CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A complexidade das organizaÃÃes à vista como o ponto de partida para a separaÃÃo das atividades de propriedade e controle, enquanto que a governanÃa corporativa, que promove o alinhamento de interesses entre o principal e o agente, pode ser compreendida como um meio de aperfeiÃoar os mecanismos de controle das empresas. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem por objetivo geral investigar a relaÃÃo entre a complexidade organizacional e das operaÃÃes e a governanÃa corporativa das companhias listadas na BM&FBovespa, à luz dos preceitos da Teoria da ContingÃncia, em que os fatores contingenciais podem influenciar as caracterÃsticas organizacionais relacionadas à estrutura e à estratÃgia das empresas (DONALDSON, 2007). Considera-se nesta pesquisa que a complexidade organizacional se refere à complexidade da estrutura e dos aspectos formais necessÃrios para inserÃÃo da empresa no mercado, e a complexidade das operaÃÃes se relaciona com o complexo conjunto dos recursos e dos processos vÃlidos para o desenvolvimento das suas atividades. Cabe destacar que esta pesquisa se justifica em razÃo dos poucos estudos encontrados na literatura nacional que relacionam as duas temÃticas bem como para que os resultados possam se tornar ponto de partida para anÃlise da estrutura das empresas e da eventual necessidade de implantaÃÃo ou melhoria de controles mais eficientes. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, de natureza quantitativa, reunindo uma amostra de 162 empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa. Para a anÃlise dos dados foram empregados os seguintes testes estatÃsticos: AnÃlise Fatorial, RegressÃo Linear MÃltipla, AnÃlise de CorrespondÃncia e AnÃlise de CorrelaÃÃo. Para a mensuraÃÃo da complexidade, sÃo adotadas em conjunto as variÃveis contingenciais idade, tamanho, diversificaÃÃo e internacionalizaÃÃo; e para examinar a governanÃa corporativa, utiliza-se um check-list composto por 16 itens baseado nos estudos de Silveira (2004), Silva e Leal (2005) e Lameira e Ness Jr. (2011) e nas recomendaÃÃes propostas pela ComissÃo de Valores MobiliÃrios - CVM (2002) e pelo Instituto Brasileiro de GovernanÃa Corporativa - IBGC (2009). A partir da AnÃlise Fatorial, identificou-se que a complexidade organizacional à explicada pelas variÃveis tamanho e diversificaÃÃo enquanto que a complexidade das operaÃÃes à explicada pelas variÃveis tamanho, diversificaÃÃo e internacionalizaÃÃo. Na anÃlise de RegressÃo Linear MÃltipla, constatou-se que as duas dimensÃes da complexidade, a governanÃa corporativa sofre influÃncia das variÃveis diversificaÃÃo, internacionalizaÃÃo e idade, sendo esta Ãltima uma relaÃÃo inversa. Por meio da AnÃlise de CorrespondÃncia e da AnÃlise de CorrelaÃÃo, conclui-se que, independentemente da dimensÃo em anÃlise, a complexidade se relaciona positiva e significativamente à governanÃa corporativa, isto Ã, as empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa de maior complexidade possuem maior Ãndice de governanÃa corporativa, confirmando-se a hipÃtese da pesquisa. Os resultados contribuem para aprofundar o conhecimento das temÃticas na medida em que os pressupostos da teoria contingencial sÃo confirmados e ao revelar a existÃncia de um campo em que à necessÃrio um gerenciamento da complexidade organizacional e das operaÃÃes por parte dos gestores no sentido de perceber e de aderir à mais e melhores mecanismos de controles por meio da adoÃÃo de boas prÃticas de governanÃa corporativa. / The organizational complexity is seen as starting point for the separation of property and control activities, while corporate governance, which promotes the alignment of interests between the principal and the agent, might be understood as a means to enhance business control devices. In this context, the general objective of the present study is to investigate the relation between organizational/operational complexity and corporate governance in companies listed on the BM&FBovespa, by the light of the Contingency Theory Precepts, in which contingency factors might influence the organizational characteristics related to structure and to business strategies (DONALDSON, 2007). In this research, it is considered that organizational complexity refers to the complexity of structure and of formal aspects necessary to the insertion of a company into the market. The complexity of operations is related to the complex set of resources and the valid process towards the development