This thesis explores the role of Development policy as an alternative to the traditional public security focused strategies for tackling organised crime violence in Latin America and the Caribbean. To do so, it builds bridges between the academic literature of criminology and development. It examines the public experiences of insecurity in Mexico and the social impacts of a development initiative, the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programme in two municipalities in Mexico. The thesis poses questions about the impacts of Development initiatives upon organised crime violence from the perspectives of those living within areas affected by violence. The CCT programmes seek to address poverty in the short and long-term and research has begun to explore the potential of these programmes to diminish violence and crime, almost exclusively from a quantitative research approach, whereas this study adopts a qualitative design. This research is based on data gathered through interviews, observations, and focus groups to examine the perspectives and experiences of current and former CCT recipients, CCT administrators, public security officials, members of the public, NGO leads, and ex-gang affiliated individuals. This micro-level qualitative methodology adopted in this research contrasts the almost exclusively macro-level, econometric evaluations which have dominated CCT and organised crime research. The findings demonstrated that respondents perceived CCTs as significant in reducing the propensity of young men participating in organised crime violence in their localities. The perspectives of participants in this study provided enough evidence to overturn a common narrative of ‘prevention doesn’t work’ and suggest that in each of the areas targeted by the study there is potential for a reduction of organised crime rooted in development initiatives according to respondents.

In this thesis the feasibility of making social transfers conditional in South Africa is examined with specific focus on the Child Support Grant. Currently, there are more than 8.7 million children receiving Child Support Grants, which is impacting positively on poverty alleviation. Yet, social outcomes, especially in health and education are poor. The conditionality of transfers will compel the parents/guardians of these children to ensure that the children regularly attend school and also utilise the health services. Conditional cash transfers, by their nature, attempt to address the low demand for these services, which are available but are not being utilised. The National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) is employed to test empirically whether it will be feasible to institute conditionality to the CSG. The methodology adopted is to determine if there is any statistically significant difference (education and health outcomes) between the recipients of the CSG with non-recipients of the CSG. Moreover, the population (as extrapolated from the sample) is separated into four groups, namely, children that qualify and receive the grant (QR), children that qualify and do not receive the grant (QNR), children that do not qualify and receive the grant (NQR) and children that do not qualify and do not receive the grant (NQNR). Subsequently, educational and health outcomes are compared between these groups to determine if there is any statistically significant difference between them. The results demonstrate that school attendance is high among children, and there is no significant difference in school attendance between the recipients and non-recipients of the CSG; as well as between the QR, QNR, NQR and NQNR. Moreover, there is no substantial difference in education outcomes (grade repetition) between the recipients and non-recipients of the CSG; as well as between the four groups. Similar results are found for health where there is no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding utilisation of health services as well as health outcomes. Therefore, conditionality of the CSG would not be feasible, as it does not address the causes of poor health and education outcomes, which are mainly due to supply-side deficiencies. Government should rather strengthen current poverty alleviation policies which seem to be impacting positively on poverty reduction. / Economics / D. Com (Economics)

Les années 1990 ont vu naître de nouvelles politiques sociales, les « transferts monétaires conditionnels » : allocations attribuées aux familles pauvres à condition qu’elles incitent leurs enfants à poursuivre leur scolarité ou qu’elles les conduisent dans les centres de santé, avec pour objectif de réduire la pauvreté et d’assurer un meilleur avenir aux « pauvres » de demain. Avec leur développement, ces politiques ont créé un nouveau champ de protection sociale, dont les principes et les manières de faire s’éloignent du fonctionnement traditionnel de l’assistance. Ces politiques ont fait leur apparition au Brésil et au Mexique dans les années 1990. L’analyse de leur genèse met en évidence une structuration progressive, marquée par des contextes institutionnels et des trajectoires distincts qui se soldent néanmoins par des résultats semblables. Comment expliquer ce parallélisme ? L’objectif de cette étude a consisté à dégager une ou plusieurs variables permettant d’expliquer l’émergence et l’expansion des programmes de transferts monétaires conditionnels dans ces pays et à mettre en évidence la manière dont l’évolution de ces politiques a pu susciter des oppositions plus ou moins