In addition to a loss of potential revenues from Utah's $393 million sport fishing industry, the state expends millions of dollars every year on costs associated with whirling disease mitigation and prevention. A state fish hatchery at Midway, Utah was closed when the shallow unconfined aquifer being used for fish culture by spring discharge was deemed to be contaminated by whirling disease. An alternative water source may exist in a confined aquifer below this contaminated unconfined aquifer. However, the complex hydrostratigraphy presents a challenge in determining if this source is a viable resource for fish culture. Geological, physical, chemical, geophysical, and isotopic data were combined to create a conceptual model of the groundwater flow at the site and to determine the interactions this confined aquifer may have with the contaminated aquifer. This model divides groundwater at the hatchery into a shallow unconfined system, an upper confined system, and a lower confined system. The shallow unconfined system is characterized by a water table ~1m below ground surface, several active springs, fast travel times, modern water mixed with ancient hydrothermal water, relatively high TDS, and relatively enriched isotopic values. The confined aquifers have a smaller hydrothermal component, relatively depleted isotopic values, lower TDS, and modern recharge components. Two orthogonal shallow high-resolution seismic reflection profiles indicate substantial heterogeneity in the subsurface at the level of the confined systems at the hatchery. Several north-south trending normal discontinuities were interpreted as possible faults from the seismic profile oriented as a dip line, whereas the strike profile shows discontinuous layering without noticeable faulting. A well log profile for the site shows discontinuous tufa layers amid heterogeneous alluvium material. These tufa layers separate upward leaking confined aquifers from the unconfined system. It is only through the integration of several methods that such mixed systems, can be understood. In this study, the lower confined aquifer was found to be a sufficient and safe resource through the integration of numerous methods.

Grundvatten finns över allt i marken och vid byggnation under markytan är det därför viktigt att tagrundvattnets påverkan i beaktning för att inte skada miljö eller närområde. Hur en lokalgrundvattenstörning sprids i närområdet är normalt svårbedömt, och modelleringsverktyg har blivit ett vanligt verktyg för att undersöka flöden och potentiell påverkan på grundvatten. I detta arbete utvecklasen grundvattenmodell i ModelMuse med Modflow 6 för att undersöka påverkansområdet för en planeradbyggnation som kräver en grundvattensänkning, i Veddesta, Järfälla kommun. Arbetet syftar även tillatt bedöma de olika parametrar som krävs för modelleringen och hur de kan mätas eller uppskattas. Inför modelleringen undersöktes akviferens egenskaper med slugtester och ett kort pumpningstestoch tidigare undersökningar användes för att skapa modellens lagerföljd. Modellen använde tre lager,som generellt från ytan representerade lera, friktionsjord (morän) samt ett berglager, där domänenbestämdes utifrån ett avgränsat avrinningsområde. Modellen kalibrerades manuellt mot observationer i flera grundvattenrör kring byggnationsområdet.För övriga delar av modellen gjordes endast en grov värdering av grundvattennivåerna, där vissa oklaranivåer kvarstod under vidare modellering. Den avsänkning som modelleras uppgår som mest till 3,3 m,medan grundvattenobservationer visar att avsänkningen endast bör uppgå till 1,8 m vid samma punkt.Denna avsänkning resulterar i en omfattande och kraftig påverkan över ett stort område, men denmodellerade påverkan är troligen överdriven då den ursprungliga grundvattensänkningen haröverskattats. Den modellerade grundvattenpåverkan riskera att skapa sättningar och skada byggnader inom ettstort område, men dess effekter kan kraftigt minskas om avsänkningen görs inom en vattentät spont. En enklare känslighetsanalys över parametrarna som använts visar att akvifertjockleken har stor påverkanpå det beräknade utloppet för att upprätthålla avsänkningen, men relationen till påverkansområdetsstorlek är mindre tydligt. Andra betydande osäkerheter finns inom den modelleradegrundvattenbildningen samt det avrinningsområde som användes som rand. Detta arbete visar på hur de mest kritiska parametrarna för grundvatten kan bestämmas eller väljasoch hur de påverkar resultatet. Arbetet belyser också riskerna med felaktiga värden, som trots att de kananses rimliga utifrån teorin inte är lämpliga vid modellering i tätbebyggda områden. Stora avvikelserfrån de initiala värden upptäcktes för grundvattenbildning och problem relaterade tillavrinningsområdet, som upptäcktes under modellens kalibrering. / Groundwater is found everywhere in the ground and when building below ground level, the groundwatermust be considered. Failure to do so may result in damage the environment by reducing wateravailability for