of activities. It is important to remember that this research justifies itself in view of the few studies putting the two themes together which can be found in national literature as well as the intention to make the studies become a starting point for the analysis of business structure and the eventual necessity to implant and improve more efficient control. It consists of a descriptive research, of quantitative nature, which puts together a sample of 162 companies listed on the BM&FBovespa. For data analysis the following statistical tests have been used: Factor Analysis, Multiple Linear Regression, Correspondence Analysis, and Correlation Analysis. For measuring complexity, age, size, diversification and internationalization were the contingency variables adopted as a set; and in order to assess corporate governance, a check list made up of 16 items based on the studies of Silveira (2004), Silva and Leal (2005) and Lameira and Ness Jr. (2011) and on recommendations proposed by the ComissÃo de Valores MobiliÃrios - CVM (2002) and by the Instituto Brasileiro de GovernanÃa Corporativa - IBGC (2009) was used. Based on Factor Analysis, it was possible to identify that organizational complexity is explained by size and diversification variables while operational complexity is explained by means of size, diversification and internationalization variables. In the Multiple Linear Analysis, it was detected that the two dimensions of complexity, corporate governance is influenced by diversification, internationalization and age variables, while the latter is an inverted relation. By means of Correspondence Analysis and Correlation Analysis, it has been concluded that, no matter what dimension is being assessed, complexity relates positively and significantly to corporate governance, that is, the most complex companies listed on the BM&FBovespa display the highest levels of corporate governance, which comes as a confirmation of the research hypothesis. Such results contribute to the acquisition of knowledge on these themes when contingency theory presuppositions get confirmed and with the revelation of the existence of a field in which it is necessary for administrators to manage organizational/operational complexity in order to perceive and adhere to more and better control devices by means of the adoption of good practices of corporate governance.

Provider specialization is an area of interest in health care as patients, payers and policy makers are now demanding better performance and demonstrated proof of the benefits of specialization. While previously ignored in the specialization debate, now even the hospitals focusing on pediatric care (i.e. children's hospitals) are experiencing pressure to demonstrate their value. The current study attempts to answer the questions: do hospitals specializing in pediatric care provide better quality pediatric inpatient care; and do they do so for differing types of patient outcomes and across different levels of care complexity? Contingency Theory is used to develop and assess a theoretical framework to see if pediatric hospital specialization is associated with improved outcomes for pediatric inpatient care. The theory suggests that not all ways of organizing are equally effective, and that organizational performance is maximized when there is alignment between organizational structure (specialization) and external contingencies (care complexity). A sample of 1,317 U.S. hospitals was included in the study. Data from two sources - the 2003 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) and the American Hospital Association's (AHA) Annual Survey Database for fiscal year 2003 - was used in a factor analysis to generate a measure of hospital pediatric specialization. The results of the factor analysis were then used in regression models to examine the effect hospital pediatric specialization had on patient safety and effectiveness of care at multiple levels of care complexity. Results suggest that there are two dimensions of hospital pediatric specialization - a pediatric focused element and a complex pediatric care element - and that these dimensions appear to have opposing influences on measures of inpatient care quality. Focusing primarily on the treatment of pediatric patients seems to improve the level of care provided, but specializing in the care of complex pediatric conditions has a small but significant association with higher patient safety event rates and longer than expected lengths of stay.

