but de tromper. Cette étude a pour but de d’identifier les critères retenus lors de la répression du mensonge dans toutes les infractions consommées par une altération frauduleuse de la vérité. A la lecture du Code pénal, on peut constater que de nombreuses infractions sont construites sur le mensonge. Conformément aux principes régissant le droit pénal, la répression du mensonge doit se faire qu'en fonction de critères objectifs et déterminés. Les réformes et les évolutions substantielles génèrent des incertitudes sur les frontières traditionnellement admises du mensonge punissable et génèrent une problématique renouvelée. Les composantes des infractions sont affectées par des transformations majeures et rendent la ligne de démarcation de la répression mouvante. La jurisprudence confirme cette tendance et témoignent de la souplesse observée lors de la caractérisation du mensonge. / Lying is a fact of life. Both religion and morality condemn lying as a sign of treason against the universal moral rules common to all societies. All judgements and all laws must rely on truth. Legal rules, inspired by religious and moral rules, repress the use of lies. Applying the principles of this subject, however, criminal law only represses lies that specifically harm society or individuals. Lies are only punished if their use facilitates actions prohibited by penal law. The intervention of the legislator is justified and legitimate to ensure public order and protect the social values essential for the functioning of society. The following research aims to show the (proven) violations committed by the act of lying. Penal law considers lies a deviation from the truth that manifests itself in a number of ways and does not have a precise definition. In criminal matters, inaccuracy is not the most crucial aspect –lies are by definition necessarily instances of intentional deception. This study aims to identify the criteria applied for the punishment of lying in cases of violations of the law that resort to an alteration of the truth with fraudulent intent. Reading the criminal code, we see that a large number of violations are based on lies. According to the penal law principles, the punishment of lying must be based on specific and objective criteria only. Reforms and substantial transformations throw uncertainties upon the traditionally accepted demarcations of punishable lies, which perpetuates the problem. The components of these violations are affected by major transformations, which leads to unclear determination of punishment. Juriceprudence confirms this tendency and shows certain flexibility during the characterisation of what constitutes a lie.

The object of the principle of material truth is to assure the certainty of facts in order to be able to issue a ruling as close to reality as possible. The principle has an intimate relationship with the limitation periods which, as regulated in our Tax Code, are only established as minimum terms in which the tax debt or has to comply with the administration’s requirements, without specifying any maximum. The author explains how it is that the terms regarding the presentation of documents have to be fixed considering the civilian’s interestand not against it. He affirms that, as long as the collection procedure of a certain period has not concluded, the debtor has the faculty to offer information and arguments to the administration in order to sustain his statement, allowing him to discuss the objections formulated against him. / El principio de verdad material tiene por finalidad arribar a la certeza de los hechos para poder emitir un pronunciamiento lo más cercano posible a la realidad. Está vinculado con los plazos de preclusión que, en nuestro CódigoTributario, sólo están establecidos como plazos mínimos para que el deudor tributario cumpla con lo solicitado por la administración, sin señalar un plazo máximo. El autor explica cómo los plazos para presentarlos documentos deben ser fijados según el interés del administrado y no en perjuicio de éste; mientras no concluya el procedimiento administrativo de fiscalización por el período y ejercicio fiscal correspondiente, el deudor tributario se encuentra plenamente facultado para ofrecer la información y los argumentos que sustenten sus descargos, pudiendo levantar de ese modo que los reparos que se le han formulado.

