Major challenges concerning climate change are facing the world and action needs to be taken by the entire society to prevent serious consequences. Contaminated sites are another wide spread environmental and health issue and the need for remediation is great. Unfortunately, remediations often cause high climate impact due to many and long transports, as well as other factors, in order to treat or deposit the contaminated soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate if and how Swedish municipalities take the climate issue into consideration when selecting a soil remediation method and to identify factors that could increase the climate consideration. To accomplish this, a survey was created and directed to the departments of land and exploitation, in 276 municipalities of Sweden. The results showed that it was not very common to set goals concerning limited climate impact or to calculate it. Rather many deposit contaminated soil and rather many also think that more climate friendly remediation techniques could lead to equal risk reduction. Increased technical feasibility and increased knowledge, as well as increased guidance on risk balancing and changed requirements from authorities, were most often believed to have the highest potential of increased climate consideration. Cost and time consumption were often limiting factors. Conclusions were that the development of sustainable remediation techniques needs to continue. Also, authorities are suggested to offer more guidance as well as a more holistic approach in order for the remediation sector to better meet climate goals.

11 Fachbeiträge dokumentieren die Ergebnisse der aktuellen Projekt- und Forschungsarbeit des Landesamtes in den Themenbereichen Grundwasser, Altlasten und Boden.

After remediation of contaminated sites, a follow-up should be done including an assessment of risk reduction. For remediation projects financed by governmental grant, indicators are required which will provide follow-up data. This study examines how the indicators can be used to follow-up and handle risk reduction regarding health and/or the environment, where both short- and long-term perspectives are considered. Furthermore, the study examines how the indicators can be used regarding a national viewpoint and if there is a need to adjust the requirements of the indicators. The study was limited to remediation projects financed by governmental grant to carry out a comparable evaluation. Indictors from 69 projects have been collected, of which 67 have been compiled at a project level. A compilation of, among other things, pollution amounts has also been done for a national perspective. Several of the indicators can be used to assess risk reduction, however, quantitative data are lacking for many of the projects. Furthermore, it is difficult to assess the risk reduction without knowledge of remediation goals and in some cases qualitative data. From the data that has been evaluated, it seems that the projects at a national level generally maintain a high level of ambition with a high degree of risk reduction. For example an average reduction in the amount of pollution of 85% in 31 of 67 projects and an average reduction in the spread of 86.5% in 8 of 67 projects were obtained for the primarily pollution. However, it can be discussed whether it is representative with so few projects for evaluation at the national level. To be improved, the indicators should be reviewed regarding risk reduction. Additions are proposed to improve the possibility to assess risk reduction in both short and long term, and indicators related to, for example, exposure and ecological parameters can be added to obtain more project specific indicators. However, this means requirements for sampling and the risk assessment already before the remediation. Furthermore, it may be necessary to adjust the indicators to suit more remediation methods. Among other things, there is reason to review the assessment of risk reduction regarding methods relating to water. The results also indicate that other factors such as quality assurance, how follow-up takes place regarding data processing and how sampling is carried out should be reviewed for the key figures to be filled in adequately. The study is limited as not all reported projects have been included due to delimitation. To obtain a more complete evaluation, it is recommended that all projects should be included in a future study. The possibility of including privately financed projects should also be reviewed to get a better picture of how successful the remediation work is at national level. / Efter utförda åtgärder av förorenade områden görs uppföljning av åtgärderna där bedömning av riskreduktionen är en del. I åtgärdsprojekt som finansieras genom statliga medel ställs krav på uppföljning, där nyckeltal ingår som ska ge uppföljande data. Denna studie undersöker hur nyckeltalen kan användas för att följa upp och hantera riskreduktion för hälsa och/eller miljön efter utförda åtgärder, där så väl kort som lång sikt beaktas. Vidare har det undersökts hur nyckeltalen kan användas för att följa upp riskreduktion ur ett nationellt perspektiv samt huruvida det finns ett behov av att justera kraven. Studien avgränsades till statliga åtgärdsprojekt för att kunna genomföra en jämförbar utvärdering. Nyckeltal från 69 åtgärdsprojekt har samlats in där 67 har sammanställts på projektnivå. En sammanställning av bland annat föroreningsmängder har även gjorts för ett nationellt perspektiv. Flera av nyckeltalen kan användas för bedömning av riskreduktion, kvantitativa data saknas dock för många av åtgärdsprojekten. Den reella riskreduktionen är svår att utläsa för flertalet av projekten med anledning av bristen på data. Vidare är det svårt att utläsa riskreduktionen utan vetskap om åtgärdsmål och i vissa fall kvalitativa data. På nationell nivå verkar det som att åtgärderna generellt håller en hög ambitionsnivå med hög riskreduktionsgrad utifrån den data som har utvärderas. Bland annat erhölls en medelreduktion av föroreningsmängd på 85 % i 31 av 67 projekt och en medelreduktion i spridning på 86,5 % i 8 av 67 projekt för den primärt styrande föroreningen i åtgärdsprojekten. Det kan dock diskuteras om det är ett representativt urval med så få projekt för utvärdering på den nationella nivån. Nyckeltalen bör ses över för att kunna förbättras med avseende på riskreduktion. Bland annat föreslås tillägg av nyckeltal för möjlighet att bedöma riskreduktion på kort respektive lång sikt och en översyn om nyckeltal som rör exempelvis exponering och ekologiska parametrar bör läggas till för att få mer projektspecifika nyckeltal som rör riskreduktion. Detta ställer dock krav på provtagningar och riskbedömningen redan i utredningsskedet. Vidare kan det vara aktuellt att justera nyckeltalen för att passa fler åtgärdsmetoder. Bland annat finns det anledning att se över bedömning av riskreduktion med avseende på åtgärdsmetoder som rör åtgärder av vatten. Resultaten indikerar även på att andra faktorer som kvalitetssäkring, om rätt typ av provtagning genomförs och hur databearbetning sker, för att nyckeltalen ska kunna fyllas i på ett adekvat sätt. Studien är begränsad då inte alla slutrapporterade projekt har ingått med anledning av avgränsning. För att få en mer fullständig utvärdering rekommenderas att samtliga åtgärdsprojekt ingår i en framtida studie. Vidare bör det även ses över möjlighet att inkludera de privatfinansierade åtgärdsprojekten för att få en bättre bild över hur framgångsrikt saneringsarbetet är på nationell nivå.

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As antigas áreas industriais na cidade de São Paulo têm sofrido uma progressiva perda das suas funções originais, tornando-se objeto de intensas transformações, particularmente no que diz respeito ao reaproveitamento dos imóveis e ao padrão de ocupação do solo existente, mediante a implantação de grandes empreendimentos imobiliários e a introdução de atividades totalmente diversas daquelas que as haviam caracterizado no passado. As formas pregressas de uso dessas áreas tornam possível a ocorrência de contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas, o que exige cuidados e procedimentos específicos para o reúso de terrenos ali localizados. Tendo como objeto de estudo a reutilização de antigas áreas industriais em processo de transformação na cidade de São Paulo, a presente tese parte da hipótese principal de que a construção de paisagens pós-industriais, sob a perspectiva da recuperação da função dos espaços urbanos e da garantia das condições de saúde pública e da sustentabilidade ambiental, só pode ser concebida no âmbito de um processo de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas que contemple as dimensões interdisciplinar e interinstitucional da questão e leve em consideração a participação dos atores envolvidos. Tendo em vista que a reabilitação de áreas contaminadas abrange as dimensões básicas abordadas pelo que se passou a denominar sustentabilidade, a pesquisa teve início com o levantamento das diversas concepções adquiridas pelo termo, assim como das alterações ocorridas nas relações entre homem e natureza e suas implicações sobre as transformações observadas na paisagem ao longo do tempo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. O tratamento dado ao problema das áreas contaminadas foi analisado a partir da forma de atuação fragmentada do poder público, mediante exemplos que demonstram a total ausência de integração entre os seus diferentes setores, e também do levantamento de instrumentos de incentivo à reabilitação de áreas contaminadas e de experiências internacionais sobre o tema. Considera-se, por fim, que além da visão interdisciplinar e interinstitucional, a reabilitação das áreas contaminadas na cidade depende da forma de atuação do poder público e da existência de mecanismos de incentivo. / The old industrial areas in the city of São Paulo have suffered a progressive loss of their former functions, becoming object of intense transformations, particularly concerning the use of the properties and the existing pattern of occupation of the land, through the construction of huge real estate projects and the introduction of activities totally different from those ones which characterized them in the past. The former uses of these areas make possible the occurrence of soil and groundwater contamination, what requires cares and specific procedures to reuse of the sites located in those places. Taking the reutilization of the old industrial areas in process of transformation in the city of São Paulo as the object of study, the present thesis starts from the main hypothesis that the construction of post-industrial landscapes, under the perspective of the urban space function recovery and the guarantee of the health public and the environmental sustainability, can only be conceived within the scope of a contaminated sites management process which satisfies the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional dimensions and takes into account the stakeholders involved in it. Considering that the rehabilitation of contaminated sites covers the basic dimensions treated by what was called sustainability, the research started with the survey of the various conceptions acquired by the term, as well as the changes occurred in the relationship between man and nature and its implications on the transformations of the landscape along the time, by means of bibliographical research. The treatment given to the contaminated sites issue was analyzed from the fragmented way of acting of the public administration, by means of examples which demonstrate the total lack of integration among their different sectors, and also from the survey of incentive instruments for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites and international experiences on the theme. At last, it\'s considered that, beyond the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional view, the rehabilitation of the contaminated areas in the city depends on the way the public sector acts and the existence of incentive mechanisms as well.

