Purpose: As of today, the knowledge of lean production, and its development into the construction industry, lean construction, has been well described in most of the necessary aspects. In what way lean could affect the work environment in a construction project, be it good or bad, has to date not been thoroughly documented. In Sweden, lean has been mildly tested in the construction industry but the results concerning the effect it has on the work environment is yet to be found in the literature. Lean itself is a strategy for manufacturing processes. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of lean itself and how it, theoretically, could affect the work environment at construction site. Method: To achieve the purpose, documents from the participating company concerning work environment has been analysed in order to visualize what routines the company currently follows. In addition to this, seven interviews were conducted with employees of the company. The persons participating in the interviews were asked about how well they think the work is organized on the construction site right now and furthermore about their thoughts of lean-concept that had been produced, based on the theoretical framework. Findings: Based on the theoretical framework and findings in the empirical data that has been collected, a lean-concept was developed and refined. The concept includes what routines and what documents that are vital when implicating lean in an effective way, and also what needs to be considered in order not to impede the work environment at the construction site. Implications: Implicating a well-structured lean-concept in the construction process of a project would, theoretically, most definitely improve effectiveness within the project. It could also improve the work environment of the project, considering the risk awareness and the easier waste-control that the concept could provide. However, it could also make it worse through the elimination of variance and monotonous work tasks that are needed to improve the effectiveness. Limitations: The most important limitations that the study has had is the fact of it only being a theoretical implication of a lean concept, not a practical case study of the sort. This is due to the defined and limited time that project has had. In addition, the study has also had to limit its’ research to the frame supplement phase of the construction project. This is because of the fact that the work with the theoretical framework and the empirical study would have been too overwhelming, had the study considered the entire production phase of a construction project.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe pateikiama statybų logistika teoriniu aspektu ir įvertinama UAB „Dažymo technologijų centras“ statybų logistika. Teorinėje dalyje aptariama logistikos samprata, aprašoma logistikos sistema, išskiriamos statybų logistikos medžiagų tiekimo, statybvietės – sandėliavimo posistemės. Bakalauro baigiamuoju darbu siekiama įvertinti UAB „Dažymo technologijų centras“ statybų logistiką ir nustatyti priemones, kurios leistų optimizuoti įmonės statybų procesą logistikos pagrindu. Įvertinus UAB „Dažymo technologijų centras“ statybų logistiką pastebėti žymūs, daugiausiai įmonėje naudojamų, medžiagų tiekimo ir statybvietės sandėliavimo posistemių valdymo trūkumai. Pasireiškiantys dėl nepakankamo dėmesio skyrimo ir kompetencijos stokos šioms įmonės veikloms. / There is submitted construction‘s logistics by theoretical aspect and estimating construction‘s logistics of UAB “Dažymo technologijų centras“ in Bachelor's final work. Logistics conception is disputed in theoretic part, also subsystems of construction logistics materials' delivery and construction – place and storage are discerned in this part of final work. Final Bachelor's work tries to evaluate construction‘s logistics of UAB „Dažymo technologijų centras“ and to identify measures that could improve construction company's activity. In spite of obtained profitt there were observed significant disadvantages of company‘s materials suply and construction-place subsystem when logistics of construction company UAB „Dažymo technologijų centras“ was evaluated. Disadvantages occur due to the lack of attention and competition to these activities of company.