Environmental management accounting (EMA) is attracting increased recognition as a management tool that assists in improving financial and environmental performance through enhanced environmental accountability. Various industries have been included in EMA-related research and study, but universities have typically failed to be the focus of the attention. This research studied the experiences of key managers from five universities to explore potential factors influencing the decision to adopt, or not to adopt, EMA within the higher education sector. For the purpose of this study, EMA is defined as the generation, analysis, and use of monetary (or financial) and physical (or non-financial) environment-related information in order to improve organisational financial and environmental performance. The two objectives of this study were to understand current accounting practices for managing major environmental costs, and to identify factors influencing EMA adoption within universities. For the purpose of this study, the major environmental costs referred to are limited to the costs pertaining to the consumption of electricity, water and paper, and the generation of wastes. A case study methodology was followed using semi-structured interviews of key personnel with four different management functions (i.e. environmental management, management accounting, senior management, and heads of academic schools) within each university, and performing content analysis on the transcribed interview data. Specifically for achieving the second research objective, a theoretical framework that considers four theories was embraced to guide the data collection and focus the study. The four theories are contingency theory, institutional theory, legitimacy theory, and stakeholder theory. The findings of the first research objective revealed that there was a general lack of EMA utilisation within the case universities. This was in part due to a perceived lack of appreciation by key personnel of the extent of environmental costs being incurred, but arguably mainly because of the absence of relevant environmental cost information being brought to the attention of senior management. Although environmental sustainability was promoted as important from an environmental management perspective, efforts to improve internal environmental accountability, in particular from an accounting perspective, were still absent. In relation to the second research objective, it was found that five key barriers contributed to this lack of EMA utilisation within the five case universities, and they were attitudinal, financial, informational, institutional, and management barriers. Among the factors that provide further explanations about how each barrier influences EMA adoption, resistance to change, resource constraints, (a lack of) legitimacy considerations, and a lack of environmental responsibility & accountability were found to be strong factors, as they were supported in all of the five cases. Apart from the theoretical extension to this area of research, the results and findings of this study supported the uses and applications of EMA by the higher education sector. Much more can, and should, be done by universities in relation to how they account for the environment. This can provide benefits not only for the sector itself, but also for the environment in which we live.

This paper explores the political behavior process in information system implementation process. The organizational politics is the critical success/failure factor in the IS implementation process. We expect to understand, in different organizational contexts, what kind of political behavior will occur? What will be the events and processes of these political behaviors? Who's idea? At what time? In what setting? What will be the interaction among these dimensions? How will these political behaviors affect IS outcome and organization? This study will explain political behavior in IS implementation process from different interpretations and perspectives. This study relies on qualitative data collected from two cases--manufacturer Theta and government enterprise Delta--in the forms of interviews, documented data, archival data, and observation over eight month. The data are interpreted through five internally coherent theoretical perspectives: personal perspective, strategic contingency theory, conflict theory, social exchange theory, and structuration theory. Contributions include the following. In practice, we group 35 kind of political behavior into four types: aggression, defense, strengthen, withdrawal. Besides the adverse effects, some kinds of political behavior can lead to the success of the project. The detailed descriptions we use to describe the political behavior process in IS implementation process can help in similar cases to show how to reduce or prevent any negative consequences. Academically, we conduct contextual and process theory analyses of these processes, and use five theoretical perspectives to interpret these phenomena.

ABSTRACT This qualitative study advances crisis communication and relationship management application and theory by examining the crisis response strategies used by corporations during a time of crisis involving a nonprofit partner. A qualitative content analysis was performed on the Facebook pages of 57 companies that were corporate partners of Susan G. Komen in early 2012. Nineteen companies responded using their Facebook accounts during two crisis periods studied. The researcher argues that consideration must be given to additional contingent factors beyond those proposed by situational crisis communication theory. Contingent variables related to the corporations' relationship with the charity, including level of investment, as well as the size and exposure of the businesses were explored for possible influence on the companies' choice of crisis response strategy. Though causation cannot be determined in a qualitative study, support was found for the variables' role in prompting company responses within this particular crisis. The study concludes with a call for more research on the contingent variables that may influence responses in corporate social responsibility partnership crises, as well as for further study on the effectiveness of response strategies employed.