A conceptual site model (CSM) is simply a description of the environmental conditions at a contaminated site and surrounding area, which provides all interested parties with a vision of the site. CSM mainly identifies the source-pathway&amp / #8208 / receptor linkage to guide for effective site characterization, risk assessment and remedial investigations. Development of CSM is complicated because it is &lsquo / case specific&rsquo / and there is no single route to follow during decision making concerning the contaminated site. Moreover, type and extent of information needed varies according to size and level of contamination and site heterogeneity. The objective of this study is to develop a decision support tool that guides the site assessors during identification of possible decision routes that can be encountered / the procedure to be followed / and the information and data to be collected at each stage. This tool also introduces interactions between CSM andsampling strategies designed for various purposes. Developed decision support tool adapts to each specific contaminated site. Furthermore, a detailed review of sampling strategies is presented as a guidance for site assessors. The decision support tool is equipped with standardized tools used for CSM development, i.e. information/data collection forms, illustrative tools and exposure pathway diagram. Information on site, geology, hydrogeology, contamination source, contaminants and receptors is collected via CSM form. Illustrative tools may vary from very simple site sketches to very complex 3D drawings depending on the needs of the specific contamination cases. Exposure pathway diagram (EPD) is used to identify all transport mechanisms and potential exposure pathways. EPD is embedded into a user&amp / #8208 / friendly decision assistance tool based on Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic for Applications. The applicability and utility of the decision support tool was tested using two case studies. Case study applications indicated that the developed methodology satisfies the objectives aimed in this study.

Kern der Arbeit bildete die Entwicklung einer Fluxmeter-Passivsammlereinheit für hydrophobe organische Substanzen im Grundwasser kontaminierter Standorte sowie deren Testung im Feld. Ferner kamen Keramik-Dosimeter unter identischen Feldbedingungen zum Einsatz. Die Ergebnisse der beiden passiven Sammelsysteme wurden mit herkömmlicher Grundwasserprobennahmetechnik mithilfe von Unterwassermotorpumpen verglichen und bewertet. Grundlage für den Einsatz der Passivsammlereinheit als „mass flux meter“ bildete die Kenntnis über den Volumenstrom im Bohrloch und den reduzierten Volumenstrom in der Passivsammlereinheit und andererseits über die räumliche Verteilung der hydraulischen Durchlässigkeit und der daraus resul¬tierenden heterogenen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung bzw. der Volumenströme über so genannte Kontroll¬ebenen bzw. Teilbilanzräume. Anhand numerischer Modelluntersuchungen konnten der Filterwiderstand der Passivsammlereinheit und die Strömungsverteilung in Modellkontrollebenen und im Feld näherungsweise bestimmt werden. Die Bestimmung des Volumenstromes des untersuchten Standortes wurde zum einen mithilfe von numerischen Modelluntersuchungen an stochastisch generierten quasi-3-dimensionalen Modellen mit hydro¬dynamischen Randbedingungen und kF-Wertverteilungen aus dem Feld und zum anderen mithilfe von Einbohrlochverfahren durchgeführt. Als Einbohrlochverfahren kamen zum einen ein optisches Kolloid-Logging (Grundwasserfluss-Visualisierungssystem) und zum anderen ein modifiziertes Fluidlogging-Verfahren mit Hilfe eines Salztracers zum Einsatz.