vegetation, nearby structures through reduced ground stability or endanger drinkingwater resources. Groundwater is difficult to assess as it can only be directly observed throughobservation wells, and digital modelling tools have become a common tool for investigating flows andpotential impacts on groundwater. In this work, a groundwater model is being developed in ModelMusewith Modflow 6 to investigate the effective influence area for a planned construction in Veddesta,Järfälla municipality in Sweden. During this construction, the groundwater levels will be loweredtemporarily to enable excavation and construction below the natural groundwater level The work alsoaims to assess the various parameters required for the modelling and how they can be retrieved. Prior to the modelling, the properties of the aquifer, which is where the main groundwater transportoccurs, were examined with slug tests and a short pumping test. Data from previous investigations wereused to create the model's stratigraphy. The model used three layers, which generally represented clay,granular soil (till) and a thin rock layer and the model’s boundary was set based on an estimatedcatchment area.    The model was manually calibrated against observations in several groundwater pipes around theconstruction area. For other parts of the model, only a rough assessment was made of the groundwaterlevels, where areas of unclear pressure heads remained throughout the modelling. The modelledlowering of the groundwater amounts to 3.3 m, while groundwater observations show that the expectedlowering should be 1.8 m. The modelled displacement results in a widespread and significant impact,but the modelled impact is probably excessive as the initial lowering of the groundwater is larger thanwhat would be necessary during the construction. The modelled displacement of groundwater risks creating subsidence which will likely damagebuildings within a large area. The impact can be greatly reduced if the lowering of groundwater is donewithin a waterproof sheet pile, which enables dewatering within the excavation without effecting thesurroundings. A simple sensitivity analysis of the parameters used in the modelling shows that theaquifer thickness has a large impact on the calculated outlet across the model boundary, which representsthe required pumping to maintain the reduced groundwater level. The relation to the size of the effectiveinfluence area is less clear. Other significant uncertainties exist within the modelled groundwaterrecharge and the catchment area that was used as the model’s boundary. This work has shown how the most significant parameters for groundwater modelling can bedetermined or selected and how they affect the result. The work also highlights the risks of incorrectvalues, which, although they can be considered reasonable based on theory may not be suitable formodelling groundwater within built up area. Notable deviations from the initial values were rechargerate and issues related to the model domain, which were discovered during the calibration process.

[pt] Microcápsulas são utilizadas em diversos setores da indústria para isolar o material interno do ambiente externo. Elas protegem o conteúdo interno e permitem uma liberação controlada. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um método de produção de microcápsulas de goma gelana monodispersas a partir da formação de modelos de emulsão dupla óleo-em-água-em-óleo por microfluídica. A extração do óleo externo, após a gelificação ionotrópica, permite a dispersão das microcápsulas em meios aquosos. Assim, o método proposto permite encapsular ativos hidrofóbicos e dispersar as microcápsulas em uma fase aquosa, tendo diversas aplicações. Foram definidas janelas de operação para produção de microcápsulas de gelana monodispersas em função da vazão volumétrica de cada fluido que forma as microcápsulas e das dimensões do dispositivo microfluídico. Produziu-se microcápsulas com diâmetros variando de 95 a 260 um e um coeficiente de variação máximo de 5 per cent. Os resultados mostram que é possível controlar o diâmetro das cápsulas e a espessura da membrana através das vazões da fase externa e intermediária, respectivamente. Além disso, estudamos o escoamento de cápsulas de gelana com diferentes diâmetros e espessuras de membrana por um capilar com constrição através de imagens microscópicas e medidas de diferença de pressão. Mapeamos as condições nas quais a membrana é rompida devido à constrição e o conteúdo interno é liberado durante o escoamento. A gastroresistência das cápsulas de gelana é verificada através de testes in vitro que simulam as fases gástrica e intestinal da digestão. Mostramos, através de imagens fluorescentes, que as cápsulas são capazes de liberar o conteúdo interno apenas no intestino devido ao seu pH. Finalmente, demonstramos ser possível, não só produzir microcápsulas magnéticas, mas controlar a resposta magnética delas regulando a quantidade de ferrofluido que é adicionada à fase interna ou à membrana polimérica. As