The aim of this study is to prove that there is a need for innovative teaching methods in the foreign language classroom. This need arises from the fact that traditional and more conventional teaching methods tend to focus on analytical learning and left brain hemisphere activity, thereby alienating learners that are more inclined to holistic, right brain learning. The current study addresses this problem by showing in which ways the learner of German as a foreign language can benefit from the inclusion of language games in lessons. The research is directed towards indicating that games provide a basis for stimulating all the senses, thereby facilitating total learning. Many learners of German as a foreign language seem to get stuck somewhere in the process of foreign language acquisition, seemingly unable to progress to an acceptable level of communicating/expressing themselves effectively in the foreign language. The objective of this study therefore is to show how the implementation of language games can dynamically work against this problem. Specifically, the goals of this research project are: 1 To show in which ways language games can be used not only to motivate foreign language learners, but also to lift the barrier where motivation has been blocked, 2 To show in which ways language games fulfill the requirements of total learning / holistic learning (using all the senses, stimulating both brain hemispheres etc.), 3 To show in which ways language games form part of a communicative approach, simulating real-life situations, thereby enabling foreign language speakers to communicate more effectively. The type of study conducted in this mini-dissertation is of an interpretive nature. Theories on motivation, total learning, communicative approaches and the didactic value of games/playing are discussed in the various chapters. Information, gathered from various literature sources, has been organized so as to facilitate comparison as data-analysis technique. From the resulting comparisons, the findings of various researchers/authors have been synthesized in order to draw conclusions regarding the role of language games. Some practical recommendations follow to indicate how foreign language lessons can be structured in such a way that language games can be implemented to the benefit of students of German as a foreign language. / Dissertation (MA (German))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Modern European Languages / unrestricted

The thesis deals with the design of technology for production of weapon conclusion by die forging. The weapon conclusion will be made of C45 steel in series of 500 000 pieces per year. Before forging, the base semi-finished product will be treated using cross-wedge rolling technology. Thanks to the chosen production process, the forging will be made as four pieces. A simulation of the forging process was made for the created design. Results of a simulation showed that metal did not fill entire hollow. Based on these results was made changes in design and the simulation was performed again. According to the results of the second simulation, the hollow has already been filled with metal. For the forging was chosen the machine LZK 2500P from Šmeral a.s with a nominal force 25MN. In the conclusion there was a technical-economic evaluation of costs for the material required for production of entire series.

This graduation theses contains the solution of new multifunctional building. The house includes a one underground and three above-ground floore with a flat roof. Project contains architectonical and engineering solution, constructive (statics) part and sanitary, technical installations.

[pt] Nesta pesquisa, exploramos o fenômeno da desigualdade de oportunidades no ensino superior no contexto da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), com o objetivo principal de investigar as relações entre gênero, raça e características socioeconômicas dos estudantes, aspectos institucionais e desempenho acadêmico no acesso e na conclusão de curso. A UFFS foi criada em 2009, no contexto da expansão e interiorização do ensino superior público federal no Brasil, com especificidades significativas em sua estrutura, abrangência territorial e perfil dos estudantes. A pesquisa foi desenhada como um estudo de caso e combina estratégias qualitativas e quantitativas. As primeiras envolvem a análise de documentos institucionais. As segundas fazem uso de dados longitudinais dos ingressantes pelo Enem, no período de 2010 a 2018 em análises descritivas e inferenciais de características dos estudantes e institucionais e de suas relações com desfechos como evasão e conclusão. Os principais resultados indicam que as políticas de acesso e de ação afirmativa implementadas na UFFS, incluindo a Lei de Cotas, contribuem de forma significativa para a redução das desigualdades sociais e raciais. Desde sua criação, a UFFS manteve um perfil discente com mais de 90 porcento de egressos da escola pública, alto percentual de estudantes de origem rural, de trabalhadores e com pais de baixa escolarização e renda. A implementação da Lei de Cotas permitiu o aumento do acesso de estudantes pretos, pardos e indígenas em todas as áreas de conhecimento, inclusive nas mais seletivas, como saúde e engenharias. Na dimensão da evasão e da conclusão do curso, os resultados indicam um peso maior dos aspectos institucionais sobre esses dois desfechos: estudantes que frequentam curso integral e os que recebem alguma modalidade de assistência estudantil e/ou participam de atividades extracurriculares ampliam suas chances de permanência e de conclusão do curso. Outro resultado relevante é que os alunos das áreas rurais apresentam maiores percentuais de conclusão e menores percentuais de evasão de curso quando comparados aos estudantes das áreas urbanas. Em termos de gênero e raça, os homens e negros apresentam maiores dificuldades na conclusão de curso. Por fim, o desempenho se mostrou uma questão central na explicação da evasão e da conclusão de curso em associação com características dos estudantes e, principalmente, com o tipo de curso frequentado. Por sua vez, a reprovação se mostrou um fator importante e que afeta a maioria dos ingressantes na UFFS, sejam eles evadidos ou concluintes. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de implementação de iniciativas institucionais específicas, dirigidas ao fortalecimento da permanência dos estudantes e à redução da evasão e da repetência, além da necessidade de novas pesquisas que acompanhem os resultados dessas iniciativas, e que contribuam para uma melhor compreensão dos fatores associados à evasão de curso e à mobilidade interna e externa dos estudantes da UFFS. / [en] This thesis explores the inequality of opportunities in higher education in the case of the Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS). The main objective is to investigate relationships between gender, race and socioeconomic characteristics of the students, institutional aspects and academic performance in undergraduate access and completion. UFFS was created in 2009, reflecting the expansion and internalization of federal public higher education in Brazil in the particularities of its structure, its territorial scope and the profile of its students. The research was designed as a case study and combines qualitative strategies related to the analysis of institutional documents, with quantitative strategies that involve descriptive and inferential analyzes of student characteristics, performance, course and permanence policies and their relationships with outcomes such as dropout and the conclusion, based on the use of longitudinal data of new entrants by Enem, in the period from 2010 to 2018. The main results indicate that the access and affirmative action policies implemented at UFFS, including the Quota Law, contribute significantly to the reduction of social and racial inequalities. Since its creation, UFFS has maintained a student profile with more than 90 percent coming from public schools, a high percentage of rural students and workers and children of parents with low education and income. The implementation of the Quotas Law allowed for an increase in the access of black, brown and indigenous students in all areas of knowledge. In the dimension of dropout and completion of the course, the results indicate a greater weight of institutional aspects on these two outcomes: students who attend a full course and those who receive some type of student assistance and/or participate in extracurricular activities increase their chances of staying and completing the course. Another relevant result is that students from rural areas have higher percentages of completion and lower percentages of dropouts when compared to students from urban areas. In terms of gender and race, men and blacks present more difficulties in completing an undergraduate when compared with white and women. Finally, performance proved to be a central issue in explaining dropout and course completion in association with student characteristics and especially with the type of course attended. In turn, a failure proved to be an important factor that affects most newcomers to UFFS, whether they are dropouts or graduates. These results indicate the need to implement specific institutional initiatives, aimed at strengthening student retention and reducing dropout and repetition, in addition to the need for further research to monitor the results of these initiatives, and which contribute to a better understanding of the factors associated with course evasion and internal and external mobility of UFFS students.