This essay describes coordination of the work environment on construction sites where many entrepreneurs share workplace. As employer, the entrepreneur has main responsibility for the workers safety on the construction site, the project supervisor is responsible for the work environment, and to coordinate the work environment a coordinator of the construction work environment is appointed. The purpose of this essay is to describe how the work environment is ensured on a shared workplace. In order to answer the essays questions I’ve used a juridical method to interpret the law. Current law and regulations has been studied, as well as the industry's rules and regulations. The juridical method is complemented by social science methodology by the use of an empirical survey consisting of interviews with a coordinator of the construction work environment, and subcontractors on a construction site. The questions of this essay concerns the project supervisor’s and the entrepreneur’s safety responsibilities of the working environment, and how they ensure their joint work environment. And also the requirements imposed on the entrepreneur’s coordination responsibilities, and if the working methods differ when the workers are posted. A construction site is a complicated workplace with many companies working side by side. Requirements for cooperation and consultation are the responsibility of all employers who have employees engaged on the same construction site. Entrepreneurs who post workers in Sweden have the same employer responsibilities as other entrepreneurs, and shall ensure the work environment of the posted worker. / Denna uppsats handlar om samordningen av arbetsmiljön på byggarbetsplatser där flera entreprenörer delar arbetsplats. Som arbetsgivare har en entreprenör huvudansvaret för de anställdas arbetsmiljö, på byggarbetsplatsen är det byggherren som ansvarar för arbetsmiljön, och för att samordna parternas arbetsmiljö utses en byggarbetsmiljösamordnare. Studiens syfte är att deskriptivt redogöra för hur arbetsmiljö säkerställs på en gemensam arbetsplats. För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar har juridisk metod använts genom att tolka gällande rätt. Förutom lag och förordningar har även böcker i ämnet använts, samt branschens regler och bestämmelser. Den juridiska metoden kompletteras med samhällsvetenskaplig metod genom att vidga studien med empiriskt material i form av intervjuer med en byggarbetsmiljösamordnare, samt ett urval underentreprenörer på en byggarbetsplats. Uppsatsens frågeställningar berör förhållandet mellan byggherrens och entreprenörers arbetsmiljöansvar och hur de arbetar för att säkerställa den gemensamma arbetsmiljön. Samt vilka krav som ställs på entreprenörers samordningsansvar och om arbetssättet skiljer sig om arbetstagarna är utstationerade. En byggarbetsplats är en komplicerad arbetsplats med många företag som arbetar sida vid sida. Krav på samarbete och samråd åligger alla de arbetsgivare som har arbetstagare sysselsatta på en byggarbetsplats. En entreprenör som utstationerar arbetstagare i Sverige har samma långtgående arbetsgivaransvar som andra entreprenörer, och ska säkerställa arbetsmiljön för den utstationerade arbetstagaren.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir para o conceito de construção sustentável através do desenvolvimento de uma lista de recomendações para implantação de um sistema de gestão integrada na construção civil. A visão do sistema de gestão integrado pela qualidade, meio ambiente e segurança do trabalho é uma estratégia de futuro no qual as organizações industriais terão de adequar-se para serem competitivas e desenvolvidas. Utilizar-se-á o plano da qualidade da obra como eixo central para viabilizar a implantação da integração de sistemas na ICC, com o estudo de caso que será desenvolvido em um empreendimento comercial na cidade de Niterói- RJ. / This present study aims to contribute to the development of a recommendation list for implementing a management-integrated system in the civil construction industry. The view towards an integrated management system taking into account quality, environment and (Working) safety is a future strategy where industrial organizations will have to adequate themselves in order to become more competitive and developed. The construction quality plan will be made use of it, as the main point to fease the implementation of the aims in the civil construction industry. As a case study that will be developed in an expanding commercial undertaking in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Os canteiros de obras são causadores de diversos impactos ambientais relacionados ao grande consumo de recursos e à grande geração de poluição e incômodos que afetam toda sociedade. Dentre as fontes de poluição, está a emissão de material particulado na atmosfera, responsável por uma série de problemas respiratórios e cardíacos, danos à flora e à fauna, incômodos à vizinhança, danos ao solo, à água e à qualidade do ar, entre outros aspectos. Em vários países, os canteiros de obras são reconhecidos como uma das principais fontes de poluição por partículas. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais fontes emissoras de material particulado entre as diversas atividades de construção, as principais ferramentas de controle e prevenção de emissão e os principais métodos de monitoramento aplicáveis aos canteiros de obras de edifícios. Sua metodologia está baseada em compilação e análise de bibliografia nacional e internacional disponível.Como resultados, são identificadas as principais fontes de emissão de material particulado nas fases de demolição, movimentação de terra e serviços preliminares e serviços de construção. Mostra-se, também, que o monitoramento, associado a ações de prevenção e controle, é uma ferramenta eficaz para manutenção de níveis de emissão aceitáveis, utilizando equipamentos de custo relativamente baixo, fácil operação e implantação no canteiro de obras. Finalmente, o trabalho traz um conjunto de recomendações que podem ser utilizadas na composição de um plano de gestão para prevenção, controle e monitoramento de emissões de material particulado em canteiros de obras, a ser incorporado às práticas de gestão já em uso pela empresa construtora. O trabalho conclui que o controle de emissões nos canteiros de obras de edifícios pode ser aplicado por empresas construtoras, dentro da atual realidade brasileira. / The construction sites cause many environmental impacts related to high consumption of resources and high levels of pollutions emissions, affecting the whole society. Among these pollutions, it is the particulate matter emission in the atmosphere, responsible for heart and lung diseases, damages to animals, plants, soil, water and air quality and nuisances to neighbors. In several countries, the construction sites are recognized as one of the main sources of particle pollution. This work intends to identify the main emission sources of particulate matter among the great variety of construction activities, the main particle emissions control tools and the main monitoring methods available for building construction sites. The research is based on compilation of Brazilian and international bibliographies. As result, are identified the main sources of particulate matter emission on demolition, earthmoving and construction activities. The work presents that monitoring associated with prevention e control measures is an effective tool for maintenance of controlled emissions levels, through low cost, easy operation and easy implantation equipments. Finally, the work presents a set of recommendation to elaborate a management plan to prevent, control and monitoring particulate matters emissions in the construction sites, easily adapted to the current management practices of the contractors firms. The work concludes that the particulate matter emission control can be implanted by contractors firm within the current Brazilian reality.