fortes de la part de certains acteurs, ainsi que les contraintes institutionnelles auxquelles ces politiques se sont confrontées. On peut observer la structuration de groupes défendant des causes diverses autour de ces politiques, et qui ont déterminé largement leur élaboration et mise en oeuvre, rentrant tantôt en concurrence tantôt en alliance. C’est, notamment, la coalition dominante « pro-capital humain » qui entend définir et encadrer l’ensemble des politiques menées. L’apport de cette recherche est donc de nuancer l’idée d’une réforme consensuelle des politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté au Mexique et au Brésil, sans pour autant nier l’ampleur des transformations intervenues. Il en résulte que le changement institutionnel au Brésil s’est opéré par l'ajout de nouveaux dispositifs aux institutions existantes ; et au Mexique, en première instance, le processus de changement et de consolidation de la politique de transfert monétaire s’est produit sous la forme d'un déplacement et, par la suite, afin de maintenir le statu quo, les acteurs défenseurs des institutions ont modifié de façon marginale le programme pour maintenir leurs intérêts. Les instruments monétaires qui visent à lutter contre la pauvreté sont, en effet, l’objet d’un consensus ambigu, plusieurs acteurs issus de différentes coalitions finissant par le revendiquer. Enfin, la variable intérêt, nécessaire à différents moments, s’est constituée comme une variable essentielle pour comprendre la permanence de ces politiques par l’intermédiaire des phénomènes de verrouillage. / The 1990s saw the birth of so-called 'conditional cash transfers', assistance programs for poor families on the condition that they encourage their children to seek education and attend health centers. In order to reduce poverty and ensure a better future for tomorrow's « poor », these policies represent a new type of social protection with different principles and modes of operation for traditional programs. The analysis of their origins reveals a progressive structuring marked by institutional contexts and different paths that have generated similar results. The objective of this study is to identify one or more variables that might explain their emergence and expansion in Brazil and Mexico in the 1990s and 2000s and to highlight how the evolution of these policies could generate more or less strong opposition from some actors as well as the institutional constraints these policies face. We can observe group structures centred on "causes" - notably the cause of human capital - that have largely determined the development and implementation of these policies. This paper seeks to show the nuances of the idea of consensual reforms in Mexico and Brazil, without denying the extent to which these transformations have occurred. This means that institutional change in Brazil is operated by adding new features to existing institutions; while in Mexico, in the first instance, the process of change and consolidation of conditional cash transfer programs has occurred as an institutional shift and then the defenders of the status quo actors marginally modified the program to keep their interests. As monetary instruments to combat poverty, these programs are the subject of an ambiguous consensus and actors from different coalitions end up supporting them. Finally, "interests", necessary at different times, were constituted as a key variable to understand the permanence and strengthening of these policies through locking phenomena. / A década de 1990 assistiu ao nascimento das chamadas « transferências condicionadas de renda » : programas assistenciais para famílias pobres à condição de que elas incentivem seus filhos a prosseguirem os estudos e que frequentem centros de saúde. Com o objetivo de reduzir a pobreza e assegurar um futuro melhor para os « pobres » de amanhã, essas políticas representam um novo tipo de proteção social com princípios e modos de operaçäo diferentes dos programas tradicionais. A análise de suas origens revela uma estruturação progressiva marcada por contextos institucionais e trajetórias distintas que geraram resultados semelhantes. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar uma ou mais variáveis que possam explicar a emergência e expansão no Brasil e no México nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, examinando a maneira como suas evoluções suscitaram oposições mais ou menos fortes de atores e os constrangimentos institucionais enfrentados. Nós podemos observar uma estruturação de grupos reunidos em torno a « causas » - notadamente a causa do capital humano - que influem na elaboração e na implementação dessas políticas. Esse trabalho busca matizar a ideia de reformas consensuais no México e no Brasil, sem negar a dimensão das transformações ocorridas. A mudança institucional no Brasil é operada por meio da adição de novos recursos às instituições existentes; e no México, em primeira instância, o processo de mudança e consolidação da política de transferência de renda ocorreu como um deslocamento institucional e, posteriormente, os atores defensores do status quo modificam marginalmente o programa para manter os seus interesses. Assim, esses programas são objeto de um consenso ambíguo, uma vez que atores de diferentes coalizões passam a reivindicar eventualmente esses instrumentos. Finalmente, os « interesses » constituíram-se como uma variável chave para entender a permanência e o reforço das condicionalidades dessas políticas por meio de fenômenos de lock- in.

