O líquido denominado “lixiviado”, formado pela disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários e lixões, apresenta composição complexa, dada principalmente pela presença de compostos orgânicos extremamente recalcitrantes. O tratamento consorciado deste efluente com esgotos domésticos em ETE’s municipais carece de estudos, tendo em vista que são líquidos com características diferentes. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de um processo biológico de tratamento de efluentes, composto por 3 sistemas de banhados construídos (B1, B2 e B3) operados em paralelo, tratando a combinação de esgoto doméstico (90%) + lixiviado de aterro sanitário (10%), no que diz respeito a remoção de matéria orgânica de lenta degradação. Cada sistema foi composto por 4 leitos cultivados com as macrófitas emergentes Luziola peruviana e Typha latifolia, recebendo afluente proveniente de diferentes níveis de pré-tratamento, nomeadamente: B1 - processo biológico anaeróbio (UASB) seguido de aeróbio (CBR); B2 - processo biológico aneróbio (UASB) e B3 - sem prévio tratamento. Para tal, além das análises da matéria orgânica pelos parâmetros não específicos, foi também empregada análise de absorbância e fluorescência para analisar a presença de substâncias húmicas e o uso da respirometria para avaliação da DQO lentamente biodegradável. As eficiências médias de remoção dos sistemas B1, B2 e B3 foi de 97,4, 96,1 e 96,6 % para DBO5, 66,9, 70,9 e 80,6% para DQOT, 61,9, 69 e 62,8 % para DQOFil e de 60,3, 72,8 e 72 % para COT, respectivamente. A avaliação destes parâmetros permitiu inferir que o nível de pré-tratamento não influenciou na eficiência de remoção pelos sistemas de banhados. Os espectros de absorbância foram marcados por maior absorbância na região λ < 400 nm, com diminuição progressiva até 700 nm. A aplicação de coeficientes de absortividade indicaram a predominância de matéria orgânica dissolvida proveniente de esgoto doméstico, com pouca influência de SH’s. Nos espectros de emissão de fluorescência, o aparecimento de bandas na região de 450 nm indicou a presença de substâncias húmicas no afluente e efluente do sistema de banhados construídos, sem diferença significativa entre a intensidade de fluorescência emitida em 450 nm nas amostras analisadas, indicando que a substância em questão passou pelo tratamento sem ser degradada. Os resultados observados pela análise de fluorescência sincronizada do B1 apresentaram contribuição positiva do pré-tratamento (menor concentração de DQOFil) para o desempenho do banhado, devido a menor presença de ácidos húmicos no efluente. / The liquid known as "leachate", produced by the disposal of waste in landfills and dumps, has a complex composition, characterized mainly by the presence of recalcitrant organic compounds. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the co-treatment of leachate with municipal wastewater in WWTP's, considering that these are effluents with different characteristics. This study evaluated the performance of a biological treatment process of wastewater consisting of 3 constructed wetlands systems (B1, B2 and B3), operated in parallel, treating a combination of domestic sewage (90%) + landfill leachate (10 %). Each system was comprised of four beds cultured with emerging macrophytes Luziola peruviana and Typha latifolia receiving affluent from different levels of pre-treatment, namely: B1 - anaerobic biological process (UASB) followed by aerobic biological process (CBR); B2 - anaerobic biological process (UASB). B3 received the untreated effluents. The content of organic matter and humic substances was analyzed by non-specific parameters, absorbance and fluorescence methods. Respirometry test were conducted to evaluate the content of slowly biodegradable COD. The average removal efficiencies of systems B1, B2 and B3 was of 97.4, 96.1 and 96.6% for BOD5, 66.9, 70.9 and 80.6% for CODT, 61,9, 69 and 62.8% for CODFil and 60.3, 72.8 and 72% of TOC, respectively. The evaluation of these parameters allowed to infer that the level of pre-treatment did not influenced the removal efficiency by wetland systems. Absorbance spectra were marked by greater absorbance in the region λ = <400 nm with progressive decrease up to 700 nm. Absorptivity coefficients indicated the predominance of domestic sewage, with little influence of SH's. In the fluorescence emission spectra, the appearance of bands in the 450 nm region indicated the presence of humic substances in the influent and effluent of the constructed wetland systems without a significant. This indicates that the substance in question went through the treatment without being degraded. The results obtained by synchronous fluorescence analysis showed a positive contribution of the B1 pretreatment (lowest concentration DQOFil) to the observed performance due to less presence of humic acids in the effluent. The authors did not have success during evaluation of the slowly biodegradable COD using the method proposed before.

