Esta dissertação apresenta, aos alunos e professores do ensino Médio, uma noção elementar da criptografia, através de alguns tipos de cifras, a trinca americana e do método de criptografia RSA. Para que isso fosse possível houve a introdução de conceitos básicos entre eles, conjuntos, funções, divisibilidade, números primos, congruência, teorema de Fermat e teorema de Euler, que garantem o funcionamento de algumas dessas cifras, da trinca americana e do sistema RSA. Com relação à trinca americana, que é um sistema que permite comunicar uma troca de chave, iremos propor uma composição de cifras, para que haja uma troca de mensagens e seja um exemplo motivador que introduza o sistema de RSA. Além disso, esses conceitos básicos podem ser úteis ao serem levados à sala de aula como motivação para o aprendizado dos alunos, seja para calcular com mais agilidade e simplicidade determinados exercícios, seja para resolver uma situação problema ou mesmo para descobrir uma nova maneira de visualizar conteúdos já vistos em sala de aula. / This dissertation presentes, to students and high school teachers, an elementary notion of cryptography through some types of cyphers, the asymmetric key algorithm and the RSA encryption method. To make this possible, we introduce basic concepts among them, set theory, functions, divisibility, primes, congruence, Fermat\'s theorem and Euler\'s theorem, which guarantee the functioning of some of these encryptions. Relating to the asymmetric key algorithm, which is a system that allows you to communicate a key exchange, we will propose a set of cyphers, so that it is possible a secure message exchange, which is also a motivating example to introduce the RSA system. In addition, these basic concepts can be useful when being taken to the classroom as the motivation for the learning of students, whether to calculate with more agility and simplicity certain exercises, whether to resolve a situation-problem or even to discover a new way to discuss subjects usually seen in the classroom.

The long line of representation studies posits that proportional representation systems, with larger electoral districts, have a representational advantage over majoritarian systems. However, over the last decade, scholars have challenged this longstanding nding (Blais & Bodet 2006, Golder & Stramski 2007). Additionally, Golder & Stramski (2007) initiated a debate over the conceptualization and measurement of congruence, arguing that the most common practice of assessing congruence is flawed. They call for an improved measure of congruence. In the light of this recent debates, the purpose of this thesis is to inspect the relationship between institutional designs and political representation in the European context, using Voting Advice Application generated data. Three main research questions are explored. The first question relates to institutional designs such as district magnitude, and electoral system characteristics such as disproportionality or polarization, investigating the conditions necessary for a country to present high levels of congruence between its citizens and their representatives. Looking at party level characteristics, I will investigate what are the effects of niche party status and governmental status on issue congruence in European democracies? Last but not least, what is the role of individual characteristics? These questions will be addressed by studying the impact of different features of electoral systems, party and individual characteristics have on political representation conceptualized as issue congruence. Congruence is measured as the degree of matching of the common policy preferences of citizens and parties as indicated by the Voting Advice Applications EU Pro filer 2009 and EUvox 2014. The present work contributes to the stream of research on political representation understood as congruence. The strength of this work lays in its comparative approach, and the use of VAA generated data to measure congruence. While most of the studies on political representation using congruence focus on the Left-Right dimension, this thesis uses the concept of issue congruence. Based on the 28 common statements of the VAA tool, the measure of congruence is metric-free, allowing for cross-country comparisons. Although there is a wide range of research on the effects of electoral systems on political representation, most of these studies are limited in their use of comparative approaches. The lack of extensive comparative research on issue congruence is due to insufficient data. The 2009 EU Profi ler and 2014 EUvox address this issue, providing the necessary framework for testing the predictors of congruence at a system, party and individual level. Political representation can be operationalized through congruence, as the distance between the citizen and the representative (Huber & Powell 1994, Powell 2004). Issue congruence is the correspondence between party electorates and their representatives across a set of salient policy dimensions (Powell 2004). VAA generated data provides a new means of measuring congruence. I propose two new measures of congruence, based on the distance between the citizen and the party the citizen intends to vote for. Unlike other comparative studies that measure congruence with the help of the Left-Right scale, the present work focuses on issue policies. Issue congruence is the outcome of the match between the citizen and the party she intends to vote for on a series of 28 and 22 political statements. Additionally, the focus on issue congruence is important because issue representation is mostly inferred from the alternative interpretations of congruence. The measures of issue congruence therefore contribute to a better understanding of political representation in the EU political space, tackling the recurrent crisis of representation.