This dissertation explores the role of relationships with front-line officers on the subjective wellbeing of the recipients of the conditional cash transfer programme in Mexico, Oportunidades-Prospera. To do so, it builds bridges between the literatures on wellbeing, development and public policy. In recent decades, wellbeing has acquired greater significance in public policy with the interest of changing the conceptualization of progress from one driven by economic growth to one which takes quality of life as its ultimate aim. Much attention has been placed on measuring wellbeing for national policy deliberation. This dissertation, instead, is interested in understanding how taking a wellbeing approach may contribute to street-level development: to the design, practice and implementation of social policies and programmes. The value of wellbeing is that it draws attention to dimensions of experience that policy has tended to under-estimate or ignore. In this respect, one of the most consistent findings of wellbeing scholarship is the centrality of social relationships in shaping action and driving how people evaluate their lives. While the main emphasis has been on close relationships, this dissertation asks how the relationships created during the implementation of social programmes may influence wellbeing – and hence the overall impact of policies themselves. This research focuses on relationships at the health clinics which clients of Oportunidades-Prospera are required to attend as a condition for receiving a cash transfer. It follows a mixed-methods approach that reveals that relationships with health officers have a significant role on recipients’ sense of what they can do and be in different domains. It also finds that the quality of these relationships has two dimensions, positive and negative, and that these have differential effects on wellbeing. The study concludes that paying attention to the wellbeing implications of officer-recipient relationships deepens understanding of the overall effect of social programmes on their clients, highlighting unintended effects that are usually unaccounted for. In addition, the significance of relationships in implementation indicates a vital dimension of the policy process that requires direct attention if social policy and programmes are to achieve their full potential to improve people’s wellbeing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Madalena Serpa Pimentel Dias Amado.pdf: 1143512 bytes, checksum: aba60105ecdf6cc81addf1f0a72a1c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-06 / This dissertation seeks to analyze the effects of conditional cash transfers (specifically the case of Bolsa Familia Program), to the social condition of the former beneficiaries, in the pursuit of autonomy and emancipation. The research piece is pursued essentially in a qualitative manner, having analyzed the cash transfer cancellation motives as well as through interviewing the former beneficiaries whom are not receiving the benefit of Bolsa Familia Program (PBF) anymore in São Paulo in this way illustrating how the effect of the programme influences (or not) the degree of autonomy or emancipation of the family. There are numerous variables being analyzed, such as: the period of time the families have been receiving the cash transfer, reasons for quitting the program, main changes understood by the families to what concerns access to goods and services that meet their basic demands. These basic needs include education, healthcare, justice, transportation, water, electricity, and nourishment. Furthermore, the study focuses on additional factors such as relevant variations in the autonomy and emancipation of the families before and after the programme. Within this category, were considered as main analysis factors the access to services and complementary programmes, access to knowledge and information, access to the labour market noting variations in the form and the quality of labour, and in the ability to generate income. Additionally, still within this category of analysis were considered factors such as social participation, the capacity to affect change and to relate family personal achievements to wider conquers within the public sphere. In the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study, there are a variety of concepts associated to Social Protection its historical perspective, and the evolution of the social policies associated to social rights and citizenship, following a line of research that enables the comprehension of the current Brazilian social policies and the main debates it raises. The Social Assistance Policy is the main point of analyzes within the Social Protection issue. In the Brazilian Social Assistance Policy, it is further examined the consolidation of the Bolsa Família Program from its origin, to its management, as well as key impacts pointed out by several studies and the major controversies surrounding the Program. Through the empirical research, data, provided by the Secretary for Social Assistance and Development (Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social), through its Benefits Management Directorate (Coordenadoria de Gestão de Benefícios), as well as through interviews with family members that have previously benefited from the PBF, has been analyzed. The analysis and interpretation of the compiled data allowed for a thorough understanding, which enables the provision of answers to various questions raised throughout the study, and also to examine previous assumptions. As illustrated by the results and data collected through the interviews, the importance of the Bolsa Familia Program to the families is shown as a