Le raisonnement diagnostique (abductif) et le raisonnement de prédiction (inductif) sont deux des méthodes de raisonnement qui permettent la découverte de connaissances nouvelles. Lorsque le raisonnement abductif est le processus permettant de trouver la meilleure explication (hypothèse) pour un ensemble d'observations (Josephson, 1994), le raisonnement de prédiction est le processus, à partir d'un ensemble d'observations, permettant de trouver tous les résultats possibles. Ces observations peuvent être les symptômes d'un patient, des expériences concernant les réseaux métaboliques et génomiques, etc. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la représentation, l'analyse et la synthèse des réseaux de signalisation génomique en utilisant la logique des hypothèses. En fait, ce mémoire se focalise sur la modélisation des voies de signalisation en réponse à la cassure double-brin de l'ADN. Pour implémenter l'abduction nous utilisons les algorithmes de production. Ensuite, la logique des défauts permet de construire des modèles de représentation minimale. Ces algorithmes de découvertes de connaissances sont prouvés sur la carte de cassure double brin de l'ADN. Cette carte est minimale en tant que graphe de causalité biologique et elle permet d'intégrer les données biomoléculaires.

Avanços na área da tecnologia de informação proporcionaram mudanças em diversas áreas da atividade humana. A comunicaço cientifica e uma destas áreas. Periódicos científicos, que tradicionalmente utilizam como meio de divulgação a mídia impressa, possuem agora como alternativa a midia eletrônica. Alguns periódicos científicos lançados no final do século XX estão disponíveis exclusivamente no formato eletrônico. Esta tese de Doutorado analisa de forma específica as dinâmicas de acesso e uso dos periódicos científicos eletônicos brasileiros na área da Ciência da Informação. Discutem-se diversos tópicos fundamentais para a compreensão deste assunto. O estudo do acesso dos usuários aos periódicos foi realizado através da análise dos arquivos de log de acesso gerados pelos servidores web onde estão hospedados os periódicos selecionados para a pesquisa. O estudo relacionado ao uso que os usuários fazem dos periódicos foi realizado através da análise de um questionário enviado para os docentes dos programas de pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação, credenciados pela Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES, até a data de 30 de junho de 2001. A pesquisa identifica vários comportamentos dos usários quando do acesso aos periódicos científicos eletrônicos brasileiros, bem como algumas barreiras para uma utilização mais efetiva deste recurso. As conclusões da pesquisa sao relevantes para a elaboraço de novos periódicos cientificos eletrônicos. O prototipo de um sistema de informação eletrônico, voltado para o gerenciamento do processo de elaboração de um periódico científico eletrônico, e apresentado em sugestões para futuras pesquisas. Este protótipo materializa algumas das idéias discutidas ao longo do texto. / Electronic journals, Scientific Communication, Information Science, Information Technology