[pt] A presente dissertação trata da análise do tratamento de efluentes de esgotos domésticos, processado na ETE Ponte dos Leites, município de Araruama, Rio de Janeiro, que se destaca-se por seu enfoque ecológico. A escolha dessa ETE se deu por ser exemplo brasileiro de utilização de recursos naturais na purificação de esgotos, os wetlands construídos, nos quais as macrófitas absorvem nitrogênio e fósforo do efluente, elementos que constituem sua fonte de nutrição. Tal tratamento imita o ciclo natural, recuperando flora e fauna, preservando o meio ambiente. Os resultados da pesquisa a qual foi baseada no exemplo que ilustra esta pesquisa e que permitiram listar vantagens e desvantagens. As primeiras reúnem aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais enquanto que as desvantagens se referem à ausência de conhecimento acerca da comercialização do reúso do efluente tratado, da disponibilidade de áreas, da necessidade de manejo frequente para não comprometer os resultados e evitar a contínua geração de resíduos sólidos de origem vegetal. A pesquisa de campo sublinhou que a implantação de plantas no processo contribui economicamente e promove resiliência do ambiente. Pode-se concluir que é a tecnologia mais adequada a fim de reaproveitar todo resíduo sólido gerado e favorecer o reúso da água, pois permite a possibilidade de preservação da água desde que o reúso seja empregado para fins que não envolvam o consumo humano. / [en] The biggest problem of cities, as they reach the 21st century, is to meet the basic needs of their inhabitants. Population growth increasingly requires areas for housing and food production, and a site devoted to the waste generated by this population. With multiplication, the need for natural resources increases. The most discussed subject in this century is the water crisis. Added to the disastrous consequences that have led to the lack of appeal. The question of water needs to be rethought in relation to traditional management. That is, the capture and availability still come using molds from the beginning of the last century, which have contributed to increase environmental and financial losses, and above all contribute to poor quality of life. What this research intends to emphasize is the urgency of a change in the concept of treatment of domestic sewage, in order to reach the reuse of the treated effluent, which is the reuse. The hypothesis that it brings is to point out as a possible solution - constructed wetlands. The constructed wetlands is a type of sewage treatment that allows the reuse of water. The technology is simple, easy to maintain and economically favorable. The environmental advantages are representative with added social aspects. Household effluents are treated by plants known as: macrophytes, these mimic the cycles of nature, are the most appropriate for the purification process, do not use chemicals, nor anthropize areas for the implantation of the treatment plant, and waste generated are totally reused. The research focuses on the applicability of constructed wetlands, exemplifying architectural and urban design, which served to recover degraded urban areas, restoring natural life. The most relevant point is the resilience of the natural urban environment, of areas that have been degraded. The wetlands favor thermal equilibrium, which evidently represents the life value of the planet s species.

