This dissertation examines the idea of constitutionalisation of international law in light of concerns of fragmentation. It focuses on the dynamic of fragmentation in the international legal system. It shows that arguments about constitutionalism do not represent a remedy to the phenomenon of fragmentation. Consequently, the dissertation advances arguments of integrity of international law. Further, the dissertation examines new developments in constitutionalisation practices that support a normative, teleological approach to constitutionalisation in the international legal system. The dissertation offers insights on both the autonomy of the concept of international constitutionalism and the idea of fragmentation as a universally recognised characteristic of modern international law. It offers recommendations on how to address charges of fragmentation in international law in light of the dominant conception of modern international law.

This paper studies the need to overcome the procedural individualism embodied in a process model that is criticized. The research develops recognizing that the paradigms that have informed the industrial society are no longer sufficient to resolve the conflicts in society in recent decades. The process of classical institutes have long been powerless to show the protection of rights, especially the new collective rights. This bias is questioned whether the current process model is able to answer the collective demands. For development of this research will be used deductive approach method, as part of general issues such as the analysis of the evolution of civil procedure in the modern state, the individualistic procedural model to the collective civil procedure of the network society, then treat specific issues of civil procedure (collective) democratic judicial through the role of the Constitution. From the constitutionalization process is not seen in its formal aspect as a simple succession of acts essential to the jurisdictional function to incorporate an element of justice which makes it means by which promotes the achievement of values and constitutional principles. The collective process is perceived as a developer institute the democratic game, a "new" process model obtained by means of a "new" reading of the Constitution, it is possible from the recognition of the adversarial principle as the possibility of parties to influence the formation of critical and constructive manner, the content of judicial decisions (injunction Judgment of Origin), by means of a preliminary discussion of all participants. / O presente trabalho estuda a necessidade da superação do individualismo processual, consubstanciado em um modelo de processo que se critica. A pesquisa se desenvolve, reconhecendo que os paradigmas que informaram a sociedade industrial, já não são suficientes para resolver os conflitos da sociedade nas últimas décadas. Os institutos clássicos do processo, há muito se mostram impotentes para a tutela de direitos, especialmente os novos direitos coletivos. Nesse viés, se indaga se atual modelo de processo está apto a responder as demandas coletivas. Para desenvolvimento desta pesquisa será utilizado o método de abordagem dedutivo, uma vez que parte de questões gerais, tais como a análise da evolução do processo civil no Estado Moderno, do modelo procedimental individualista ao processo civil coletivo da sociedade em rede, para então tratar de questões específicas do processo civil (coletivo) jurisdicional democrático através do protagonismo da Constituição. A partir da constitucionalização, o processo deixa de ser visto no seu aspecto formal como uma simples sucessão de atos indispensável à função jurisdicional para incorporar um elemento de justiça que o transforma no meio pelo qual se promove a concretização dos valores e princípios constitucionais. O processo coletivo passa a ser percebido como um instituto fomentador do jogo democrático, um novo modelo de processo obtido por meio de uma nova leitura da Constituição, torna-se possível a partir do reconhecimento do princípio do contraditório como a possibilidade das partes de influir na formação, de forma crítica e construtiva, do conteúdo das decisões judiciais (Sentença Liminar de Procedência), por meio de um debate prévio de todos os participantes.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-20T08:46:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Alexandre da Costa.pdf: 1180011 bytes, checksum: acf5cfa77eb5785a0f17b67bd636641c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-20T08:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Alexandre da Costa.pdf: 1180011 bytes, checksum: acf5cfa77eb5785a0f17b67bd636641c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the great issues of capitalism and the globalized market is the incidence of workers' collective dismissal, whose effects reach, beyond the worker himself, his family and the society. Changes in the economic, technological or structural situation of companies are directly related to the reasons for collective dismissals, however, an adequate evaluation of the circumstances is not always verified, nor are alternatives sought to avoid the termination of the contracts, which violates several fundamental rights. Labor relations are established through labor contracts, which has been developed for a long time within the scope of the autonomy of the will and legal positivism. Modern social relations evolve rapidly, while legislative formalism renders legislation unable to keep pace with social dynamism, strengthening contract use. The classic concept of contract is linked to the pacta sunt servanda, which enforces compliance with the agreement, ignoring possible imbalances caused by external circumstances and which may hinder compliance with the contract. After the Second World War, the sense of positivist Law and distant from morality went through profound changes, reinforced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that began to consider the human person as the center of the legal system, also fostering the phenomenon of constitutionalisation and functionalization of Private Law. This set of modifications is contained in the paradigm of legal post-positivism, which