Esta pesquisa visa contribuir com o planejamento do arranjo físico (leiaute) de canteiro de obras através da utilização de recursos computacionais aplicados ao processo de tomada de decisões e na visualização da distribuição dos elementos necessários às atividades de construção. O planejamento do arranjo físico de canteiros, em muitos casos, é feito por profissionais que contam essencialmente com a experiência obtida ao longo de sua vida profissional, sem o auxílio de recursos de TI, amplamente utilizados em outras indústrias. Com esta pesquisa almeja-se evidenciar que o uso de recursos computacionais para monitoramento de dados referentes aos estoques e consumo de materiais e a visualização dos espaços disponíveis ao longo do tempo para os elementos de obra, conduzirá a um processo de projeto de canteiros que exija menor grau de abstração do planejador, assim como facilitará a atualização no decorrer da execução. Dessa forma, partiu-se para a concepção de uma ferramenta buscando juntar as informações necessárias ao planejamento em um único ambiente, dispondo de suporte visual para tomada de decisões conscientes a respeito do canteiro. Ao mesmo tempo, procurou-se evitar mudanças bruscas na forma de projetar do engenheiro, por acreditar-se que qualquer ferramenta que altere significativamente seu processo cognitivo habitual de resolver problemas pode ser rejeitada. As informações obtidas com o planejamento feito em software popular no país, o MS Project, são usadas para alimentar inicialmente a ferramenta. Outras inovações trazidas pela ferramenta desenvolvida são: possibilidade de divisão do período da obra em fases de acordo com as atividades desenvolvidas (preconizado em bibliografia pertinente); a integração das informações necessárias ao planejamento em um mesmo ambiente com suporte em forma de gráficos para controle de estoque/compras de materiais e apoio visual interativo para arranjo de elementos na área do canteiro. Como resultado obteve-se uma ferramenta simplificada e de uso direto, disponível na Internet, para apoio aos profissionais que fazem o planejamento de canteiros de obras, contribuindo para melhores resultados para o processo de construção e facilitando a análise das informações envolvidas nele. As inovações foram testadas junto a profissionais de planejamento, onde se analisou a viabilidade de inserção do sistema nas construtoras visitadas e o possível interesse do mercado em um produto com as características demonstradas por facilitar o desenvolvimento do projeto de canteiros, bem como sua atualização ao longo da obra. / This research aims to contribute to construction site layout planning by the use of computer resources applied to the decision-making process and to the visualization of the spatial distribution of the elements needed for the construction activities. The planning of the construction site layout is very often done by professionals who rely only on their experience gained throughout professional life, without using IT resources, which are widely used in other industries. This research aims to show that the application of computer resources for tracking data on material storage and consumption, besides the visualization of spaces available for the elements of construction, will lead to a construction site design process that requires a lower abstraction level from the planner and will facilitate the layout update during the execution. Thus, the conception of a tool that could join all the necessary information in a single environment with visual support for making decisions about the site layout was started. A special concern was to avoid abrupt changes in the way engineers design because it is believed that new tools that change their usual cognitive process for solving problems could lead these professionals to not using them. The information obtained with planning made with MS Project popular planning software used in the country - is used as initial input data for the system. This tool brought other innovations like: possibility of splitting the period of the construction in phases in accordance with the developed activities (as recommended in relevant literature), integration of the information necessary for planning in a single environment with graphics to support stock control and purchasing of materials; interactive visual support for allocating elements in the construction site area. As a result, it was obtained a simplified tool with straightforward use, available on the Internet, to support the professionals who plan the construction site, contributing to improve the results of the building process and facilitating the analysis of the information involved in it. The innovations were tested with planning professionals when was evaluated the feasibility of the adoption of the system by the visited construction companies and a possible interest of the construction market in a product with the demonstrated characteristics which facilitate the development and update of the site layout during construction.