microcápsulas produzidas neste estudo têm grande potencial de aplicação em diversos setores, como alimentício, biomédico, farmacêutico e de óleo e gás. / [en] Microcapsules are applied in several sectors of industry when a physical barrier between the core material and the external environment is required. They protect their cargo and ultimately release it in a controlled way. In the present work, microcapsules with hydrogel-based shells are produced. Monodispersed microcapsules are formed by ionotropic gelation of gellan gum from monodispersed oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) double emulsion templates obtained using glasscapillary microfluidic devices. An oil extraction step was added after the shell gelation process to enable the dispersion of the microcapsules in an aqueous medium. We report the operability window for the production of monodispersed microcapsules as a function of the flow rate of each fluid phase and the dimensions of the device. Microcapsules with mean diameters ranging from 95 to 260 um and a maximum coefficient of variation of 5 per cent were formed. The results show how to independently control the capsule diameter and shell thickness by varying the outer and middle phase flow rates. After that, we experimentally investigate the flow of monodispersed gellan gum microcapsules through a constricted capillary tube by measuring the evolution of the pressure difference and flow visualization. The maximum pressure difference and capsule deformation is obtained for capsules with different diameter and shell thickness. We map the conditions at which the capsule membrane ruptures during the flow, releasing its internal phase. Then, the gastro-resistance of gellan microcapsules is verified through an in vitro test that mimics the gastric and intestinal phases of digestion. Confocal fluorescence microscopy is used to track microcapsules integrity and we show that microcapsules cargo is released in the intestine mostly due to its pH. Finally, we demonstrate that it is possible to produce magnetic microcapsules with well controlled magnetic response by adding different amounts of ferrofluid to their core or shell. The microcapsules produced have great potential for different applications in food, biomedical, pharmaceutical and oil and gas industries.

Coupled whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical microcavities have been extensively explored to tune the resonant eigenfrequencies and spatial distributions of the optical modes, finding many unique photonic applications in a variety of fields, such as nonlinear optics, laser physics, and non-Hermitian photonics. As one type of WGM microcavities, microtube cavities with axial potential wells support 3D confined resonances by circulating light along the microtube cross-section and axis simultaneously, which offers a promising possibility to explore multidimensional and multichannel optical coupling. In this thesis, the optical coupling of 3D confined resonant modes is investigated in coupled microtube cavities fabricated by self-rolling of prestrained nanomembranes. In the first coupling system, multiple sets of 3D optical modes are generated in a single microtube cavity owing to nanogap induced resonant trajectory splitting. The large overlap of optical fields in the split resonant trajectories triggers strong optical coupling of the 3D confined resonant modes. The spectra anticrossing feature and changing-over of one group of coupled fundamental modes are demonstrated as direct evidence of strong coupling. The spatial optical field distribution of 3D coupling modes was experimentally mapped upon the strong coupling regime, which allows direct observation of the energy transfer process between two hybrid states. Numerical calculations based on a quasi-potential model and the mode detuning process are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. On this basis, monolithically integrated twin microtube cavities are proposed to achieve the collective coupling of two sets of 3D optical modes. Owing to the aligned twin geometries, two sets of 3D optical modes in twin microtubes are spectrally and spatially matched, by which both the fundamental and higher-order axial modes are respectively coupled with each other. Multiple groups of the coupling modes provide multiple effective channels for energy exchange between coupled microcavities, which are illustrated by the measured spatial optical field distributions. The spectral anticrossing and changing-over features of each group of coupled modes are revealed in experiments and calculations, indicating the occurrence of strong coupling. In addition, the simulated 3D mode profiles of twin microcavities confirm the collective strong coupling behavior, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Our work provides a compact and robust scheme for realizing 3D optical coupling, which is of high interest for promising applications such as 3D non-Hermitian systems and multi-channel optical signal processing.

