As vigas mistas aço-concreto têm sido bastante utilizadas na engenharia civil, tanto no Brasil como no contexto mundial. O comportamento adequado deste elemento estrutural faz-se pela interação entre ambos os materiais, a qual é garantida por conectores de cisalhamento. O presente trabalho apresenta uma visão geral do comportamento das vigas mistas aço-concreto, e, principalmente o estudo do comportamento estrutural de conectores de cisalhamento. Para tanto, faz-se uma simulação numérica dos conectores tipo pino com cabeça (stud) e perfil “U" formado a frio, por meio de uma modelagem do ensaio experimental tipo “Push-out", cujos resultados são confrontados com valores experimentais obtidos de ensaios realizados em laboratório. Para a simulação numérica utiliza-se um código de cálculo com base nos Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), cujas ferramentas disponibilizadas permitem análises dos modelos em regime de não-linearidade física e geométrica. Os modelos numéricos apresentam como variáveis de interesse o número de conectores na laje de concreto, a quantidade de armadura inserida no concreto, o diâmetro do conector tipo pino com cabeça (stud), a resistência do concreto, a espessura e posição de soldagem do conector tipo perfil “U" formado a frio. A variação desses parâmetros tem como finalidade a determinação da resistência última e da relação força-deslocamento dos conectores, bem como avaliar a concentração de tensão e deformação nas partes constituintes dos modelos / Composite steel-concrete beams have been used in civil engineering in Brazil as well other countries. A realistic determination of the behaviour of this structural element is estimated by considering the interaction between the two materials, which is safeguarded by providing shear connectors. The present research presents a general view of the behaviour of steel-concrete composite beams, and primarily the study of the behaviour of shear connectors. To meet this ends, a numerical analysis of stud bolt and cold formed U-channel under push-out test geometry was carried out and the results compared to experimental test results. The numerical analysis utilises a Finite Element Method (FEM) code that permits the analysis under non-linear material and geometric regimes. The main numerical variables in the study were the number of connectors used in the concrete plate, the quantity steel reinforcement, the diameter of stub bolt connector, concrete strength, the thickness and position of welding of the cold-formed U-channel. The main objective of varying these parameters was to determine the ultimate strength and the load-slip behaviour of the connectors as well as evaluate the stress and strain concentrations in certain parts that constitute the models

Pathogenic organisms are transmitted to the host organism through all possible connected pathways, and cause a myriad of diseases states. Commonly occurring curable infectious diseases still impose the greatest health impacts on a worldwide perspective. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation partnered with RAND Corporation to form the Global Health Diagnostics Forum, with the goal of establishing and interpreting mathematical models for what effects a newly introduced point-of-care pathogen diagnostic would have in developing countries. The results were astonishing, with potentially millions of lives to be saved on an annual basis. Golden standard for diagnostics of pathogenic bacteria has long been cultureable medias. Environmental biologists have estimated that less than 1% of all bacteria are cultureable. Genomic-based approaches offer the potential to identify all microbes from all the biological kingdoms. Nucleic acid based pathogen diagnostics has evolved significantly over the past decades. Novel technologies offer increased potential in sensitivity, specificity, decreased costs and parallel sample management. However, most methods are confined to core laboratory facilities. To construct an ultimate nucleic acid based diagnostic for use in areas of need, potential frontline techniques need to be identified and combined. The research focus of this doctoral thesis work has been to develop and apply nucleic acid based methods for pathogen diagnostics. Methods and assays were applied to the two distinct systems i) screening for antibiotic resistance mutations in the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and ii) genotype determination of the cancer causative Human Papillomavirus (HPV). The first part of the study included development of rapid, direct and multiplex Pyrosequencing nucleic acid screenings. With improved methodology in the sample preparation process, we could detect an existence of multiple co-infecting HPV genotypes at greater sensitivities than previously described, when using the same type of methodology. The second part of the study focused on multiplex nucleic acid amplification strategies using Molecular Inversion Probes with end-step Pyrosequencing screening. The PathogenMip assay presents a complete detection schematic for virtually any known pathogenic organism. We also introduce the novel Connector