A indústria da construção civil tem uma importância significativa para a economia do País. Em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo uma estratégia para aumentar o desempenho na construção de edificações é melhorar a produtividade e reduzir as perdas através da otimização da logística de canteiro de obras. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor diretrizes para elaboração de um plano de gerenciamento de logística de canteiro de obras, com foco em materiais, para a construção de edificações verticais. Foram utilizados como métodos a revisão bibliográfica, uma pesquisa quantitativa e uma pesquisa de campo que aborda uma grande empresa de engenharia e a análise dos aspectos logísticos de um de suas obras, a construção de um hospital, que contou com a participação do autor. Apesar do mercado enxergar valor em ações que contribuam para a logística da obra, são pouco evidentes processos ou planos efetivamente implantados, dedicados ao tema, que auxiliem no processo de tomada de decisões. Como contribuição, o trabalho reúne experiências e orientações para auxiliar o planejamento e o controle da logística de canteiro, promovendo inovação no processo de gestão. / The construction industry has a significant importance for the economy of the country. In a more and more competitive market a strategy to increase performance in the construction of buildings is to improve productivity and reduce losses by optimizing the construction site logistics. This research aims to propose guidelines for the development of a logistics management plan of the construction site, focusing on materials, for the construction of vertical buildings. The research methods comprises a literature review, a quantitative survey and a field\'s research that studies a large engineering company and the logistics of one of his projects, the construction of a hospital, which had the participation of the author. Despite the market see value in actions that contribute to the logistics work, are little evident processes or plans effectively implemented, dedicated to the topic, to assist in the decision making process. As a contribution, the research brings together experiences and guidelines to assist the planning and control of construction site logistics, promoting innovation in the management process.

Construction of new buildings and restoration of existing buildings is causing waste. Often,the waste consists of a mixture of different materials, also called “mixed waste”. Waste fromconstruction sites stands for over 35 % of the entirely waste in amount Sweden and is aconsiderable contributing factor to the carbon dioxide emissions. It is very important that theamount of waste is reduced, and different materials are separated in order to achieve increasedsustainability. This report will examine the alternatives for building companies to minimisethe mixed waste fraction from their construction sites, using waste statistics from constructionprojects in the northern part of Sweden and a survey answered from the site managers at theconstruction company. The results show that mixed waste is one of the largest fractions ofwaste from construction projects, and it is also one of the most expensive fractions. Theenvironmental benefits and the economic gain a reduced mixed waste can contribute with, isan important step to reduce the climate impact from construction work. This paper willhopefully inspire some new ideas for minimising the mixed waste fraction at constructionproject, for example the displaying of containers for the different waste fractions. To separatethe different waste fractions efficiently and is beneficial regarding the environmental impactand the economy of the building companies.