Hoy en día existen diversas estructuras en la que se ha dado la aplicación del concreto liviano estructural, por lo que empresas contratistas apuestan por agregados livianos para fabricar concreto liviano de alta resistencia y que cumpla con sus requisitos de diseño. Estos estudios comenzaron a principios de la década de 1980, con óptimos resultados en 1992. Como resultado de todos estos aportes, la información de diseño se ha convertido al alcance de muchos profesionales, y ha permitido que el concreto liviano sea utilizado en alta resistencia y alta durabilidad (Hoff 1992). Es por ello mismo, que nuestra investigación propone el uso de un concreto liviano estructural con perlita de poliestireno expandido en un sistema de albañilería confinada. Este estudio comprende la elaboración del diseño de un concreto liviano estructural; en primer lugar, se investigó un rango apropiado de perlita ya que según Thanon y Jihad (2016) señalan que para obtener óptimos resultados en resistencia a compresión la dosificación de perlita debe variar entre un intervalo de 13-23% ,y es por ello mismo que se escoge trabajar con un porcentaje de 16 % de perlita de poliestireno expandido, pero para términos de comprobación en las propiedades térmicas, también se diseñó con 26% y 36% de perlita; en segundo lugar, para proceder a realizar el diseño del concreto se diseña en base a los requisitos mínimos que establece ACI 318 y con referencias en ACI 211R, la cual interviene en ciertos parámetros para obtener las características de un concreto liviano estructural. / Today there are various structures in which there has been the application of lightweight structural concrete, so contractor companies are committed to lightweight aggregates to manufacture lightweight, high strength concrete that meets its design requirements. These studies conducted in the early 1980s, with optimal results in 1992. As a result of all these contributions, design information has become available to many professionals, and has allowed light concrete to be used for new applications and novelties where high strength and high durability are desirable (Hoff 1992). That is why our research proposes the use of a lightweight structural concrete with expanded polystyrene bead in a confined masonry system for single-family homes. This study includes the development of the design of a lightweight structural concrete; First, a range of bead was investigated since according to Thanon and Jihad (2016) it was pointed out that to obtain optimum results in compressive strength the dosage of perlite must vary between a range of 13-23%, and that is why same that it is chosen to work with a percentage of 16% expanded polystyrene perlite, but for terms of checking the thermal properties, it is also designed with 26% and 36% perlite; secondly, to proceed with the design of the concrete, it is designed based on the minimum requirements established by ACI 318 and with references in ACI 211R, the quality of intervention in specific parameters to obtain the characteristics of a lightweight structural concrete. / Tesis

En jämförelse av Abetongs beräkningsunderlag och statistik från tryckprov visar att sliprarna klarar mycket mer belastning än vad beräkningarna visar. I den här studien har en utvärdering av använda beräkningsmetoder gjorts, samt en jämförelse mellan olika dimensioneringsprinciper för att komma så nära resultaten vid tryckprov som möjligt. Beräkningar med förenklat tryckblock och idealiserad-rektangulär parabolisk arbetskurva visade att det senare alternativet gav ett något högre värde på sliprarnas momentkapacitet, men förändringen förklarade inte varför den verkliga momentkapaciteten är så mycket högre än den framräknade. Den faktor som enligt den här undersökningen påverkar betongens tryckhållfasthet och i sin tur ger en större momentkapacitet än vad tidigare beräkningar visar är förhindrad tvärutvidgning. Studien visar att hänsyn till förhindrad tvärutvidgning bör tas med i beräkningar på betongsliprars hållfasthet. Detta medför att det finns utrymme att minska betongklass på Abetongs slipermodell A26 från C58/70 till C50/60. / A comparison of the calculation data from Abetong and statistics from pressure tests shows that the sleepers can handle more load than the calculations show. In this study, an evaluation of used calculation methods has been made and a comparison between different principles of dimensioning to get as close to the result from the pressure tests as possible. Calculations with rectangular stress distribution and idealized parabola-rectangle diagram showed that the second alternative gave a bit higher value on the sleeper bending moment capacity, but the difference did not explain why the real bending moment capacity is so much higher than the calculated one. According to this study confined concrete gave a larger capacity than the previous calculations. With regards to that effect the compressive strength of the concrete almost doubled, which together with an increased critical strain gave a bending moment capacity very close the one obtained from the pressure tests. This study concludes that the confined concrete effect should be considered when calculating the concrete strength. This also means that there is a possibility to reduce the concrete strength of Abetong’s sleeper model A26 from C58/70 to C50/60.