[pt] Grande parte das indústrias e do comércio atacadista e varejista, depara-se com problemas referentes à estocagem de seus produtos em galpões. Visando otimizar as operações de armazenamento e recuperação destes produtos (livros, remédios, CDs, caixas, pallets etc) e melhorar a utilização dos espaços vagos, foi idealizado o desenvolvimento de um protótipo que busca funcionalidade operativa associada a baixo custo.O presente trabalho consiste na construção de um manipulador robótico, controlado através da porta paralela de um microcomputador e composto por guias lineares estruturais, fixadas a um módulo de armazenamento com escaninhos. Para a execução dos movimentos é utilizada a tecnologia de motores de passo, onde dois motores horizontais efetuam os movimentos na coordenada X e um motor vertical, na coordenada Y. Um mecanismo de garras, acionado por motoredutor, foi desenvolvido para a captação dos volumes padronizados (containers). Finalmente, um programa para gerenciamento dos movimentos também foi implementado, com o objetivo de minimizar as operações do manipulador. / [en] A great part of the industry and of the wholesaler and retailer commerce sector, is dealing with some problems related to the storage of their products in sheds. The development of this prototype was initiated in order to improve the products (books, medicines, CDs, boxes, pallets) storage / recovery operations and the use of the vacant spaces. This development also searched to satisfy functionality associated to the low cost. The presented work is based upon the construction of a robotic manipulator. It is controlled by the computer parallel port and composed by structural linear guides that are fixed on a storage module with small partitions, similar to drawers. The movement execution uses the technology of step motors. Two horizontal motors execute the coordinate X movements, and a vertical motor executes the coordinate Y movements. It was developed a end effector mechanism, activated by a motor reducer, in order to capture the standardized containers. It was also implemented a program for the movements management. It looks for the reduction of the manipulator operations. The document s finalization shows and comments the obtained results.

Rozbor oficiálních stanovisek EU k rozšíření EU o země Západního Balkánu (Chorvatsko, Makedonie, Černá Hora, Albánie, BiH, Srbsko, nově Kosovo) ukazuje na zdrženlivost EU k vlastnímu aktu přijetí. Přes všechna prohlášení o vůli přijmout tyto země, tato vyjádření zůstávají spíše proklamací, bez vyhlášení konkrétních dat přijetí těchto zemí do společenství. Na rozdíl od Rakouska, která jako jediná země EU deklaruje co nejrychlejší rozšíření EU o země Západního Balkánu přímo ve vládním programu jako prioritu své zahraniční politiky. Motivace Rakouska je založena na důkladné ekonomické analýze situace, kdy Rakouské investice do těchto zemí jsou nejvyšší ze všech zemí EU. Mezi Rakouskem a zeměmi Západního Balkánu a Rakouskem probíhá čilý obchod i pohyb osob, na který ostatní země EU nejsou ještě připraveny. Překážkou rychlého přijetí se tedy jeví důvody povahy nikoliv ekonomické, ale politické. Evropská unie se shoduje na roku 2008 jako na roku klíčovém v přístupových jednáních. V době publikace této práce ovšem EU nebyla s to jako celek schválit nezávislost Kosova. Minimálně tento bod zůstává otevřen k dořešení v roce 2008 spolu s dalšími body týkajícími se příštího rozšíření. EU má v této chvíli (duben 2008) jasno, že favorizovanými kandidáty pro přístup jsou Chorvatsko, Makedonie a Albánie, zatím bez konkrétního data přístupu.