Exercitando um escopo de análise histórico e eclético, a presente dissertação versará sobre o funcionamento de um sistema administrativo misto, arquitetado no formato de nodos interconectados, ou apenas rede, em prol da manutenção de um espaço jurisdicional ultramarino. Nessa empreitada, seremos guiados por duas traves-mestras: a primeira é o interesse nos fenômenos advindos dos contatos intersociais, a segunda é a análise perscrutada da documentação inserida nas Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVII, organizadas por Beatrix Heintze. Problematizando algumas das situações coetâneas pelas quais passavam a expansão portuguesa na África Centro-Ocidental, bem como nos debruçando sobre algumas das indagações levantadas por uma historiografia recente, defenderemos que havia uma série de movimentos ambivalentes e ambíguos no que tangia ao governo do domínio ultramarino da Angola portuguesa. Sucintamente, chamaremos atenção para a importância dos procedimentos e resoluções políticoadministrativas adotados naquele domínio, analisando as maneiras de arregimentação e condução de uma máquina de guerra portuguesa, destacando a importância da participação política de atores e sujeitos centro-africanos nos rumos políticos das chamadas conquistas e abordando as relações institucionais e econômicas entre Luanda e os entrepostos portugueses instalados no interior. Por excelência, as hierarquias internas e os contatos sociais e políticos luso-africanos foram gestados em um ambiente conflituoso, entrecortado por tensões sociais, atritos institucionais e embates políticos. Em ultima instância, concluiremos que ocorriam justaposições e aglutinações entre as formas de dominação e intermediação que faziam parte do funcionamento político e institucional da Angola portuguesa, contanto que duas precondições fossem atendidas: o engrandecimento da exploração economia através do tráfico transatlântico e a penetração institucional e política do continente. / Considering an eclectic and historical scope of analysis, this dissertation will argue about the execution of a mixed administrative system, based on institutional nodes interconnected in a form of network system, operated on the behalf of an overseas jurisdictional space. Our efforts will be engaged with two mainstreams: the first is our interest in the phenomena related with some inter-social contacts, the second is the analytical research of the Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVIIs documentation, organized by Beatrix Heintze. Casting some questions related to the different situations concerned with the Portuguese Expansion in the West Central Africa, as well as reflecting some inquiries posed by the recent historiography, here we stand for a settle of ambivalent and ambiguous series of movements emerged from the Portuguese Angolas overseas domain, calling up for the importance of some political and institutional forms of proceedings. They were all managed in order to resolve some issues related with the Portuguese Angola, paying attention to the recruitment and mobilizations of the Portuguese war machine, elucidating how the local political actors interacted with the conquistas and how was carried out the institutional and economical relations between Luanda and the interior entrepôts. All the internal hierarchies and luso-african contacts was settled down in a conflictive environment, crossed through social tensions, institutional frictions and political shocks. Finally, we conclude that some forms of domination and intermediation in the Portuguese Angola were sustained by a correlation between juxtapositions and agglutinations, but only if two demands were attended: the enlargement of the economical exploitation through the transatlantic slave trade and the institutional and political penetration of the African continent.

Esta dissertação consiste em pesquisa sobre virtualidades possivelmente presentes nas teorias que incentivaram as primeiras tentativas de transmissão eletromagnética sem fios em fins do século XIX, reportando também ao deslocamento dessas teorias em direção a outras áreas do conhecimento. Após breve retrospectiva do processo de invenção do rádio - no qual concorreram esforços de diversos pesquisadores como James Clerk Maxwell, David Edward Hughes, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, Nikola Tesla, Roberto Landell de Moura e Guglielmo Marconi o estudo revê vasta literatura relacionada ao campo da Parapsicologia, tentando encontrar informações mais detalhadas sobre contatos interdimensionais semelhantes aos descritos por Roberto Landell de Moura, Nikola Tesla e Thomas Alva Edison em depoimentos concedidos à mídia impressa no início dos anos 1900. Finalmente, consiste numa fabulação poética a partir desse contexto. / This is a survey of virtual potentialities of the inventions related to the early development of wireless technology at the end of nineteenth century, as well as its recurrence in other areas of knowledge from there onward. After a brief historical review on the radio invention (involving several scientists as James Clerk Maxwell, David Edward Hughes, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, Nikola Tesla, Roberto Landell de Moura and Guglielmo Marconi) goes into a wider literature review on the parapsychology field wich brings more detailed information on interdimensional contacts as the ones described by Roberto Landell de Moura, Nikola Tesla and Thomas Alva Edison at newspapers and magazines in the early 1900s. As a result this is also a poetical view about this context.