One of the most important and interesting unsolved problems of science is the nature of glassy dynamics and the glass transition. It is quite an old problem, and starting from the early20th century there have been many efforts towards a sound understanding of the phenomenon. As a result, there are a number of theories in the field, which do not entirely contradict each other, but between which the connection is not entirely clear. In the last couple of decades or so, there has been significant progress and currently we do understand many facets of the problem. But a unified theoretical framework for the varied phenomena associated with glassiness is still lacking. Mode-coupling theory, an extreaordinarily popular approach, came from Götze and co-workers in the early eighties. The theory was originally developed to describe the two¬ step decay of the time-dependent correlation functions in a glassy fluid observed near the glass transition temperature(Tg). The theory went beyond that and made a number of quantitative predictions that can be tested in experiments and simulations. However, one of the drawback of the theory is its prediction of a strong ergodic to non-ergodic transition at a temperature TMCT; no such transition exists in real systems at the temperatures at which MCT predicts it. Consequently, the predictions of the theory like the power-law divergences of the transport quantities (e.g., viscosity and relaxation time) fail at low enough temperature and the theory can not be used below TMCT. It is well understood now that MCT is some sort of a mean-field theory of the real phenomenon, and in real systems the transition predicted by MCT is at best avoided due to finite dimensions and activated processes, neither of which is taken into account in standard MCT. Despite its draw backs, even the most severe critic of the theory will be impressed by its power and the predictions in a regime where it works. Even though the non-ergodic transition predicted by the theory is averted, the MCT mechanism for the increase of viscosity and relaxation time is actually at work in real systems. The status of MCT for glass transition is ,perhaps, similar to the Curie-Weiss theory of magnetic phase transition and it will require hard work and perhaps a conceptual breakthrough to go beyond this mean-field picture. Discussion of such a theoretical framework and its possible directions are, however, beyond the scope of this thesis. In the first part of this work, we have extended the mode coupling theory to three important physical situations: the properties of fluids under strong confinement, a sheared fluid and for the growth kinetics of glassy domains. In the second part, we have studied a different class of non equilibrium phenomenon in arrested systems, the fluctuation relations for yielding. In the first chapter, we talk about some general phenomenology of the glass transition problem and a few important concepts in the field. Then we briefly discuss the physical problems to be addressed in detail later on in the thesis followed by a brief account of some of the important existing theories in the field. This list is by no means exhaustive but is intended to give a general idea of the theoretical status of the problem. We conclude this chapter with a detailed derivation of MCT and its successes and failures. This derivation is supposed to serve as a reference for the details of the calculations in later chapters. The second chapter deals with a simple theory of an important problem of lubrication and dynamics of fluid at nanoscopic scales. When a fluid is confined between two smooth surfaces down to a few molecular layers and an normal force is applied on the upper surface, it is found that one layer of fluid gets squeezed out of the geometry at a time. The theory to explain this phenomenon came from Persson and Tosatti. However, due to a mathematical error, the in-plane viscosity term played no role in the original calculation. We re-do this calculation and show that the theory is actually more powerful than was suggested originally by its proponents. In the third chapter, we work out a detailed theory for the dynamics of fluid under strong planar confinement. This theory is based on mode-coupling theory. The walls in our theory enter in terms of an external potential that impose a static inhomogeneous background density. The interaction of the density fluctuation with this static background density makes the fluid sluggish. The theory explains how the fluid under strong confinement can undergo a glassy transition at a higher temperature or lower density than the corresponding bulk fluid as has been found in experiments and simulations. One of the interesting findings of the theory is the three-step relaxation that has also been found in a variety of other cases. The fourth chapter consists of a mode-coupling calculation of a sheared fluid through the microscopic approach first suggested by Zaccarelli et al[J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14,2413(2002)]. The various assumptions of the theory are quite clear in this approach. The main aim of this calculation is to understand how FDR enters with in the theory. The only new result is the modified form of Yvon-Born-Green(YBG) equations for a sheared fluid. Then we extend the theory for the case of a confined fluid under steady shear and show that a confined fluid will show shear thinning at a much lower shear rate than the bulk fluid. When a system is quenched past a phase transition point, phase ordering kinetics begins. The properties of the system show “aging” with time, and the characteristic length scale of the quenched system grows as one waits. The analogous question for glasses has also been asked in the contexts of various numerical and experimental works. We formulate a theory in chapter five for rationalizing these findings. We find that MCT, surprisingly, offers an answer to this key question in glass forming liquids. The challenge of this theory is that care must be taken in using some equilibrium relations like the fluctuation-dissipation relation(FDR), which is one of the key steps in most of the derivations of MCT. We find that the qualitative, and some times even the quantitative, picture is in agreement with numerical findings. A similar calculation for the spin-glass case also predicts increase of the correlation volume with the waiting time, but with a smaller exponent than the structural glass case. We extended this theory to the case of shear and find that shear cuts off the growth of the length-scale of glassy correlations when the waiting time becomes of the order of the inverse shear rate. For the case of sheared fluid, if we take the limit of the infinite waiting time, the system will reach a steady state. Then, the resulting theory will describe a fluid in sheared steady state. The advantage of this theory over the existing mode-coupling theories for a sheared fluid is that FDR has not been used in any stage. This is an important development since the sheared steady state is driven away from equilibrium. Interestingly, the theory captures a suitably-defined effective temperature and gives results that are consistent with numerical experiments of steady state fluids(both glass and granular materials). We give the details of a theoretical model for jamming and large deviations in micellar gel in the sixth chapter. This theory is motivated by experiments. Through the main ingredient of the attachment-detachment kinetics and some simple rules for the dynamics, the theory is capable of capturing all the experimental findings. The novel prediction of this work is that in a certain parameter range, the fluctuation relations may be violated although the large deviation function exists. We argue that a wider class of physical systems can be understood in terms of the present theory. In the final chapter, we summarize the problems studied in this thesis and point out some future directions.