advocates the application of constitutional principles in private relations, including labor relations, from pre-contractual to post-contractual phases. The autonomy of the will gives way to the private solidarity autonomy, making every contractual relation respect the dignity of the human person, as well as the objective good-faith and its associated duties, the information duty, solidarity, among other rights and principles. In this context, the present academic work approaches two issues of salient importance for the treatment of contemporary labor relations: the direct and immediate application of fundamental rights and the private solidarity autonomy in labor relations. For that, the hypothetical-deductive method was adopted, associated with the technique of bibliographical research of national and foreign works. The justification is linked to the fact that the doctrine and the jurisprudence have not yet adopted the private solidarity autonomy as a paradigm of contractual relations in the scope of Labor Law. Although it has been the target of the Labor Reform, the regulation of collective dismissal in Brazil was not adequate to meet social needs and interests. The objective is to point out that the private solidarity autonomy is capable of ensuring the effectiveness of fundamental rights and foster the solidarity and cooperative attitude among workers and employers, suggesting the conclusion that the application of the private solidarity autonomy has sufficient conditions to avoid or minimize the impacts of collective dismissal, as well as to prevent abuses or violations of rights / Uma das grandes celeumas do capitalismo e do mercado globalizado é a incidência das despedidas coletivas de trabalhadores, cujos efeitos atingem, além da pessoa do trabalhador, sua família e a sociedade. Alterações na situação econômica, tecnológica ou estrutural das empresas estão diretamente ligadas aos motivos de despedidas coletivas, contudo, nem sempre se verifica uma avaliação adequada das circunstâncias, tampouco, buscam-se alternativas para evitar a terminação dos contratos, ato que afronta diversos direitos fundamentais. As relações trabalhistas são estabelecidas por meio de contratos de trabalho, que por muito tempo se desenvolve no âmbito da autonomia da vontade e do positivismo jurídico. As relações sociais modernas evoluem rapidamente, ao passo que formalismo legislativo torna a legislação incapaz de acompanhar o dinamismo social, fortalecendo o uso do contrato. O conceito clássico de contrato se vincula ao pacta sunt servanda, que obriga o cumprimento do acordo, ignorando eventuais desequilíbrios, provocados por circunstâncias externas e que podem dificultar o cumprimento do contrato. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial a acepção do Direito positivista e distanciado da moral passou por profundas modificações, que reforçada pela Declaração Universal dos Direito do Homem, passou a considerar a pessoa humana como centro do sistema jurídico, propiciando também o fortalecimento do fenômeno da constitucionalização e funcionalização do Direito Privado. Esse conjunto de modificações está contido no paradigma do pós-positivismo jurídico, no qual se defende a aplicação dos princípios constitucionais nas relações privadas, inclusive as trabalhistas, abrangendo desde a fase pré-contratual até o pós-contratual. A autonomia da vontade cede lugar à autonomia privada solidária, fazendo com que toda relação contratual respeite a dignidade da pessoa humana, a boa-fé objetiva e seus deveres anexos, o dever de informação, a solidariedade, entre outros direitos e princípios. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho acadêmico aproxima dois temas de saliente importância para o trato das relações trabalhistas contemporâneas: a aplicação direta e imediata dos direitos fundamentais e a autonomia privada solidária nas relações trabalhistas. Para tanto, foi adotado o método hipotético-dedutivo, associado à técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica de obras nacionais e estrangeiras. A justificativa está ligada ao fato de que a doutrina e a jurisprudência ainda não adotaram a autonomia privada solidária como paradigma das relações contratuais no âmbito do Direito do Trabalho. Embora tenha sido alvo da Reforma Trabalhista, a regulamentação da despedida coletiva no Brasil não se mostrou adequada para atender as necessidades e os interesses sociais. O objetivo é apontar que a autonomia privada solidária é capaz de assegurar a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais e fomentar a postura solidária e cooperativa entre trabalhadores e empregadores, sugerindo a conclusão de que a aplicação da autonomia privada solidária possui condições suficientes para evitar ou minimizar os impactos das despedidas coletivas, assim como evitar abusos ou violações de direitos

Cette thèse vise à analyser l’émergence de l’individu comme un sujet du droit de l’Union européenne s’affirmant face à l’État membre. Elle défend l’idée selon laquelle le droit de l’Union connaît un processus de « subjectivisation fonctionnelle », de source essentiellement juridictionnelle, qui se manifeste par la reconnaissance des droits, des intérêts et de la situation subjective de l’individu, de façon à placer ce dernier au service de la réalisation du projet d’intégration européenne. Prenant une portée constitutionnelle, ce mouvement s’inscrit dans une double logique de protection et d’instrumentalisation de l’individu par l’Union, dialectique inhérente à l’ordre juridique incomplet que constitue l’Union. / This dissertation aims at describing the emergence of the individuals as subjects of European Union law, asserting themselves against the Member State. It upholds the idea that European Union law undergoes a “functional subjectivation” process, mostly based on case-law, materialized by the recognition of the individuals’ rights, interests and subjective situation, in order to make them agents of the European integration project realization. This movement, taking on a constitutional dimension, is part of both a protective and instrumental approach of the individual by the European Union, dialectic inherent to the European Union incomplete legal order.