Submitted by André Nadjarian (alnadjarian@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T17:13:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fit em empresa agrícola - versão Biblioteca FGV - André Nadjarian.pdf: 3995804 bytes, checksum: fceaba924d662180d2fbc21605d0345e (MD5) / Rejected by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br), reason: Prezado André Tudo bem? Tem alguns ajustes para serem feitos: O título nas páginas tem que estar todo em letra maiúscula (Onde tiver o título) Tirar o acento de Getulio No final da página fica somente São Paulo e o ano ...excluir -SP Linha de Pesquisa: Gestão de Operação e Inovação Por favor proceder com essas correções e submeter o trabalho novamente Atenciosamente on 2017-01-05T17:33:38Z (GMT) / Submitted by André Nadjarian (alnadjarian@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T20:26:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fit em empresa agrícola - versão Biblioteca FGV - André Nadjarian.pdf: 3995804 bytes, checksum: fceaba924d662180d2fbc21605d0345e (MD5) Dissertação - Fit em empresa agrícola - versão Biblioteca FGV - André Nadjarian.pdf: 3995886 bytes, checksum: 1ec98325794e5111509630b8bb2b4c01 (MD5) / Rejected by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br), reason: Conforme ligação on 2017-01-05T20:34:26Z (GMT) / Submitted by André Nadjarian (alnadjarian@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T21:02:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fit em empresa agrícola - versão Biblioteca FGV - André Nadjarian.pdf: 3995886 bytes, checksum: 1ec98325794e5111509630b8bb2b4c01 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2017-01-05T21:09:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fit em empresa agrícola - versão Biblioteca FGV - André Nadjarian.pdf: 3995886 bytes, checksum: 1ec98325794e5111509630b8bb2b4c01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-06T18:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fit em empresa agrícola - versão Biblioteca FGV - André Nadjarian.pdf: 3995886 bytes, checksum: 1ec98325794e5111509630b8bb2b4c01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-07 / Este estudo situa-se no campo da análise do desenho organizacional utilizando como base 2 teorias inter-relacionadas: Fit e teoria das contingências. O objetivo deste estudo é propor um diagnóstico estratégico de uma empresa agrícola utilizando o framework de treze multi contingências proposto por BURTON, OBEL; HÅKONSSON (2015). A abordagem de pesquisa adotada foi a de estudo de caso único, de pesquisa qualitativa longitudinal. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram como o desenho organizacional de uma empresa agrícola pode ter seus fatores avaliados usando-se proposições de contingências de forma conjunta e estruturada. Os resultados obtidos oferecem contribuições para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento acerca do alinhamento do desenho organizacional de empresas agrícolas / This study is in the field of organizational design analysis based on 2 interrelated theories: Fit and contingency theory. The objective of this study is to propose a strategic diagnosis of an agricultural company using the thirteen multi-contingency framework proposed by BURTON, OBEL; HÅKONSSON (2015). The research approach adopted was that of a single case study, of longitudinal qualitative research. The results of this study showed how the organizational design of an agricultural enterprise can have its factors evaluated using contingency propositions in a joint and structured manner. The obtained results offer contributions for the development of the knowledge about the alignment of the organizational design of agricultural companies.

As metodologias tradicionais de gerenciamento de projetos são caracterizadas como sendo rígidas e adequadas apenas para ambientes de pouca incerteza. No entanto, atualmente cada vez mais projetos são desenvolvidos em ambientes de alta complexidade e maiores incertezas, o que requer formas diferentes de gerenciamento do projeto, menos rígidas e mais flexíveis. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor um quadro conceitual para o gerenciamento de incertezas em projetos complexos. A abordagem metodológica mescla revisão sistemática da literatura e estudos de caso. O quadro conceitual desenvolvido, baseado na teoria da contingência, sugere que as abordagens de gestão de projetos sob incertezas são, em parte, determinadas pelas características das incertezas existentes. As respostas às incertezas podem ser orientadas à causa ou ao efeito da incerteza, e essas são escolhidas de acordo com a habilidade de influência sobre a causa, que aumenta para incertezas internas e diminui para incertezas externas. Já a flexibilidade da abordagem de gestão de projetos é impactada pelo grau da incerteza. Foram realizados seis estudos de caso, e um caso piloto, em projetos complexos, que mostraram que existe relação entre a origem da incerteza e a habilidade de influência, e entre a habilidade de influência e a orientação das ações. Eles mostraram