Understanding the supramolecular interactions governing the self-assembly of molecular building blocks upon surfaces is fundamental to the design of new devices such as sensors or catalysts. Successful heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts have relied upon the adsorption of ‘chiral modifiers’, usually chiral amino acids, onto reactive metal surfaces. One of the most researched examples is the hydrogenation of β-ketoesters using nickel-based catalysts. The stability of the chiral modifiers upon catalyst surfaces is a major obstacle to the industrial scale-up of this reaction. In this study, the replacement of conventional modifiers with porous, chiral and functionalised self-assembled networks is investigated. Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) and melamine (1,3,5-triazine,-2,4,6-triamine) have been shown to form hydrogen bonded networks on Ag-Si(111)√3x√3R30° in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and Au(111) substrates in UHV and ambient conditions, these networks are capable of hosting guest molecules. These networks are investigated further in this study. In UHV, the behaviour of the components and network formation on Ni(111) is probed using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The stability of the PTCDI-melamine network on Au(111) was analysed using TPD. Metal coordination interactions between each of the network components and nickel upon the Au(111) surface were examined by STM before testing the ability of the network to act as a template for metal growth. Finally, a number of polymerisation reactions are investigated with a view to replacing chiral modifiers with porous, chiral, functionalised covalent networks. Periodic covalent networks should possess the greater chemical and thermal stability required for more widespread use. In UHV and ambient conditions, STM is used to monitor the progress of surface-confined reactions on Au(111) and characterise the resultant covalent structures.

Ces dernières années, de nombreux travaux de recherche ont été dédiés aux matériaux moléculaires à transition de spin à base de FeII, aussi bien du point de vue de la compréhension des phénomènes fondamentaux que de la mise en forme en vue d'applications. Ces matériaux présentent deux configurations électroniques inter-commutables sous l'effet d'une perturbation extérieure (bistabilité thermique et optique). Des interactions intra- et intermoléculaires fortes au sein du réseau cristallin peuvent conférer au matériau un comportement coopératif associé à des transitions de spin abruptes et un caractère hystérétique à l'origine d'un effet mémoire. La compréhension de l'origine de la coopérativité ainsi que sa maîtrise présentent à ce jour un intérêt certain. L'effet de la dilution métallique sur les propriétés de commutation photoinduites dans les composés FexZn1-x(btr)2(NCS)2.H2O est étudié par diffraction des rayons X sur monocristal. Un modèle microscopique expliquant les différents processus mis en jeu au cours de la transition (nucléation et séparation de phase) est proposé à partir d'une analyse structurale des données. Les effets de nanostructuration sont étudiés sur le polymère de coordination unidimensionnel [Fe(Htrz)2trz](BF4). Différents milieux inverses à base de tensioactif et d'organisation structurale variée (systèmes moléculaires organisés) ont été choisis pour une synthèse en environnement confiné (milieu micellaire inverse, phase cristal liquide hexagonale inverse (HII) et lamellaire (Lalpha)). Un lien entre la taille et la morphologie des particules, leur microstructure et leurs propriétés physico-chimiques est établi. Un intérêt particulier est porté à la dynamique de la réaction en milieu cristal liquide / In the last years, intensive research activity has been dedicated to iron(II)-based spin transition compounds, for a better understanding of the fundamental phenomena as within the scope of practical application. These molecular materials possess two electronic configurations, which are interchangeable by the application of an external perturbation (thermal and optic bistability). Strong electron-lattice coupling may lead to cooperative behaviour, consequently abrupt spin transitions and hysteretic behaviour at the origin of a memory effect. Understanding