La question prioritaire de constitutionnalité constitue une véritable « révolution » en droit interne, tant au regard des institutions de l’ordre juridique français qu’au niveau de la protection constitutionnelle des droits fondamentaux des citoyens. Ce mécanisme novateur, permettant désormais au Conseil constitutionnel d’opérer un contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois a posteriori, ne peut toutefois fonctionner sans le concours des juridictions ordinaires qui s’érigent désormais en juges du filtre de la constitutionnalité. Or, en prenant le parti d’organiser une telle procédure, le constituant et le législateur organique ont invité officiellement le juge administratif à participer au contrôle de la constitutionnalité des lois. Au-delà de ce premier constat, que la thèse s’attache à étayer in concreto, l’entrée en vigueur de cette nouvelle voie de droit a entrainé une modernisation du droit tant au niveau juridictionnel qu’institutionnel. Celle-ci s’analyse comme la conséquence immédiate du processus de constitutionnalisation des diverses branches du droit qu’accroit de manière exponentielle l’utilisation quotidienne de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité. Le droit du contentieux administratif, qui voit certaines de ses règles renouvelées sous l’effet de la nouvelle jurisprudence constitutionnelle affectant concomitamment l’office du juge administratif et plus globalement l’exercice de la justice administrative, montre que le juge administratif n’est pas seulement acteur de ce mécanisme mais aussi son sujet / The priority preliminary ruling on the issue of constitutionality is a real "revolution" in domestic law, both in terms of the institutions of the French legal system and at the level of constitutional protection of fundamental rights of citizens. This innovative mechanism, now allowing the Constitutional Council to reviewa posteriori the constitutionality of laws, however, can not function without the help of the ordinary courtswhich are now elevated as judges of the constitutional filter. Taking the party to organize such a procedure, the constituents and the legislator officially invited the administrative courts to participate in the review of the constitutionality of laws. Beyond this observation, which the thesis illustrates concretely, the entry in force of this new remedy has led to a modernization of the law both at the institutional and the jurisdictional levels.This is the immediate consequence of the process of constitutionalisation of the various branches of the law which the daily use of the priority question of constitutionality exponentially increases. The contentious rules before administrative courts, which are renewed under the influence of the new constitutional case law affecting simultaneously the powers of the administrative courts and more generally the exercise of administrative justice, shows the administrative courts are not only the participants of the process but also its subject matter

Acte unique européen, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbonne, élargissements… les grandes révisions des traités de l’Union européenne se sont succédé à un rythme soutenu en vingt-cinq ans. Si cette série est nécessaire dans un processus évolutif d’intégration, elle montre également la difficulté de réformer l’Union. L’objet de cette étude est de déterminer le degré de rigidité des traités de l’Union européenne, en recherchant les causes, les obstacles et les conséquences juridiques de cette (in)adaptabilité des traités. La rigidité trouve sa source dans le processus de constitutionnalisation des traités qui a renforcé leur protection formelle et matérielle par l’émergence de limites au pouvoir de révision. La rigidité des traités est par ailleurs accentuée par celle de la procédure de révision ordinaire qui est fondée sur deux notions qui peuvent sembler antinomiques : le respect de la souveraineté des États membres, par la pluralité des mécanismes nationaux de ratification, et la volonté de démocratisation, par l’émergence de mécanismes européens de légitimation. Pour faciliter l’adaptabilité des traités, les États membres ont institué des procédures simplifiées, complémentaires et dérogatoires à la procédure de droit commun. Leur insuffisante distinction par rapport à la procédure de révision ordinaire les rend inefficaces, si bien que l’on assiste à une remise en cause de la rigidité des traités par le développement d’une révision implicite de leurs dispositions et d’une coopération entre les États membres à l’intensité différenciée voire hors du cadre institutionnel de l’Union. La recherche de moyens efficaces d’assouplissement de la rigidité des traités est donc nécessaire afin de conserver à la fois leur rang dans l’ordre juridique et l’unité du processus d’intégration européenne dans le cadre de l’Union européenne. / Single European Act, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbon, enlargements… Over a 25-year period, the major revisions of the European Union treaties followed one another at an intensive pace. If that series is necessary for a progressive process of integration, it also illustrates the challenge of reforming the Union. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of rigidity of the European Union Treaties by searching the legal causes, obstacles and consequences of the (in)adaptability of the treaties. Rigidity originates from the constitutionalisation process of the treaties, which consolidated their formal and substantial protection through the emergence of limits to the revision power. The rigidity of the treaties is further increased by that of the ordinary revision procedure, which is based on two notions that may appear antinomic: the respect of the Member States sovereignty (through the plurality of the national mechanisms of ratification), and the willingness of democratisation (through the emergence of European mechanisms of legitimacy). In order to facilitate the adaptability of the treaties, the Member States established simplified procedures, which complement and derogate to the general procedure. As they do not significantly differ from the ordinary revision procedure, they are not efficient; a reconsideration of the rigidity of the treaties can then be observed through the development of an implicit revision of their provisions as well as a cooperation between Member States, the intensity of which is differentiated, and which may grow beside the Union’s institutional framework. Therefore, the pursuit of efficient ways to relax the rigidity of the treaties is necessary to maintain both their position within the legal order and the unity of the European integration process within the framework of the European Union.

The present dissertation has as purpose to investigate the problem of the effectiveness of the protection on the rights of persons with disabilities, in light of the Constitution of 1988. Thus, the study begins with a brief history about people with disabilities, seeking about the concept and terminology that were building over the centuries. The research is centered on the question of the implementation of the treaties and conventions on human rights in Brazil, notably the Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. This way, it will analyze the respect of receipt of international treaties and conventions dealing with human rights on the basis of the legal parental rights. For both, is used as a reference the earlier and the later the validity of Constitutional Amendment no. 45, December 30, 2004. In this context, we will examine the issue of the implementation of this Convention, from, in particular, the introduction of the new wording of paragraph 3, Article 5 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil, thereby strengthening the prism of constitutional hierarchy. On this occasion, there will be a holding on the various doctrinal positions relating to admission and success of international baccalaureate in Brazilian law. Finally, ventilate will be the fulfillment of the applicability conferred by Brazilian justice regarding the filing of actions that require the protection of the rights of people with disabilities; in this context, the object is examined on the prospect of contemplation of effectiveness with views into the materialization of the progress of the constitutionalism Brazilian directed to the achievement of an aspirated Humanistic nation and Constitutional Law. / A presente dissertação tem como desígnio investigar o problema da eficácia da proteção sobre os direitos das pessoas com deficiência, à luz da Constituição de 1988. Deste modo, o estudo tem início com um breve histórico sobre as pessoas com deficiência, buscando acerca do conceito e terminologias que foram se construindo ao longo dos séculos. A pesquisa está centrada na questão da efetivação dos tratados e convenções de direitos humanos no Brasil, notadamente da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência. Dessa maneira, analisar-se-á a respeito da recepção dos tratados e convenções internacionais que versam sobre os direitos humanos com base no ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Para tanto, utiliza-se como referencial o anterior e o posterior da vigência da Emenda Constitucional nº45 de 30 de dezembro de 2004. Nesse contexto, examina-se a problemática da concretização de tal Convenção, a partir, em especial, da introdução da nova redação do § 3°, do artigo 5°, da Constituição Federal do Brasil, robustecendo-se no prisma da hierarquia constitucional. Neste ensejo, será realizada uma exploração sobre os diversos posicionamentos doutrináriosatinentes à admissão e êxito desse diploma internacional no direito brasileiro. Por fim, ventilar-se-á o cumprimento da aplicabilidade conferida pela justiça brasileira concernente ao ajuizamento das ações que demandam a proteção dos direitos das pessoas com deficiência; nessa conjuntura, o objeto é averiguado sobre a perspectiva da contemplação da eficácia com vistas na materialização do progresso do constitucionalismo brasileiro direcionado à realização de uma aspirada nação Humanística e Constitucionalista de Direito.