Inversion Probe, a padlock probe capable of complete gap-fill reactions for multiplex nucleic acid amplifications. / Patogena organismer smittas till värd organismen genom alla möjliga kontaktnätverk och skapar en mångfald olika sjukdomstillstånd. Dock är det fortfarande vanligt förekommande behandlingsbara infektiösa sjukdomar som orsakar den största hälsoförlusten, sett från ett globalt perspektiv. Bill och Melinda Gates Stiftelsen samarbetade med RAND kooperation för att forma “The Global Health Diagnostics Forum”. Deras mål var att etablera och analysera matematiska modeller för vilka effekter en ny diagnostisk metod utrustat för fältarbete skulle ha i utvecklingsländer. Resultaten var häpnadsveckande, med potentiellt miljoner av liv som skulle kunna räddas på en årlig basis. Den etablerade standarden för diagnostik av patogena bakterier har länge varit kultiveringsmedia baserad. Miljö specialiserade biologer har estimerat att mindre än 1 % av alla bakterie arter går att kultivera. Dock erbjuder genetiska analyser potentialen att kunna identifiera alla mikrober från alla de biologiska rikena. Nukleinsyrebaserade diagnostiska metoder har märkbart förbättrats över de senaste årtionden. Nya tekniker erbjuder utökad sensitivitet, selektivitet, sänkta kostnader och parallella analyser av patient prover. Dock är de flesta metoderna begränsade till standardiserade laboratoriemiljöer. För att konstruera en väl fungerande diagnostisk fältutrustning för användning i problem områden, behöver världsledande tekniker identifieras och kombineras. Fokuseringsområdet för denna doktorsavhandling har varit att utveckla och utföra nukleinsyrebaserade metoder för patogen diagnostik. Metoder och experimentella utförande applicerades på två distinkta system i) sökning av antibiotika resistens relaterade mutationer i den patogena bakterien Neisseria gonorrhoeae och ii) genotypning av det cancer orsakande Humana Papillomaviruset (HPV). Den första delen av studien inriktade sig mot utveckling av snabba, direkta och multiplexa Pyrosekvenserings baserade nukleinsyreanalyser. Med förbättrad provprepareringsmetodologi kunde vi detektera multipla HPV infektioner med högre sensitivitet än vad tidigare beskrivits med liknande metodologi. Den andra delen av studien fokuserades på multiplexa nukleinsyre amplifikationer med “Molecular Inversion Probe” tekniken med sista steg Pyrosekvenserings analys. “PathogenMip assay” erbjuder ett komplett detektionsprotokoll för alla kända patogena organismer. Vi introducerar även den nya “Connector Inversion Probe”, en “Padlock Probe” kapabel att genomföra kompletta gap fyllningar för multiplex nukleinsyre amplifiering. / QC 20100624

The aim of the research work presented here, is to contribute to the adaptation of electronic packaging towards the needs of high frequency applications. As the field of electronic packaging stretches over several very different professional areas, it takes an interdisciplinary approach to optimize the technology of electronic packaging. Besides this, an extensive knowledge of industrial engineering should be an essential part of this undertaking to improve electronic packaging. Customary advances in technology are driven by new findings and a continuous development of processes in clearly defined fields. However, in the field of the higher levels of the interconnection hierarchy, that is external to the chip level interconnections and chip packaging, it is supposed that a wide combination of disciplines and technical creativity, instead of advanced technology in a special area should produce most added value. The thesis is divided into five areas, interlinked by the overall aim of there advantages to the common goal. These areas are the Printed Wiring Board (PWB) technology, PWB connections using flexible printed circuit boards, multiconductor cable connections, shielded enclosures and the related EMC issues, and finally the cooling of electronics. A central issue was to improve the shielded enclosures to be effective also at very high frequencies; it will be shown that shielded enclosures without apertures can cope with frequencies up to and above 15 GHz. Due to this enclosure without apertures, it was necessary to develop a novel cooling structure. This cooling structure consists of a heat sink where the PCB’s are inserted in close contact to the cooling fins on one side, whereas the other side of the heat sink is cooled by forced ventilation. The heat transfer between these parts is completely inside the same body. Tests carried out on a prototype have shown that the performance of the cooling structure is satisfactory for electronic cooling. Another problem area that is addressed are the interconnect problems in high frequency applications. Interconnections between parts of a local electronic system, or as within the telecom and datacom field between subscribers, are commonly accomplished by cable connections. In this research work multiconductor cables are examined and a patented novel cable-connector for high frequency use is presented. Further, an experimental complex soldering method between flexible printed circuits boards and rigid printed circuits boards, as part of connections between PCBs, is shown. Finally, different sectors of the PCB technology for high frequency applications are scrutinized and measurements on microstrip structures are presented. / QC 20101006