supplementary income source, as supporting food consumption as well as a survival resource. Although, under no circumstances, were these associated to structural changes in living standards before and after receiving this benefit, nor was it possible to identify an increase in autonomy or in the emancipation of these families as a result of the PBF / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o efeito dos programas de transferência de renda condicionada (neste caso o Programa Bolsa Família) na condição social das famílias beneficiárias desligadas, sob a perspectiva da conquista da autonomia e emancipação. A pesquisa é de caráter essencialmente qualitativo, tendo-se analisado os motivos de cancelamento de benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família, na cidade de São Paulo, no ano de 2013, assim como se efetuou uma análise qualitativa dos dados recolhidos através de entrevistas a famílias já desligadas do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), na cidade de São Paulo permitindo observar o efeito que este programa repercute (ou não) em sua autonomia e emancipação. São analisados o tempo de permanência no programa, os fatores de desligamento, principais alterações percebidas pelas famílias na sua condição de vida, antes e depois da participação no Programa, utilizando como fator de análise principal a capacidade de acessar serviços e bens que respondam às demandas e necessidades básicas da família, entre as quais educação, saúde, justiça, transporte, água, eletricidade, bens alimentares e outros, principais alterações na autonomia e emancipação das famílias antes e depois do programa, utilizando como principais fatores de análise o acesso a serviços e programas complementares, acesso à informação e conhecimento, acesso ao trabalho e mudanças no tipo e qualidade do trabalho ou na geração de renda, participação social, capacidade de afetar mudança e vinculação entre conquistas individuais das famílias e conquistas/avanços no espaço coletivo. No referencial teórico e conceitual da presente pesquisa, trabalha-se com diversos conceitos associados à questão da Proteção Social perspectiva histórica e evolução das políticas sociais associada aos direitos sociais e cidadania, percorrendo uma linha de análise que permite a compreensão das políticas sociais brasileiras na atualidade e os principais debates a ela associados. A Política de Assistência Social é o principal ponto de análise no âmbito da Proteção Social. No âmbito da Política de Assistência Social brasileira, é ainda analisada a consolidação do Programa Bolsa Família desde a sua origem, a sua gestão, principais impactos apontados por estudos diversos, assim como as principais polêmicas em torno do Programa. Na pesquisa empírica, foram coletados e analisados dados compilados e fornecidos diretamente pela Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social de São Paulo (SMADS), através da Coordenadoria de Gestão de Benefícios (CGB), e foram realizadas entrevistas com membros de famílias que foram beneficiárias do PBF. A análise e interpretação dos depoimentos coligidos permitiu confrontar a situação das famílias com as propostas do PBF de modo a responder às questões e às hipóteses que motivaram e orientaram a pesquisa. Como se verifica na pesquisa, pelos dados recolhidos nas entrevistas, afirma-se a importância do Bolsa Família na complementação de renda, no consumo de alimentos e na sobrevivência, mas em nenhum caso foram associadas mudanças estruturais nas condições de vida antes e depois do recebimento do benefício, nem se conseguiu identificar a conquista da autonomia ou emancipação destas famílias por influência ou impacto do PBF

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T17:59:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T18:00:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T18:38:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-22T18:39:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / In this paper we study the e ects of conditional cash transfers in school enrolment and tackling child labour. We develop a dynamic heterogeneous agent general equilibrium model, where households face a set of tradeo s while allocating their children's time in leisure activities, schooling and working. We calibrate the model using data from the Brazilian survey PNAD in order to quantify the e ects of a conditional transfer. We then evaluate the results of a policy experiment that implements a conditional cash transfer scheme similar to the Brazilian Bolsa Familia. Our results suggest that the program, in the long term, is able to substantially increase school registration and reduce child labour and poverty. In addition, we nd out that a progressive conditional cash transfer results in even more bene ts. / Neste trabalho, estudamos os impactos de transfer^encias condicionais de renda sobre o trabalho e a educa c~ao infantis. Para tanto, desenvolvemos modelo din^amico de equil brio geral com agentes heterog^eneos, onde as fam lias enfrentam tradeo s com rela c~ao a aloca c~ao de tempo das crian cas em atividades de lazer, em escolaridade e em trabalhar. O modelo e calibrado usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domic lios, de modo que podemos quanti car os efeitos de uma pol tica de transfer^encia de renda. Finalmente, avaliamos o impacto de um pol tica semelhante ao atual Bolsa Fam lia. Nossos resultados sugerem que o programa, no longo prazo, e capaz de induzir um aumento substancial na escolaridade, al em de ser efetivo na redu c~ao do trabalho infantil e da pobreza. Al em disso, mostramos que um programa progressivo de transfer^encia condicional de renda resulta em benef cios ainda maiores.