A fosfatase Cdc25B atua na progressão do ciclo celular através da ativação de complexos Cdk/Ciclina. Atualmente, nos modelos estruturais propostos do domínio catalítico da Cdc25B não estão incluídos os últimos 16 resíduos da região C-terminal. Este segmento tem importante papel no reconhecimento do substrato proteico e pode estar envolvido na complexação de pequenas moléculas com a Cdc25B. Assim, o principal objetivo desta tese foi avaliar a flexibilidade conformacional do domínio catalítico completo da Cdc25B em solução através de simulações computacionais e por medidas experimentais de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). A similaridade entre as estruturas cristalográficas e em solução foi confirmada pela previsão de ângulos diedrais φ/ψ da cadeia principal a partir dos deslocamentos químicos (CS) e pela concordância entre os acoplamentos dipolares residuais (RDC) medidos e calculados a partir da geometria cristalina. Medidas de parâmetros de relaxação de 15N e RDC evidenciaram a presença de desordem conformacional na região C-terminal, em acordo com a ausência de densidade eletrônica desse segmento no experimento de difração de raios-X. Através da comparação entre CS experimentais e previstos de simulações de dinâmica molecular (DM) longas (total de 6µs de duração) foram apontados artefatos de cristalização, possíveis erros nos campos de força usados nas simulações, falhas na composição do sistema simulado e estados conformacionais populados pela Cdc25B em solução distintos da geometria cristalográfica. De maneira geral, os CS previstos a partir das simulações para a flutuação estrutural dos resíduos da região C-terminal desordenada estão em acordo com os valores experimentais, sugerindo que os estados conformacionais deste segmento foram razoavelmente bem amostrados nas simulações. Em particular, verificou-se que o contato tipo cátion-π entre as cadeias laterais dos resíduos 550W do C-terminal desordenado e 482R do núcleo proteico, ausente na estrutura cristalográfica, pode ser importante em solução. A formação desse contato na simulação de DM também está de acordo com medidas experimentais de perturbação de deslocamentos químicos (CSP) entre construções completa e truncada do domínio catalítico da Cdc25B. Assim, através do uso conjunto de simulações computacionais e medidas experimentais foi possível obter uma representação mais completa e realista da flexibilidade conformacional do domínio catalítico da Cdc25B em solução, incluindo a determinação de possíveis contatos intramoleculares entre a região C-terminal desordenada e o núcleo proteico. Essas informações poderão ser usadas na construção de um ensemble conformacional da Cdc25B. / Cdc25B phosphatase acts on the progression of cell cycle through the activation of Cdk/Cyclin complexes. Currently, the proposed structural models of Cdc25B catalytic domain lack the last 16 residues from the C-terminal region. This segment is important for protein substrate recognition and might be involved in small molecule binding to Cdc25B. Thus, the main goal of this thesis was to evaluate the conformational flexibility of the complete catalytic domain from Cdc25B through computer simulations and experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Similarity between crystal and in solution structures was confirmed by the prediction of backbone φ/ψ dihedral angles from chemical shifts (CS) and by the agreement between observed and back-calculated residual dipolar couplings (RDC). 15N relaxation and RDC measurements pointed to the conformational disorder of the C-terminal region, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction experiment where this segment showed no electronic density. Comparison between experimental and predicted CS from long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (6µs total running time) pointed to the presence of crystallographic artifacts, possible deficiencies in simulation force fields, inaccurate composition of the simulated system and conformational states visited by Cdc25B in solution that were not observed in the crystallographic geometry. Generally, CS predicted from simulations for