Magnetgärdets transformatorstation är belägen i Ludvika och ägs av Västerbergslagens Energi AB. Transformatorstationen är nyligen ombyggd och nu mer placerad inomhus, vilket gör att påkänningar från väder och vind minskar. För att minimera behovet av personlig tillsyn och öka tillgängligheten behövs dock någon form av tillståndsövervakning. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att undersöka om det med hjälp av värmekameror är möjligt att tillståndsövervaka de kritiska punkterna i transformatorstationen. För att fastställa detta har teori kring tillståndsövervakning, termografering och värmekameror sammanställts tillsammans med utförda mätningar och tester. Resultaten har sedan diskuterats för att se om ett möjligt lösningsförslag kan presenteras. Viktiga kriterier för att möjligöra tillståndsövervakning med hjälp av värmekameror har tagits fram. Slutsatsen är att det är möjligt, men kräver en komplicerad systemlösning. Lösningsförslaget bygger på flera samspelande delar och bör bli ett kraftfullt övervakningssystem. Huruvida värmekameror är det bästa och enda verktyget är dock tveksamt. Det anses därför väsentligt att även undersöka andra övervakningsmöligheter, som exempel termistorgivare. / The substation called Magnetgärdet is located in Ludvika, Sweden and it is owned by Västerbergslagens Energi AB. The substation has recently been renovated and is now placed indoors, which reduces the influence of weather on the station. To decrease the need for personal supervision and increase the availability of the station a monitoring solution is needed. The purpose of this degree thesis is to examine if it is possible to monitor the condition of critical items in the station with infrared cameras. To determine this, theory on condition monitoring, thermography and thermal imaging cameras has been compiled together with relevant measurements and tests. The results are then discussed to see if a possible solution can be presented. Important criteria for making condition monitoring with infrared cameras possible have also been formulated in this degree thesis. The conclusion is that it is possible, but a complicated system is required. The solution we have given is based on different parts interplaying with each other and it should become a powerful monitoring system. It is however uncertain whether infrared cameras are the only and best tools, therefore other tools should be considered. It might be possible to use thermistors with, or instead of infrared cameras.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao paulo menezes.pdf: 3080026 bytes, checksum: 27fc4469f9413ad9117d4813295e9db7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-14 / In a composite system, a steel beam (laminated, welded or cold formed) is associated with a concrete slab, forming a composite beam. The interaction between concrete and steel can be mechanical, by friction or, in some cases, only by adherence. One of the major advantages of the composite beams is the increase in strength and stiffness due to association of steel and concrete that makes possible the reduction of the height of the structural elements, implicating in material economy. The present research has the purpose to present a general vision of the structural behavior of the composite steel-concrete beams and to proceed to a more detailed study of the behavior of the shear connectors made from cold formed steel. A modeling study of the push-out test is accomplished with the intention to find the factors that influences the resistance and rigidity of the connection. The numerical study consists in the elaboration of a three-dimensional numerical model to simulate the push-out test from which is obtained the force-displacement curve, ultimate load, deformations and tensions along the connector. The numeric results are compared with obtained experimental values of rehearsals accomplished at laboratory for validation of the same ones. For the accomplishment of the numeric modeling the computational program ANSYS® 6.1 was used, which uses non-linear material and geometric Finite Element Method models. The numeric models present as variables of interest the thickness, the height of the shear connectors made of cold formed steel and the resistance of the concrete used in the premolded slab with reinforced concrete lattice joist. Results showed that the thickness of the connector is the most important variable in the connection strength, however the height of the connector also has influence in the resistance and, mainly, in the rigidity of the connection. / Denomina-se sistema misto aço-concreto aquele no qual um perfil de aço (laminado, dobrado ou soldado) trabalha em conjunto com uma laje de concreto, formando uma viga mista. A interação entre o concreto e o perfil de aço pode se dar por meios mecânicos, por atrito, ou, em alguns casos, por simples aderência. Uma das vantagens da utilização