In this thesis the feasibility of making social transfers conditional in South Africa is examined with specific focus on the Child Support Grant. Currently, there are more than 8.7 million children receiving Child Support Grants, which is impacting positively on poverty alleviation. Yet, social outcomes, especially in health and education are poor. The conditionality of transfers will compel the parents/guardians of these children to ensure that the children regularly attend school and also utilise the health services. Conditional cash transfers, by their nature, attempt to address the low demand for these services, which are available but are not being utilised. The National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) is employed to test empirically whether it will be feasible to institute conditionality to the CSG. The methodology adopted is to determine if there is any statistically significant difference (education and health outcomes) between the recipients of the CSG with non-recipients of the CSG. Moreover, the population (as extrapolated from the sample) is separated into four groups, namely, children that qualify and receive the grant (QR), children that qualify and do not receive the grant (QNR), children that do not qualify and receive the grant (NQR) and children that do not qualify and do not receive the grant (NQNR). Subsequently, educational and health outcomes are compared between these groups to determine if there is any statistically significant difference between them. The results demonstrate that school attendance is high among children, and there is no significant difference in school attendance between the recipients and non-recipients of the CSG; as well as between the QR, QNR, NQR and NQNR. Moreover, there is no substantial difference in education outcomes (grade repetition) between the recipients and non-recipients of the CSG; as well as between the four groups. Similar results are found for health where there is no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding utilisation of health services as well as health outcomes. Therefore, conditionality of the CSG would not be feasible, as it does not address the causes of poor health and education outcomes, which are mainly due to supply-side deficiencies. Government should rather strengthen current poverty alleviation policies which seem to be impacting positively on poverty reduction. / Economics / D. Com (Economics)

Submitted by claudio berbel (cberbel@yahoo.com) on 2012-05-28T22:55:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final Berbel.pdf: 1422388 bytes, checksum: 29e60f9f4a1f419b03e98364716d461c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-08-20T12:43:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final Berbel.pdf: 1422388 bytes, checksum: 29e60f9f4a1f419b03e98364716d461c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-20T12:45:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final Berbel.pdf: 1422388 bytes, checksum: 29e60f9f4a1f419b03e98364716d461c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-24 / In this article we show evidences that conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) can be very effective to enhance changes in people reproductive behavior. Using the event of the launching of Bolsa Familia, we first test the hypothesis that teenage pregnancy would be stimulated by being perceived as a potential facilitator of program participation. Then, we use the heterogeneity in the concession of the benefit to adolescent mothers documented between brazilian states as an exogenous source of variation in the incentives faced by the young women in each place, since pregnancy would be perceived as a factor of non-participation in some places. The results of both estimations demonstrate a high level of response of the poorest people of the population to indirect and financially small incentives. Besides suggesting the alteration of Bolsa Familia participation rules, our analysis confirm the potential of CCT programs to achieve voluntarily fertility reduction and maybe even STD prevention, which are relevant to all regions denoted by poverty. / O primeiro artigo desta tese procura medir o impacto do programa Bolsa Familia sobre a gravidez juvenil, discutindo também a utilização de programas de transferência condicional de renda para a diminuição da fecundidade em áreas de pobreza. O segundo artigo realiza um exercício contrafactual para estimar o impacto de aumentos no investimento em educação sobre o consumo, considerando não só o aumento da produtividade, mas também o impacto da nova educação sobre a fecundidade das pessoas.