Cette thèse présente divers aspects du polissage des eaux usées de galvanoplastie par des zones humides artificielles : analyse de la performance, étude de la configuration et de la mise en œuvre, influence de différentes sources de carbone, évolution du substrat, l'analyse des plantes et des problèmes de conception.Les objectifs de ce travail sont triples: (i) étudier la faisabilité du polissage des effluents de la galvanoplastie, (ii) étudier l'influence des systèmes opérationnels, des plantes, du substrat et de la charge des eaux usées, (iii) comprendre les mécanismes conduisant à une diminution de la charge métallique dans des microcosmes de zones humides construites.Ce travail a fourni de nouvelles informations et élargi les connaissances actuelles sur le traitement des eaux usées industrielles dans les zones humides artificielles. En fait, il s'agit, à notre connaissance, de la première étude concernant l'élimination des métaux et du cyanure d'eaux usées par des zones humides artificielles en écoulement de sub-surface. / This thesis presents various aspects of polishing the electroplating wastewater in constructed wetlands: analysis of the performance, study on the operation and configuration effects, effects of various carbon sources, analysis of the substrate (bed media), analysis of plants, and design issues.The goals of the experiment were to: (i) study the feasibility of polishing electroplating effluent, (ii) study the effect of operating schemes, plants, bed media and wastewater strength, (iii) to elucidate metal removal mechanisms in the CW microcosms.This study furnished new information and expanded the existing knowledge on industrial wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands. In fact, this is, to the best knowledge, the first publication studying the removal of metals and cyanide from electroplating wastewater in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The aim of this study was to study the polishing of the electroplating wastewater pretreated using physical-chemical methods.

Utsläpp av läkemedelsrester till miljön är ett växande problem och negativa effekter på fiskar och vattenlevande djur har observerats vid mycket låga halter. I detta examensarbete studerades fem svenska spillvattenvåtmarkers förmåga att avskilja aktiva läkemedelssubstanser som passerat genom avloppsreningsverket. Halter av 24 läkemedelssubstanser bestämdes i inkommande och utgående vatten till och från spillvattenvåtmarkerna i Eskilstuna, Hässleholm, Nynäshamn, Trosa och Oxelösund. De substanser som generellt sett återfanns i de högsta halterna i inkommande avloppsvatten till våtmarkerna var några vanliga antiinflammatoriska ämnen: naproxen, ibuprofen och diklofenak; några blodtryckssänkande ämnen: atenolol, hydroklortiazid, furosemid och metoprolol; och det lugnande ämnet oxazepam. Dessa ämnen förekom i koncentrationer mellan 0,7 μg/l och 10 μg/l. Resultaten visade att 47 % av de påträffade substanserna reducerades mellan 20 och 80 % och 47 % reducerades 80 % eller mer. Alla våtmarker visade en hög avskiljning av diklofenak, furosemid, hydroklortiazid och naproxen. Avskiljningsgraden för dessa ämnen var 74–100 %. Generellt sett uppvisade alla fem våtmarker en hög reningseffekt på aktiva läkemedelssubstanser men en något högre reningsgrad observerades i Oxelösund, Nynäshamn och Trosa våtmark. En möjlig förklaring till den höga reningseffekten kan vara våtmarkernas karakteristiska hydraulik, där spillvattendammar växelvis fylls och töms, i jämförelse med våtmarkerna i Eskilstuna och Hässleholm som har ett kontinuerligt flöde av spillvatten. En jämförelse gjordes också med tidigare reningsresultat under vinterförhållanden. Resultaten visade att avskiljningen av samtliga substanser var betydligt högre under de nu studerade sommarförhållandena. / The release of pharmaceutical residues to the environment is a growing problem of global concern. Many studies have reported the negative effects of pharmaceutical residues on fish and other aquatic organisms. This master thesis has assessed five constructed wetlands on their removal efficiency of active pharmaceutical substances. Influent and effluent wastewaters were analyzed for 24 common pharmaceutical substances in constructed wetlands in Eskilstuna, Hässleholm, Nynäshamn, Trosa and Oxelösund. The pharmaceuticals found in highest concentration in the influent were some common anti-inflammatory substances: naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac; a few antihypertensive substances: atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide and metoprolol and the sedative substance, oxazepam. The concentrations varied between 0.7 μg/l and 10 μg/l. For 47% of the substances there was an observed removal efficiency of greater than 80% and for 47% of the substances a removal efficiency of 20–80 % was observed. Diclofenac, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and naproxen showed the greatest removal efficiencies, 74–100 %. In general, all five constructed wetlands showed high removal efficiencies for most pharmaceutical compounds, with greater removal efficiencies observed in Oxelösund, Nynäshamn and Trosa. The higher removal efficiency in these wetlands is believed to be due to their characteristic hydraulics, where wastewater basins are filled and emptied, whereas the basins in Eskilstuna and Hässleholm have continuous flow of wastewater. A comparison of removal efficiencies was also assessed for summer and winter conditions in Eskilstuna, Nynäshamn, Trosa and Oxelösund wetlands. The observed removal efficiencies were significantly greater during summer conditions.