de vigas mistas em sistemas de pisos é o acréscimo de resistência e de rigidez propiciados pela associação dos elementos de aço e de concreto, o que possibilita a redução da altura dos elementos estruturais, implicando em economia de material. O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma visão geral do comportamento estrutural das vigas mistas aço-concreto e proceder a um estudo mais detalhado do comportamento da ligação com conectores de cisalhamento tipo U em perfil formado a frio. É realizada a modelagem computacional do ensaio de cisalhamento direto (push-out test) com o intuito de determinar os fatores que mais influenciam na resistência e rigidez da ligação A modelagem computacional consiste na elaboração de um modelo numérico tridimensional para simular o ensaio de cisalhamento direto, do qual se obtém a curva força-deslocamento, a força última e as deformações e tensões ao longo do conector. Os resultados numéricos são confrontados com valores experimentais obtidos de ensaios realizados em laboratório para validação dos mesmos. Para a realização da modelagem computacional, foi utilizado o programa comercial ANSYS® 6.1, elaborado com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos, cujas ferramentas disponibilizadas permitem análises em regime de não-linearidade física e geométrica. Os modelos computacionais apresentam como variáveis de interesse a espessura e a altura do conector tipo perfil U formado a frio e a resistência do concreto utilizado na confecção das lajes treliçadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a espessura do conector é a variável que mais influência a resistência da ligação, porém a altura do conector também tem influência na resistência e, principalmente, na rigidez da ligação.

As vigas mistas aço-concreto têm sido bastante utilizadas na engenharia civil, tanto no Brasil como no contexto mundial. O comportamento adequado deste elemento estrutural faz-se pela interação entre ambos os materiais, a qual é garantida por conectores de cisalhamento. O presente trabalho apresenta uma visão geral do comportamento das vigas mistas aço-concreto, e, principalmente o estudo do comportamento estrutural de conectores de cisalhamento. Para tanto, faz-se uma simulação numérica dos conectores tipo pino com cabeça (stud) e perfil “U” formado a frio, por meio de uma modelagem do ensaio experimental tipo “Push-out”, cujos resultados são confrontados com valores experimentais obtidos de ensaios realizados em laboratório. Para a simulação numérica utiliza-se um código de cálculo com base nos Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), cujas ferramentas disponibilizadas permitem análises dos modelos em regime de não-linearidade física e geométrica. Os modelos numéricos apresentam como variáveis de interesse o número de conectores na laje de concreto, a quantidade de armadura inserida no concreto, o diâmetro do conector tipo pino com cabeça (stud), a resistência do concreto, a espessura e posição de soldagem do conector tipo perfil “U” formado a frio. A variação desses parâmetros tem como finalidade a determinação da resistência última e da relação força-deslocamento dos conectores, bem como avaliar a concentração de tensão e deformação nas partes constituintes dos modelos / Composite steel-concrete beams have been used in civil engineering in Brazil as well other countries. A realistic determination of the behaviour of this structural element is estimated by considering the interaction between the two materials, which is safeguarded by providing shear connectors. The present research presents a general view of the behaviour of steel-concrete composite beams, and primarily the study of the behaviour of shear connectors. To meet this ends, a numerical analysis of stud bolt and cold formed U-channel under push-out test geometry was carried out and the results compared to experimental test results. The numerical analysis utilises a Finite Element Method (FEM) code that permits the analysis under non-linear material and geometric regimes. The main numerical variables in the study were the number of connectors used in the concrete plate, the quantity steel reinforcement, the diameter of stub bolt connector, concrete strength, the thickness and position of welding of the cold-formed U-channel. The main objective of varying these parameters was to determine the ultimate strength and the load-slip behaviour of the connectors as well as evaluate the stress and strain concentrations in certain parts that constitute the models

This diploma thesis discusses problems of data boxes information system and its possible integration with various information systems through the use of particular software tool developed by company Ixtent s.r.o. In the first part of this thesis is data boxes information system (ISDS) established into wider contexts and defined by terms. In the second part of this thesis are described options to connect ISDS and other various business applications. In so doing the software tool "connector ISDS" id used. In the third part are discussed particular realized project, case studies and real benefits of these projects.