the structural fluctuation of the disordered C-terminal region were in agreement with experimental values, suggesting that the simulations sampled the conformational states populated by this segment reasonably well. In particular, a cation-π contact not observed in the crystal structure between side chains of residue 550W from the disordered C-terminal tail and residue 482R from the protein core might be important in solution. This contact is also in agreement with experimental chemical shift perturbations (CSP) measured between complete and truncated constructs of Cdc25B catalytic domain. Therefore, the joint use of computer simulations and experimental measurements allowed the achievement of a more complete and realistic representation of the conformational flexibility of the Cdc25B catalytic domain in solution, including intramolecular contacts between the disordered C-terminal region and the protein core. This information might be used to obtain a conformational ensemble of Cdc25B.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de milieux granulaires constitués de particules molles. Elle s'appuie d'une part sur la méthode de corrélation d'images numériques (DIC) et d'autre part sur des simulations associant la méthode des éléments finis (FEM) et la méthode de Dynamique des Contacts (CD) permettant de tenir compte de la déformabilité élevée des particules et des interactions entre particules. Pour une large gamme de matériaux complexes (élastique, plastique et mousse solide), l'étude préliminaire de particules uniques comprimées radicalement valide la technique de DIC pour les mesures des champs de déformation, et pour la détermination de l'énergie de déformation pour des matériaux élastiques. Des grandeurs macroscopiques et micro-structurales tels que la compacité, la coordinence, l'énergie élastique, la densité de la probabilité de force de contact ainsi que de la densité d'énergie sont mesurées, et comparées entre les résultats numériques et expérimentaux en particulier dans le régime où les déformations des particules sont d'amplitudes finies. L'accord quantitatif entre ces approches permet de valider à la fois la méthode expérimentale pour l'étude de milieux granulaires à particules déformables, et d'autre part l'approche numérique. Forts de ces résultats, nous avons mené une étude numérique de la compression uniaxiale d'un assemblage de cylindres Néo-Hookéens. L'effet du frottement sur les paramètres macroscopiques et mico-structuraux est déterminé, y compris lorsque la compacité du système est proche de 100% / This thesis deals with the study of granular media composed of soft particles. It relies on the one hand on the method of Digital Image Correlation(DIC) and on the other hand, on simulations coupling the Finite Element Method and the Contact Dynamics method, taking into account the high deformability of particles and interactions between particles. For a wide range of complex materials (elastic, plastic and solid foam), the preliminary study of radially compressed single particles validates the DIC technique for strain field measurements, and for the determination of the strain energy for elastic materials. Macroscopic and micro-structural quantities such as packing fraction, coordination, elastic energy, probability density of the contact force as well as strain energy density, are measured and compared between the numerical and experimental results in particular in the regime where the deformations of the particles are large. The quantitative agreement between these approaches makes it possible to validate both the experimental method for the study of granular media with deformable particles, and the numerical approach. Based on these results, we conducted a numerical study of the uniaxial compression of a Neo-Hookean cylinder assembly. The effect of friction on the macroscopic and mico-structural parameters is determined, even when the packing fraction of the system is close to 100%.