Bibliography: leaves 127-134. This thesis argues for the expansion of ecotourism in the Adelaide metropolitan Barker Inlet Wetlands, currently used for small scale ecotourism. Through analysing current literature and evaluating a range of ecotourism strategies, it demonstrates that the potential for and offers guidelines for ecotourism in the Barker Inlet Wetlands. Opprtunities for expansion lie primarily in environmental education, with a particular focus on Adelaide secondary schools.

<p>The aim of the study was to investigate if methane emission in a constructed wetland changed in a diurnal pattern correlating to temperature, humidity or light conditions. The gas measurements were carried out with a static chamber technique. The wetland (in Nykvarn outside of Linköping, Sweden) takes care of wastewater to reduce the nitrogen loads. Measurements were carried out at three different occasions in the summer of 1998 on two sites in the wetland. One site was close to the inflow, inhabited by Lemnaceae, and another site was located further downstream inhabited by the emergent macrophyte Typha latifolia. The results showed a variation, but no discernible diurnal pattern. The Typha site had a methane emission rate of 166 mg CH₄ m-2d-1 and the Lemnaceae site had an methane emission rate of 712 mg CH₄ m-2d-1. In all experiments at the Typha site, the highest methane emission rate was obtained at sunrise.</p>

Wetlands contain both aquatic and terrestrial environments which generates high biodiversity. However, they are commonly associated with mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), and mosquitoes are usually regarded as negative by humans because they can cause nuisance and transmit diseases. This thesis aimed to clarify the association between mosquitoes and wetlands and to achieve a more balanced view of biodiversity in wetlands by including mosquito diversity. Studies on adult mosquito diversity and assemblages were performed in 18 wetlands spread over Sweden. The Swedish mosquito species were organized in ten functional groups based on four life-history characteristics. This classification was used as an additional diversity measurement and as a tool for presentation of mosquito data. Mosquito diversity showed several of the well-established diversity patterns such as a latitudinal gradient, a species-area relationship and a distribution-abundance relationship. In a landscape perspective, diversity of both mosquitoes and dytiscids (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) were positively influenced by a high proportion of permanent water and a high amount of open areas, indicating co-varying diversity patterns. Mosquito assemblages in the Nedre Dalälven region were mainly structured by the extent of flooded areas and wetland type (wet meadow, swamp and bog). In addition to the influence of the proportion of temporary wetlands at a local scale, the proportion of forest gained importance at larger spatial scales and in relation to dispersal distances of species. In southern Sweden, mosquito faunas differed between natural and constructed wetlands, partly reflecting differences in wetland size. In an experiment, different responses of two co-occurring mosquito species to rapid larval habitat desiccation indicate that weather conditions after a flood could influence mosquito assemblages. The conclusions of this thesis provide suggestions on how to construct and position wetlands for increased insect diversity, and indicate that low abundance of major nuisance species might be crucial for acceptance of wetlands near human settlements.