Writers from a number of theoretical backgrounds have asserted that agreement in the emotional messages conveyed by various verbal and nonverbal communication channels is related to the communicator's psychological health. If this conjecture is accurate, then congruence among communication channels could be used as a behaviorally based assessment tool. However, empirical research to test this theoretical and clinical assumption is relatively lacking. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that individuals who display congruence (agreement) between verbal (language), verbal/vocal (language plus paralinguistic cues, or speech) and nonverbal (facial) channels of communication will show a greater degree of mental health than will individuals who display incongruence. "Degree of mental health" was operationally defined as an individual's scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Fifty-six subjects were administrated the POI and were interviewed on videotape. Three pairs of judges rated the videotapes for the affects communicated in the video channel (picture only), the audio channel (sound only), and the transcript channel (the subject's words transcribed onto paper). Comparisons of affect ratings across channels yielded difference scores, resulting in measures of various types of congruence. Analyses of variance were carried out with difference scores as independent variables and and overall POI score as the dependent variable. No significant results were obtained. Multivariate analyses of the POI subscales were also performed, again with nonsignificant findings. Alternative explanations of the congruence phenomenon and methodological limitations are presented. Implications for the clinical utility of congruence and for future research are discussed.

This study examined the beliefs about religion and spirituality among substance abuse counselors. The data was gathered using an explorative qualitative design by interviewing substance abuse counselors in the field and asking questions related to the religion, spirituality, and the influence on their practice. This research highlighted the impact of substance abuse as a spiritual disease that affects the physical, mental and spiritual aspects of the client’s life. The key findings were related to the responses from the participants because it highlighted the importance of meeting the client where they are (motivational congruence), tolerance, acceptance, and the impact of agency policies. The second key finding is the substance counselor’s beliefs have no bearing in their practice because they operate under the philosophy of motivational congruence which is meeting the client where they are. Even though they have personal beliefs they are able to implement the professional use of self-focusing more on the client’s needs as opposed to theirs. The implication for future research is the contribution to extant literature by emphasizing the importance of religious or spiritual practices in the recovery process.

This project investigates the development of four different proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity, in order to study the critical reasoning process that drives discovery in mathematics. We begin with an examination of the first proof of this law given by Gauss. We then describe Gauss’ fourth proof of this law based on Gauss sums, followed by a look at Eisenstein’s geometric simplification of Gauss’ third proof. Finally, we finish with an examination of one of the modern proofs of this theorem published in 1991 by Rousseau. Through this investigation we aim to analyze the different strategies used in the development of each of these proofs, and in the process gain a better understanding of this theorem.

Survey data from 472 adolescents (ages 14-19) and their parents were analyzed to examine the relationship that existed between the premarital sexual attitudes of parents and the sexual behavior of their adolescents. The attitudes of the adolescents and their parents were measured using Likert type questions about sexual Intercourse prior to marriage. The sexual behavior of adolescents was based on the responses of the adolescents regarding their frequency of necking, petting, and sexual Intercourse. The relationship between adolescents' sexual behavior and parents' attitudes was examined using several different conceptual models. The amount of attitude agreement that mothers and fathers had with one another - as well as with their adolescent - was significant to understanding the contribution parents had on adolescents' sexual behavior. The direction of parent-adolescent attitude agreement and husband-wife attitude agreement was also found Important In understanding how congruence functioned.

School connectedness, encompassing positive feelings toward teachers and peers and a sense of belonging at school, has been touted as a critical factor in promoting student achievement and reducing youth risk behaviors. The literature has been mixed in terms of understanding the relationship between race, racial congruence and school diversity’s influence on school connectedness, particularly for youth of color. The current study examines the effect of these variables on self reported feelings of school connectedness in a sample of 8,787 seventh grade students from 56 middle schools in one racially diverse school system. Multi-level modeling revealed that socioeconomic status and school racial diversity accounted for a significant portion of the variance in school connectedness. Controlling for these school level effects, race had a moderating effect on the relationship between racial congruence and school connectedness. Implications of these preliminary results on promoting school connectedness for youth of color are discussed.