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier expérimentalement le transport d'électrons chauds dépendant du spin à travers une jonction métal ferromagnétique / semi-conducteur. En pratique, un faisceau d'électrons polarisés de spin, émis par une photocathode GaAs en condition de pompage optique, est injecté dans la jonction. L'énergie d'injection peut être réglée entre 5 et 3000 eV. Le courant transmis au-dessus de la barrière métal / semi-conducteur montre une asymétrie de spin due à l'effet de filtre à spin de la couche magnétique. Pour la détection directe du courant électrique transmis dans un dispositif métal / semi-conducteur, on a besoin d'une structure ayant un fort caractère redresseur avec une résistance dynamique de jonction très élevée (typiquement quelques MΩ). Ces propriétés sont obtenus par l'introduction d'une couche mince (de quelques nanomètres) interfaciale d'oxyde entre le métal et le semi-conducteur (structure de type MIS). Nous montrons que la transmission d'électrons chands et les effets de filtre à spin à travers les structures MIS dépendent fortement la couche d'oxyde. Afin de surmonter les difficultés relatives à la détection électrique de la transmission d'électrons dans les jonctions MIS, nous avons développé une méthode de détection optique basée sur la mesure de la cathodoluminescence émise par la recombinaison d'électrons transmis dans le collecteur semi-conducteur. Pour ce faire, nous avons conçu la structure Fe / GaAs / InGaAs / GaAs, qui comprend les puits quantiques InGaAs, dans lesquels les électrons transmis à travers la jonction se recombinent avec les trous. L'intensité de la lumière de recombinaison est détectée en face arrière du substrat GaAs. Nous démontrons que cette technique permet en effet la détection optique de la transmission d'électrons et de l'effet de filtre à spin dans les structures métal ferromagnétique / semi-conducteur. Les limites et les perspectives de la spectroscopie de cathodoluminescence sont discutées.

En biologie structurale, il est couramment admit que la structure tridimensionnelle d'une protéine détermine sa fonction. Ce paradigme permet de supposer que deux protéines possédant des structures tridimensionnelles similaires peuvent partager un ancêtre commun et donc posséder des fonctions similaires. Déterminer la similarité entre deux structures de protéines est une tâche importante qui a été largement étudiée. Parmi toutes les méthodes proposées, nous nous intéressons à la mesure de similarité appelée “maximisation du recouvrement de cartes de contacts” (ou CMO), principalement parce qu'elle fournit des scores de similarité pouvant être utilisés pour obtenir de bonnes classifications automatiques des structures de protéines. Dans cette thèse, la comparaison de deux structures de protéines est modélisée comme une recherche de sous-graphe dans des graphes k-partis spécifiques appelés graphes d'alignements, et nous montrons que cette tâche peut être efficacement réalisée en utilisant des techniques avancées issues de l'optimisation combinatoire. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous modélisons CMO comme une recherche de sousgraphe maximum induit par les arêtes dans des graphes d'alignements, problème pour lequel nous proposons un solveur exact qui surpasse les autres algorithmes de la littérature. Même si nous avons réussi à accélérer CMO, la procédure d'alignement requière encore trop de temps de calculs pour envisager des comparaisons à grande échelle. La troisième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'accélération de CMO en utilisant des connaissances issues de la biologie structurale. Nous proposons une approche hiérarchique pour résoudre CMO qui est basée sur les structures secondaires des protéines. Enfin, bien que CMO soit une très bonne mesure de similarité, les alignements qu'elle fournit possèdent souvent de fortes valeurs de déviation (root mean squared deviation, ou RMSD). Pour palier à cette faiblesse, dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de comparaison de structures de protéines basée sur les distances internes que nous appelons DAST (pour Distance-based Alignment Search Tool). Elle est modélisée comme une recherche de clique maximum dans des graphes d'alignements, pour laquelle nous présentons un solveur dédié montrant de très bonnes performances.