and controlling this property is of primary interest in fundamental and applied research. The influence of metal dilution on the photo-induced transitions in FexZn1-x(btr)2(NCS)2.H2O is investigated by X-Ray diffraction on single crystals. We suggest a microscopic model interpreting the dynamics of the phase transition (nucleation and growth mechanisms of spin-like domains) through a structural analysis of the diffraction data. The effects of nanostructuration on the physicochemical properties have been studied on the one-dimensional coordination polymer [Fe(Htrz)2trz](BF4). Different surfactant-based organized molecular systems with various structural organizations are chosen for the synthesis in confined environments: reverse micellar solutions as well as lamellar (Lalpha) and reverse hexagonal (HII) liquid crystal phases. A relationship between size and shape, microstructure and physicochemical properties is established with a specific attention to reaction dynamics in the liquid crystal phase

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal, evaluar el comportamiento mecánico de un suelo arcilloso de la localidad de Pacaisapa – Ayacucho utilizando residuos industriales como el caucho molido, proveniente de llantas reciclada, tiras de plástico reciclado y ceniza de cáscara de arroz aplicado estás mezclas en un muro de tierra hipotético estabilizado mecánicamente (MSE). La metodología de esta investigación consistió en realizar ensayos de corte directo NTP-339.171 y ensayos de compresión no confinada NTP-339.167 con la finalidad de obtener los parámetros de cohesión, ángulo de fricción y módulo de elasticidad del suelo. Los mismos que se utilizarán para evaluar el comportamiento de estás mezclas en el muro hipotético y modelado en el software Plaxis 8.2 haciendo uso del modelo constitutivo Mohr-Coulomb. Las combinaciones que se utilizaron fueron 30% ceniza de cáscara de arroz, 2% de PET y 10% de caucho. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la cohesión mejora en un 41.89% con la adición de un 30% de ceniza de cáscara de arroz y en 21.58% con la adición de 2% de tiras de plástico reciclado respecto al suelo S100, mejora el módulo de elasticidad cuando de agrega 2% de tiras de plástico en 28.78% y cuando se agrega 30% de ceniza de cáscara de arroz (CCA) mejora en 4.8% respecto al suelo puro. Además, los desplazamientos horizontales de la cara vertical del muro disminuyen al utilizar la mezcla 1 – S70CC30 y la mezcla 3 - S98P2, respecto al suelo S100. En base a lo que permite concluir que la adición de PET y CCA sí mejora el comportamiento mecánico del suelo y es posible optimizar la separación entre los geosintéticos. / The main objective of this research was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of a clay soil in the town of Pacaisapa - Ayacucho using industrial waste such as ground rubber from recycled tires, recycled plastic strips and rice husk ash applied to these mixtures in a mechanically stabilized hypothetical earth wall (MSE). The methodology of this investigation consisted in performing direct cutting tests NTP-339.171 and unconfined compression tests NTP-339.167 in order to obtain the parameters of cohesion, friction angle and young modulus of elasticity of the soil. The same ones that will be used to evaluate the behavior of these mixtures in the hypothetical wall and modeled in the Plaxis 8.2 software making use of the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. The combinations that were used were 30% rice husk ash, 2% PET and 10% rubber. The obtained results indicated that the cohesion improves in a 41.89% with the addition of 30% of rice husk ash and in 21.58% with the addition of 2% of recycled plastic strips with respect to the S100 soil, improves the modulus of elasticity when it adds 2% of plastic strips in 28.78% and when 30% of rice husk ash (CCA) is added it improves in 4.8% with respect to the pure soil. In addition, the horizontal displacements of the vertical face of the wall decrease when using the mixture 1 - S70CC30 and the mixture 3 - S98P2, with respect to the floor S100. Based on what allows concluding that the addition of PET and CCA does improve the mechanical behavior of the soil and it is possible to optimize the separation between the geosynthetics. / Tesis