The ability of Nakivubo wetland (which has performed tertiary water treatment for Kampala city for the past 40 years) to respond to pollution and to protect the water quality of Inner Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria was investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of Nakivubo wetland to remove nitrogen from the wastewater after its recent encroachment and modification, in order to optimize biological nitrogen removal processes using constructed wetland technology. Field studies were performed to assess the hydraulic loading, stability and water quality of this wetland. The distribution and activity of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in Nakivubo channel and wetland were also investigated, and the significance of the different matrices in biological nitrogen transformations within the two systems elucidated. Studies to optimize nutrient removal processes were carried out at pilot scale level both in container experiments and in the field using substrate-free constructed wetlands (CWs) planted with Cyperus papyrus and Miscanthidium violaceum which were adapted to the local ecological conditions. Results showed that Nakivubo wetland performs tertiary treatment for a large volume of wastewater from Kampala city, which is characterised by large quantities of nutrients, organic matter and to a lesser extent metals. Mass pollutant loads showed that wastewater effluent from a sewage treatment plant constituted a larger proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) discharged into the wetland. The upper section of Nakivubo wetland exhibited high removal efficiencies for BOD, whereas little or no ammonium-nitrogen and metals except Lead were removed by wetland. Studies further showed that nitrifying bacteria existed in the wetland but their activity was limited by oxygen depletion due to the high BOD in the wastewater and heterotrophic bacteria from the sewage treatment plant. Distributional studies indicated the presence of more AOB in surface sediments than the water column of the lower section of Nakivubo channel, an indication that nitrifiers settled with particulate matter prior to discharge into the wetland, and thus did not represent seeding of the wetland. The significant reductions in concentrations of BOD compared to ammonium and total nitrogen in the channel and wetland wastewater confirmed this finding. Whereas suspended nitrifiers upstream of Nakivubo channel equally influenced total nitrogen balance as those in surface sediments, epiphytic nitrification was more important than that of sediment/peat compartments in the wetland, and thus highlighted the detrimental impacts of wetland modification on the water quality Inner Murchison Bay and Lake Victoria as a whole. Performance assessment of pilot-scale container experiments and field-based CWs indicated highly promising treatment efficiencies, notably in papyrus-based treatments. Plant biomass productivity, nutrient storage, and overall system treatment performance were higher in papyrusbased constructed wetlands, and resulted in effluent that met national discharge limits. Thus, papyrus-based CWs were found to be operationally efficient in removing pollutants from domestic wastewater. / QC 20101028

The aim of the study was to investigate if methane emission in a constructed wetland changed in a diurnal pattern correlating to temperature, humidity or light conditions. The gas measurements were carried out with a static chamber technique. The wetland (in Nykvarn outside of Linköping, Sweden) takes care of wastewater to reduce the nitrogen loads. Measurements were carried out at three different occasions in the summer of 1998 on two sites in the wetland. One site was close to the inflow, inhabited by Lemnaceae, and another site was located further downstream inhabited by the emergent macrophyte Typha latifolia. The results showed a variation, but no discernible diurnal pattern. The Typha site had a methane emission rate of 166 mg CH4 m-2d-1 and the Lemnaceae site had an methane emission rate of 712 mg CH4 m-2d-1. In all experiments at the Typha site, the highest methane emission rate was obtained at sunrise.

La contínua descàrrega de nutrients, sobretot fosfats i nitrogen, és la major causa d'eutrofització dels ecosistemes aquàtics. Els sistemes de tractament basats en aiguamolls construïts s'han emprat per reduir ells nivells de nitrogen a l'aigua com a alternativa de baix cost als mètodes de depuració convencionals. L'eliminació del nitrogen a aquests sistemes depèn en bona part de la vegetació, i l'alternança de condicions aeròbiques i anaeròbiques per promoure els processos de nitrificació i desnitrificació. En aquest treball hem volgut investigar les activitats microbianes de nitrificació i desnitrificació en relació a dues espècies de plantes macròfites en un sistema d'aiguamolls de tractament de flux superficial (FS-SAC), dissenyat per minimitzar l'impacte de l'alliberament d'aigua carregada de nutrients a la reserva natural dels Aiguamolls de l'Empordà (Girona, Espanya). / The continuous delivery of nutrients, mainly phosphate and nitrogen, is the major cause of eutrophication of aquatic environments. Treatment technologies based on constructed wetlands have been applied to reduce the levels of nitrogen as a cost-effective alternative compared to conventional treatment methods. The nitrogen removal efficiency in wetlands relies on the presence of plants and the alternation of aerobic and anaerobic conditions to promote both nitrification and denitrification. Although the role of emergent macrophytes in such systems is largely recognized, their contribution to the overall treatment process has not been quantified very frequently. We have investigated the microbial nitrification and denitrification activities in relation to two plant species in a free water surface constructed wetland (FWS-CW), designed to minimize the impact of nutrient release into the Natural Reserve of Els Aiguamolls de l'Empordà (Girona, Spain).