A service career is a distinctive vocation. Not everyone can fit into a regulated stressful life. The high turnover rate in the military stems from the majority of military officers leaving the service after their initial tenure. This study attempts to clarify a vague picture, producing higher job satisfaction while obtaining the correct personal type for a military environmental fit. Providing proper training with career planning will stimulate the willingness to stay in the military. Higher job satisfaction must be produced through proper career arrangement for each officer. This would help lower the turnover rate. Therefore, placing everyone in the best position, to gain the best beneficial result for the military, is the most important goal. The objectives of this study are as follows:(1) Determine how gender interferes with the relationship between job congruence and job satisfaction. (2) Discuss the relationship between job congruence and job satisfaction. (3) Determine if job congruence affects job satisfaction based on personality type. The sample in this study included lining-officers and professional-officers. Four hundred eighty-six subjects were selected as the study sample. The instruments used in this study were the Self-Directed Search (SDS, Holland, 1973) and Job Descriptive Index (JDI , Smith, Kendall & Hulin,1969; revised by ZHENG, BO-XUN,1977). Job congruence was obtained by comparing the Holland's six personal types (including Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising or Conventional) with the environment type. Personal types were measured using the SDS scale. Job satisfaction was measured using the JDI scale, divided into five categories including: work, salary, promotion, supervision and co-workers. Six categories were used to determine overall job satisfaction. The study results are as follows: (1) Different job congruence and job satisfaction relationships exist for men and women; (2) Years of service differences ,so as job congruence will be; (3) The relationship between job congruence and job satisfaction has a positive correlation; (4)¡¨Gender¡¨ is the moderating variable among the job congruence and job satisfaction relationship (5) A more differentiated person would have a positive correlation between job congruence and job satisfaction. The sample exhibited strong evidence verifying Holland¡¦s ¡]1973,1985,1997¡^ theory under each condition: The sample was divided into two groups to determine the more differentiated group and the relationship between job congruence and job satisfaction. Job congruence was obtained using RIASCE instead of the RIASEC personal types.

SAbstract tudies have shown that person-organization (PO) fit and person-job (PJ) fit will affect an individual¡¦s work attitude. In addition, person-group (PG) fit has commonly been reported as a determinant to job performance and satisfaction. PO, PG or PJ fit can explain work variability separately, however, identification of their relationship will add to our understanding of why job performance, job satisfaction or job change intention differs in different levels of fit. This work will assist in the development of job congruence strategies to improve productivity and reduce turnover rates. This study examined if a directional relation exists among PO, PG and PJ fit and their impacts on job satisfaction, job performance and job change intention. The participants in this study are food & beverage employees in the hotel industry in Taiwan. This study asked 21 cooperating hotels to choose one restaurant. Questionnaires were sent to all employees in the restaurant. The valid returned questionnaire sample was 340. The Spearman Correlation was used to analyze the fitness between the person and each level of environment. Multiple Regression was used to analyze the impact of each level of fit on job attitude. The findings showed that the higher the PO, PG and PJ fit, the higher the job satisfaction and performance and the lower the job change intention. Moreover, employees tradeoff different levels of fit in determining their job attitude. That is to say, PO, PG and PJ fit have independent and interactive impacts on job satisfaction, job performance and job change intention.

As consumer expectations of corporate values and ethics increase, more and more companies are engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. While CSR in general is believed to play a positive role in consumer behavior, the implications of CSR in diverse situations that involve firms has not been studied in great detail. Specifically, little is known about how CSR activities influence consumer judgments in corporate crisis settings such as product-harm and ethical-misdeeds. Thus, in this dissertation, a series of experimental studies uncover the potential role of previous CSR engagement when a company is faced with a corporate crisis, and examine its impact on a consumer’s evaluation of the company. For a systematic and comprehensive understanding of this issue, two types of negative attributes in corporate scandals are distinguished: incompetence versus immorality. The results of the first experimental study suggest that prior CSR initiatives can more effectively protect consumer evaluation of the company when the company is faced with a competence-related negative event than a morality-related negative event. In addition, when the cause of CSR is directly congruent with the issue of the negative event, consumer responses were more negative than when there is no issue congruence between CSR and the negative event. The most interesting aspect is that the issue congruence effects were more negative for an immoral event versus an incompetent event. In other words, when a firm’s moral crisis is associated with a cause in a previously involved CSR initiative, consumers perceive that the firm’s intention of CSR initiative involvement was the least sincere and altruistic. The second study of this dissertation examines how consumer-company identification can protect the company from a corporate crisis in the context of an incompetent versus an immoral crisis situation. The findings of this study reveal that consumers strongly identified with the company perceive the company’s negative information less seriously than weak identifiers with the company regardless of the negative type – incompetence or immorality. Finally, the detailed theoretical and managerial implications of the dissertation and the role of CSR initiatives in crises are discussed. / text