<p>Today’s schools agrees that there are students that are in need of special help in school, but how this help best connects to the students can the schools not agree about.</p><p>That’s why I in this essay have chosen to look closer at four different compulsory schools and they’re teaching of students requiring special help. I choose to look at two community schools and two open schools.</p><p>The aim with this essay is to see if the teaching of students in need of special help is different or the same on the four schools. One of the theories that I have used is Haug´s theory about segregated and included integration.</p><p>In my essay I have used qualitative research interview. I have interviewed one person from each school management.</p><p>The result shows that it is not the way the schools teach the students that is important, instead the schools see the contacts between families and the school and the personals attitude agents the students as the most important factor when they work with this students.</p>

<p>This paper emphasizes the nature of trade relations in the EasternMediterranean in general and from a Levantine inland perspective inparticular. The ‘maritime’ trade relation of the ancient city of Hazor, located in the interior of LB Canaan is a case study investigating the Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery on the site. The influx of these vessels peaked during LB IIA. The distribution and types of this pottery at Hazorpoint to four interested groups that wanted it. These were the royal andreligious elites; the people in Area F; the religious functionaries of theLower City; and the craftsmen of Area C. The abundance of imports inArea F, among other evidence, indicates that this area might havecontained a trading quarter from where the imports were distributed toother interested groups.A model of ‘interregional interaction networks’, which is a modified world systems approach, is used to describe the organization of trade connections between the Levant, Cyprus and the Aegean and even beyond. The contents of the Ulu Burun and Cape Gelidonya ships, wrecked on the coast of south Turkey, show that luxury items were traded from afar through Canaan via the coastal cities overseas to the Aegean.Such long-distance trade with luxury goods requires professional traders familiar with the risks and security measures along the routes and with the knowledge of value systems and languages of diverse societies. These traders established networks along main trade routes and settled in trading quarters in particular node cities. The paper suggests that Hazor, as one of the largest cities in Canaan, located along the main trade routes, possessed such a node position. In this trade the Levantine coastal cities of Sarepta, Abu Hawam,Akko and possibly Tel Nami seem to have played important roles. These main ports of southern Syria and northern Palestine were all accessible to Hazor, although some of them in different periods of LB.</p>

<p>The principle purpose of this thesis has been to study and analyse the conception of men and women in business bankruptcy during the 20th century. The analysis is built on a theoretical gender perspective and, combining this view and business and bankruptcy research, the thesis has focused on five themes: business networks, bank contacts, business competence, business characteristics and finally bankruptcy causes. These themes have been in focus when analysing bankruptcies in Uppsala 1920-1939, 1988, 1992 and 1996. A questionnair- and interview study with receivers active in Sweden 2001 has also been carried out. From the bankruptcy cases that have been studied, no specific gender differences have really been discovered. There were some variations between men and women, but it is very hard to claim that these are related to the sex of the debtor more than to the branch or to the individuals. Changes from the inter-war period to the latter part of the 20th century are in these respects also small. The image that the receivers gave through the questionnaire and interview study indicates on the other hand that there existed a conception that men and women seemed different as business owners. It is obvious that there were many receivers who thought that women were different from men in a situation of business bankruptcy, even though several of them stated that they did not beleive in any gender differences.</p>

The principle purpose of this thesis has been to study and analyse the conception of men and women in business bankruptcy during the 20th century. The analysis is built on a theoretical gender perspective and, combining this view and business and bankruptcy research, the thesis has focused on five themes: business networks, bank contacts, business competence, business characteristics and finally bankruptcy causes. These themes have been in focus when analysing bankruptcies in Uppsala 1920-1939, 1988, 1992 and 1996. A questionnair- and interview study with receivers active in Sweden 2001 has also been carried out. From the bankruptcy cases that have been studied, no specific gender differences have really been discovered. There were some variations between men and women, but it is very hard to claim that these are related to the sex of the debtor more than to the branch or to the individuals. Changes from the inter-war period to the latter part of the 20th century are in these respects also small. The image that the receivers gave through the questionnaire and interview study indicates on the other hand that there existed a conception that men and women seemed different as business owners. It is obvious that there were many receivers who thought that women were different from men in a situation of business bankruptcy, even though several of them stated that they did not beleive in any gender differences.