本研究旨在探討台灣英文教科書與學生英文作文佳作中，敘述文與說明文中的因果關係使用。因為因果關係在閱讀與寫作中很常見，所以對學生來說，學會如何正確使用因果關係是件極為重要的事。根據李(2003)的研究，她發現因果關係對學生來說是最難學好的因果關係。因此，本研究希望能了解教科書中的敘述文與說明文是如何介紹因果關係給學生。同時，本研究亦希望能得知學生如何在不同文體的英文作文中，使用因果關係。 本研究選用三個版本的高中英文教科書來進行研究，之所以選擇此三版本教科書的原因在於，此三個版本在台灣高中英文課本的市占率最高。而又因為敘述文和說明文在學測和指考的英文作文考試中是最常要測驗學生的文體，因此本研究進一步挑選課本中的敘述文和說明文來進行分析與探討。此外，本研究亦研究民國100年到105年的學測、指考英文作文佳作，舉凡是敘述文和說明文中所使用的因果關係都進行分析與探討。 研究結果顯示在三個版本中，敘述文和說明文的分布無明顯差異。此外，本文發現年級越高的高中生會接觸到愈多的敘述文，但愈少的說明文。研究結果亦顯示文體會影響因果關係的使用情形。相較於敘述文中的因果關係使用，我們發現教科書作者在說明文中使用較多因果關係。 而我們也發現在不同文體中的不同文章結構，因果關係使用的情形不同。在敘述文中，因果關係主要被使用於Complications和Resolutions中。在說明文中，因果關係則主要被使用於Arguments supported by evidence 和Summing up the position中。除此之外，本文亦發現在四類因果連接詞中，Reason和Result這兩類的因果連接詞最常被使用於敘述文和說明文中。 為了清楚看出因果關係，本文針對包含因果關係的句子皆進行了句法、時間及邏輯順序的分析。結果發現幾乎所有因果關係中的時間順序皆與邏輯順序一致。同時，本文亦歸納出教科書中的因果關係的七種使用形式，並提供教科書中的例句來進行討論。 最後，透過學生英文作文佳作的分析，我們發現在因果關係的使用量方面，這群學生與教科書作者相似。而本研究亦歸納出學生在佳作中的四個因果關係誤用的問題。 希望本研究的發現及所提供的建議可供台灣高中英文科教師、教科書作者以及高中生參考。 / The purpose of the study is to investigate the variations of causal relations in narrations and expositions in Taiwan senior high school's English textbooks, and high performance students’compositions. Since causal relations are common in reading and writing, it is important for students to learn to use it. According to Lee (2003), causal relations are the most difficult logical relations for students to master. The present study wants to know how causal relations are introduced to learners in the narrations and expositions from textbooks. Besides, the present study also wants to know how students use causal relations in different genres of compositions. In the study, three series of textbooks are selected for the examination. These three textbooks were chosen as they are commonly used textbooks in Taiwan senior high schools. The selected texts for examination are the texts of two genres: narration and exposition, for these two genres are frequently tested in College Entrance Exams. Moreover, the causal relations in narrations and expositions among the high-scoring essays in years of 2011 to 2016College Entrance Exams were examined as well. The results showed that three series of textbooks in have no significant differences in the distributions of narrations and expositions. Besides, senior high school students expose more narrations but fewer expositions in the higher grades. Furthermore, the result revealed that genres do influence the uses of causal relations, for expositions in the textbooks applied more causal relations than the narrations in the textbooks. Moreover, different usages among different text organizations in both narrations and expositions were found. In the text organizations of narrations, causal relations were mainly used in complications and resolutions.In the text organizations of expositions, causal relations were mainly used in Arguments supported by evidence and Summing up the position. The types of causal relations which are frequently used in textbooks were also found as well. The results showed that Reason and Result type of causal logical connectors were mainly used in both narrations and expositions. Analyses of casual relations’sequences were conducted to clearly see the syntactic sequences, temporal sequences, and logical sequences of the sentences with causal relations. It was found that almost all the causal relations in the textbooks had the temporal sequences equaled to the logical sequences. Moreover, six usages of causal logical connectors were categorized and presented with example sentences. Last but not least, through the analyses of causal relations in students’high-scoring essays, the result showed that high performance students used the similar amounts of causal relations in their compositions with the textbooks’ writers. The present study also categorizes the errors of misusing the causal relations into four problems. It is hoped that this study can provide insights for the senior high school English teachers, textbook publishers, and students to follow.