Vid pågående och långvariga miljö- och hälsorisker är det viktigt att kommunicera med invånare kontinuerligt. Denna enkätstudie undersöker därför informationsbehovet hos invånare vid förorenade områden och hur det överensstämmer med myndigheternas syn på kommunikationen. Vidare undersöks oro och riskuppfattning hos invånarna samt hos kommunikatörerna på kommunerna och länsstyrelserna. Undersökningen görs med glasbruksområden som exempel då studier pekar på förorening vid och i närheten av dessa områden men risken för människors hälsa inte är helt fastställd. Resultatet visar att en stor andel av, både invånare och myndigheternas kommunikatörer, tror att det finns risk för och är oroliga för hälsa, miljö och kommande generationers hälsa i närheten av de förorenade områdena. Oron för att bo i närheten är inte lika stor som oron för hälsa och miljö. Både riskuppfattningen och oron är större för miljö än för hälsa. Av dem som bor närmre än 5 km från närmsta glasbruk vill 68 % ha mer information vilket är fler än bland dem som bor längre ifrån, 31%. Tidigare information har de flesta fått från lokala media. Helst vill invånarna kommunicera med kommunen, länsstyrelsen, Naturvårdsverket och till viss del även med lokala media. De som bor närmre än 5 km från ett glasbruk vill ha information via papperstidning, informationsmöten och brev. Detta överensstämmer inte helt med myndigheternas åsikt där kommunikation främst skett via hemsidan och där hemsida, informationsmöten och sociala media är de kommunikationsvägar myndigheterna vill använda. Kommunen, länsstyrelsen och Naturvårdsverket anses som ansvariga för kommunikationen och det är flest som litar på dessa aktörer. Sammantaget visar studien att kommunikationen hittills kan ses som bristfällig och att det behövs förbättrad kommunikation vid långvariga miljö- och hälsorisker. Det finns, i det specifika fallet, utrymme för att förbättra kommunikationen och förutsättningarna är goda om kommunicerande aktörer ser upp för fallgroparna. / At ongoing and long-term environmental- and health risks is it important to communicate with the inhabitants continuously. This study therefore uses a survey to investigate the need for information among inhabitants and how it aligns with the authorities view on the communication. Further, worry and risk perception is examined among inhabitants and the municipalities and the county administration. The study is done with glasswork areas as an example since earlier research indicate contamination on and near these areas but the risk for human health is not yet established. The result show that a substantial share, of both inhabitants and the authority’s employees, thinks there is risk for and is worried about health, environment, and future generations health at contaminated sites. The worry about living close by is not as big as the worry about health and environment. Both risk perception and worry are greater for the environment than for health. Of the inhabitants living closer than 5 km from nearest glasswork, 68% wants more information which is more than among the inhabitants living further away, 31%. Previous information has most people got from local media. The inhabitants prefer to communicate with the municipality, the county administration, and the Swedish EPA and to some extent even with local media. The ones living closer than 5 km from a glasswork want information through newspapers, briefings and letters. This is not fully consistent with what the authorities think, where communication mainly occurred through the website and the website, briefing and social media are the ways authorities want to use for communication. The municipality, county administration and the Swedish EPA considers as responsible for the communication and these authorities got most trust among the inhabitants. Altogether this study shows that the communication so far can be considered as inadequate and that there is a need for improved communication at long term environmental and health risks. There is, in the specific case, room to improve the communication and the conditions are good, if the communicating actors watch out for pitfalls.

Orientador: Chang Hung Kiang / Banca: Walter Malagutti Filho / Banca: Vagner Roberto Elis / Resumo: Visando caracterizar assinaturas geoelétricas em áreas contaminadas por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, foram realizados levantamentos geofísicos utilizando-se os métodos da eletrorresistividade e análises hidroquímicas em área localizada no Pólo Industrial de Cubatão - SP. Foram realizadas 19 sondagens elétricas verticais (SEVs), 4 imageamentos elétricos 2D e 3 imageamentos elétricos 3D, tendo sido identificadas, por meio destas técnicas, 12, 21 e 9 anomalias, respectivamente. Constatou-se que a presença de anomalias condutivas na zona não saturada coincide com a ocorrência de fase livre nos poços de monitoramento. A identificação de NH4 +, subjacente à ocorrência de fase livre, confirmou a atuação de processo de denitrificação. As baixas concentrações dos íons sulfato (SO4 2-) e ferroso (Fe2+) indicam que os mesmos foram reduzidos biologicamente para sulfeto (S2-) e precipitado como sulfeto de ferro (FeS), respectivamente. Esses resultados permitem concluir que as anomalias condutivas estão diretamente associadas à presença de fase residual de hidrocarbonetos, em processo de biodegradação, na zona não saturada. Desta forma, os métodos de investigação geofísica utilizados permitiram identificar áreas sob influência de hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. / Abstract: Geophysical surveys using electroresistivity methods and hydrochemical analyses were applied aiming