Varje år rapporteras bullerrelaterade arbetsskador från byggsektorn till arbetsmiljöverket. Studien är utförd med syfte att utreda hur bullerrelaterade arbetsskador i byggbranschen kan minskas med hjälp av nya metoder, både innan och under pågående projekt. Metoderna kan implementeras under projekteringsstadiet eller ute i byggproduktionen. Studien har utrett frågan om hur arbetsmiljön kan förbättras med avseende på buller på byggarbetsplatser.Metodiken i studien bestod av kvalitativa och kvantitativa intervjuer samt en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Intervjuerna besvarade av tjänstemän som dagligen hanterar projekterings- och planeringsfrågor inom Skanska Direkt AB. Yrkesrollerna bland respondenterna var arbetsledare, produktionschefer och ett skyddsombud. Enkätundersökningarna besvarades av yrkesarbetare där majoriteten tillhörde Skanska Direkt AB. Ljudmätningar har utförts på sex arbetsmoment, på totalt tre arbetsplatser, för att kontrollera om arbetsmiljön ute på byggarbetsplatserna är bullriga. Stödjande teori till studien var formler och begrepp inom akustik samt Arbetsmiljöverkets insats- och gränsvärden.Mätresultaten från arbetsmomenten visade att Arbetsmiljöverkets gränsvärden uppnåddes och att byggarbetsplatserna som undersöktes är bullriga. Samtliga yrkesarbetare ansåg att de dagligen arbetar i en bullrig miljö. Vidare konstaterades att buller inte beaktas i någon större omfattning under projekteringen av byggprojekt såväl som i byggproduktionen. Däremot ansågs behovet finnas. Majoriteten av respondenterna från enkätundersökningen och intervjuerna ansåg att hörselskydd ska vara en del av den obligatoriska skyddsutrustningen på byggarbetsplatserna. Införandet ansågs även ha en stor påverkan till förebyggandet av bullerrelaterade arbetsskador. Resultatet från intervjuerna visade att ökad kunskap generellt kring buller och dess risker, till exempel via online-utbildningar, hade minskat bullerrelaterade arbetsskador. Även fler bullerinriktade arbetsberedningar bör utföras i byggproduktionen. Två tekniska åtgärder gällande bullret på byggarbetsplatserna, som respondenterna från intervjuerna var positiva till, var införandet av bullerskydd och bullermätare. Resultatet visade även att det inte sker någon systematisk uppföljning av ljudnivåer på byggarbetsplatserna. Idag finns inte heller någon metod för att följa upp arbetsmiljön med avseende buller efter avslutade byggprojekt. Resultatet är generellt tillämpbart i hela byggbranschen.Slutsatsen kan dras att en mer bullerinriktad projektering bör göras, där man bland annat identifierar och tillämpar alternativa arbetsmetoder, material och verktyg för att minska bullernivåerna på byggarbetsplatserna. Ett införande av hörselskydd, som en del av den obligatoriska säkerhetsutrustningen på Skanska Sverige AB, behöver utredas vidare.Vidare konstaterades att en mer bullerinriktad planering på byggarbetsplatserna bör göras, där bullerinriktade arbetsberedningar är en lösning. En bullermätare på byggarbetsplatser är även en lösning. Bullerskydd, med uppgift att aktivt dämpa bullret, måste utredas vidare. / Every year noise-related injuries from the construction industry are reported to the Swedish Work Environment Authority. The purpose of this study was to examine how noise-related injuries could be reduced using new methods before and during ongoing projects. This study examined how the working environment can be improved regarding noise at the construction sites.The methodology used in this study consisted of a combination of qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. The noise levels from six different work operations was examined to verify that the sound levels in construction sites in fact are noisy. The study is based on formulas and concepts in acoustics, as well as the Swedish Work Environment Authorities input and limit values related to noise.The results from the noise measurements showed that the limit values set by the Swedish Work Environment Authority was reached. The interviews showed that noise was not considered to any great extent in the planning or during ongoing production of a building project. Most of the respondents, both from the interviews and surveys, assessed that making ear protection a part of the mandatory protective equipment would reduce the noise related injuries.The results concluded that a more noise related planning should be implemented in construction projects. The noise related planning should identify alternative working methods, materials and tools leading to a reduction of noise. Making ear protection a mandatory protective equipment requires a further investigation. At the construction sites more noise- oriented work preparations should be held. Furthermore, education about noise could reduce the noise-related injuries.

The architect’s main tool of representation, parallel projection drawing, can be described as the architect's way of "tracing the shadow of an imagined future". This shadow however, is bigger than the lines we put on paper. If we turn around and face the “behind” of the built, we find ourselves in front of a group of construction workers. “Parallel” and “shadow” are here no longer terms of architectural representation, but rather describes a shadow society existing in parallel to Swedish welfare. With the barracks conceived as infrastructure rather than homes, their inhabitants are being made invisible. Under the pretext "temporary", a lower standard of living is here excused. But workers tend to move from one temporary solution to the other, with the barrack and its shortcomings as a permanent backdrop to their lives.   This book is an effort to begin tracing the shadow of the architect's work, highlight the architecture indirectly produced, and begin a discussion on how to improve construction workers' living situation from an architectural  perspective.