This diploma thesis deals with optic fiber connectors and their influence on transmissions realized via fiber optics. Optical fibers and lightguides play the key role in telecommunications because of constant demands of higher bandwidth and data rates. Original metalic wires do not meet market requirements and so the fiber optics are more and more being used. There are various types of fibers and there are also many ways of connections. This work deals with demountable way of connection – optical connectors, which have the biggest influence on a total attenuation and route length. Connector has to meet various requirements such as cleannes, quality, mechanical construction and ferrule polishing.

Concluypo enmbargo. / Solicitud de envío manuscrito de artículo científico. / El presente trabajo propone un dispositivo electrónico portátil que, acoplado a un microscopio óptico convencional, pueda capturar una imagen microscópica de la fibra óptica y emita un juicio si el conector se encuentra en un estado de limpieza aceptable o no. Asimismo, mediante reportes de trabajo y usando normas internacionales, evaluar los conectores para que formen parte de una base de datos histórica que aporte a los mantenimientos preventivos de una red. Si bien en la actualidad se tienen soluciones tecnológicas parecidas, estas tienen como gran desventaja el alto costo que implica adquirir uno de estos equipos, desanimando a los operadores optar por este importante equipo. Ingenierilmente, esta propuesta será posible mediante el desarrollo de un algoritmo que procese las imágenes capturadas con el uso de diversas herramientas de procesamiento de imágenes como la binarización, transformada de Hough, algoritmo de Canny, escala de grises y ecualización de imágenes, que, montado sobre un hardware basado en un computador de placa reducida, entregará una evaluación del conector de fibra óptica y un reporte descargable que sirve como documentación del trabajo realizado. Dentro de este contexto, los resultados obtenidos son favorables para una utilización en campo, para llegar a esto se tuvo como como variable de calidad el índice de Kappa Cohen, en el cual se demuestra la alta tasa de coincidencia entre las evaluaciones del equipo y la evaluación de ingenieros expertos. / The present work proposes a portable electronic device that, coupled with a conventional optical microscope, can capture a microscopic image of the optical fiber and emit a judgment if the connector is in an optimal cleaning state or not. Likewise, through reports and using international standards, evaluate the connectors so that can be part of a source of database that contributes to the preventive maintenance of a network. Although similar technological solutions are currently available, these have the great disadvantage of the high cost of acquiring one of this equipment, discouraging operators from opting for this important procedure. Engineeringfully, this proposal will be possible through the development of an algorithm that processes the captured images with the use of various image processing tools such as binarization, Hough transform, Canny algorithm, grayscale and image equalization, which, mounted on a hardware based on a reduced plate computer, it will provide an evaluation of the fiber optic connector and a downloadable report that serves as documentation of the work done. Within this context, the results obtained are favorable for a field use, to achieve this, the Kappa Cohen index was used as a quality variable, which demonstrates the high rate of coincidence between the evaluations of the equipment and the Evaluation of expert engineers. / Tesis