the characterization of geoelectrical signatures in hydrocarbon contaminated sites located in the Polo Industrial de Cubatão - SP. There have been accomplished nineteen vertical electric soundings (VESs), four 2D and three 3D electrical imaging, which identified 12, 21 and 9 geophysical anomalies respectively. It was verified that the presence of conductive anomalies within the non-saturated zone coincided with the occurrence of free phase on the monitoring wells. Ammonium (NH4 +) identification, underlying the free phase occurrence, reinforced the activity of denitrifying process. Additionally, low concentration values of sulfate (SO4 2-) and ferrous (Fe2+) ions indicated that they were, respectively, biologically reduced to sulfide (S2-) and precipitated as iron sulfide (FeS). Based on those results, it was concluded that the conductive anomalies detected inside the non-saturated zone were directly associated with the presence of hydrocarbon residual phase, with was undergoing a biodegradation process. Therefore, the geophysical methods applied in this study allowed the identification of sites under petroleum hydrocarbons influence. / Mestre

As antigas áreas industriais na cidade de São Paulo têm sofrido uma progressiva perda das suas funções originais, tornando-se objeto de intensas transformações, particularmente no que diz respeito ao reaproveitamento dos imóveis e ao padrão de ocupação do solo existente, mediante a implantação de grandes empreendimentos imobiliários e a introdução de atividades totalmente diversas daquelas que as haviam caracterizado no passado. As formas pregressas de uso dessas áreas tornam possível a ocorrência de contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas, o que exige cuidados e procedimentos específicos para o reúso de terrenos ali localizados. Tendo como objeto de estudo a reutilização de antigas áreas industriais em processo de transformação na cidade de São Paulo, a presente tese parte da hipótese principal de que a construção de paisagens pós-industriais, sob a perspectiva da recuperação da função dos espaços urbanos e da garantia das condições de saúde pública e da sustentabilidade ambiental, só pode ser concebida no âmbito de um processo de gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas que contemple as dimensões interdisciplinar e interinstitucional da questão e leve em consideração a participação dos atores envolvidos. Tendo em vista que a reabilitação de áreas contaminadas abrange as dimensões básicas abordadas pelo que se passou a denominar sustentabilidade, a pesquisa teve início com o levantamento das diversas concepções adquiridas pelo termo, assim como das alterações ocorridas nas relações entre homem e natureza e suas implicações sobre as transformações observadas na paisagem ao longo do tempo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. O tratamento dado ao problema das áreas contaminadas foi analisado a partir da forma de atuação fragmentada do poder público, mediante exemplos que demonstram a total ausência de integração entre os seus diferentes setores, e também do levantamento de instrumentos de incentivo à reabilitação de áreas contaminadas e de experiências internacionais sobre o tema. Considera-se, por fim, que além da visão interdisciplinar e interinstitucional, a reabilitação das áreas contaminadas na cidade depende da forma de atuação do poder público e da existência de mecanismos de incentivo. / The old industrial areas in the city of São Paulo have suffered a progressive loss of their former functions, becoming object of intense transformations, particularly concerning the use of the properties and the existing pattern of occupation of the land, through the construction of huge real estate projects and the introduction of activities totally different from those ones which characterized them in the past. The former uses of these areas make possible the occurrence of soil and groundwater contamination, what requires cares and specific procedures to reuse of the sites located in those places. Taking the reutilization of the old industrial areas in process of transformation in the city of São Paulo as the object of study, the present thesis starts from the main hypothesis that the construction of post-industrial landscapes, under the perspective of the urban space function recovery and the guarantee of the health public and the environmental sustainability, can only be conceived within the scope of a contaminated sites management process which satisfies the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional dimensions and takes into account the stakeholders involved in it. Considering that the rehabilitation of contaminated sites covers the basic dimensions treated by what was called sustainability, the research started with the survey of the various conceptions acquired by the term, as well as the changes occurred in the relationship between man and nature and its implications on the transformations of the landscape along the time, by means of bibliographical research. The treatment given to the contaminated sites issue was analyzed from the fragmented way of acting of the public administration, by means of examples which demonstrate the total lack of integration among their different sectors, and also from the survey of incentive instruments for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites and international experiences on the theme. At last, it\'s considered that, beyond the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional view, the rehabilitation of the contaminated areas in the city depends on the way the public sector acts and the existence of incentive mechanisms as well.