também como a flexibilidade é importante para o gerenciamento das incertezas do projeto, associando métodos de antecipação, de instrucionismo, como o gerenciamento de riscos e a resiliência, principalmente a capacidade da alta direção assumir a existência de incertezas. Os estudos de caso evidenciaram que quanto maior o nível de incerteza do projeto, maior é a flexibilidade necessária. A dissertação apresenta ainda as limitações do estudo e as sugestões para trabalhos futuros. / Traditional project management methodologies are considered rigid and suitable only for environments of little uncertainty. However nowadays increasing number of projects is being developed in high complexity and uncertainty environment, requiring different approaches for project management: less rigid and more flexible. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present a framework for managing projects under uncertainties, through a systematic literature review. The developed framework, based on the contingency theory, suggests that approaches for project management under uncertainty are, in part, determined by the characteristics of the existing uncertainties. The responses for uncertainty can be driven by the cause or consequence of the uncertainties and those are chosen according to the ability to influence the cause, which is higher for internal uncertainties and lower for external uncertainties. The flexibility of the project management approach, in its turn, is impacted by the uncertainty degree. Six case studies and a pilot case study were conducted in projects with complexity. The cases showed that there is a relation between the source of the uncertainty and the ability to influence, and between the ability to influence and the orientation of the responses. They also pointed out the importance of flexibility to manage uncertainties, combining prediction methods, the instructionism, such as using risk management, and resilience, especially the ability of the management to admit the existence of uncertainties. The cases also indicated that the highest is the project uncertainty, the highest is the need for flexibility. The paper also presents the limitation of the research, and suggestions for further works.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogerio Goncalves.pdf: 285255 bytes, checksum: d7297073d1e16ec758bd2207faaeb246 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie / The objective of this research is to study the variables and indicators used to evaluate the performance of real estate development companies. This research was based on the variables and indicators disclosed to the market by real estate companies listed on Bovespa, members of the Bovespa index, and the reports published by market analysts. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection, featuring a return of 63 responses from 136 requests. For this we used statistical tool Factor Analysis, divided into two groups: variables used by business and real estate development indicators adopted by enterprises of real estate. The data analysis demonstrate the vision of the capital market on the management process, identify which variables are most important in the process of performance evaluation, identify the most relevant indicators for the sector analysis, collect qualitative information, not disclosed by companies industry and not used by analysts, who have demonstrated great importance in the evaluation of performance, study the influence of these variables and these indicators in the management of these companies. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar as variáveis e os indicadores utilizados para avaliar o desempenho de empresas de incorporação imobiliária. Esta pesquisa foi baseada nas variáveis e nos indicadores divulgados, ao mercado, pelas empresas de incorporação imobiliária listadas na Bovespa, integrantes do Ibovespa, e nos relatórios publicados pelos analistas de mercado. Foi utilizado um questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados, apresentando um retorno de 63 respostas das 136 solicitações. Para tanto, foi empregada a ferramenta estatística Análise Fatorial, dividida em dois grupos: variáveis utilizadas pelas empresas de incorporação imobiliária e indicadores adotados pelas empresas de incorporação imobiliária. A análise dos dados permitiu demonstrar a visão do mercado de capitais sobre o processo de gestão, identificar quais varáveis têm maior importância no processo de avaliação de desempenho, identificar os indicadores mais relevantes para a análise do setor, coletar informações qualitativas, não divulgados pelas empresas do setor e não utilizados pelos analistas de mercado, que demonstraram ter grande importância no processo de avaliação de desempenho, estudar a influência destas variáveis e destes indicadores na administração destas empresas.

組織結構和設計是組織的一些最基本的條件，但有時可能影響組織的利潤最多。當一個組織的組織結構不再適合它所在行業的環境時會發生什麼？許多傳統行企業面臨的情況是經歷了不伴隨變化的增長，最終形成了一種組織結構，這種組織結構在當前的環境中不再是最有效的。那麼企業如何評估實現他們所期望的組織結構狀態所需要的？他們如何有效地做到這一點？因此，本研究是通過以下研究問題通過UPC的案例研究激發的： •UPC經歷了組織結構變化的原因是什麼？ •在UPC組織結構變革的過程中，UPC做了什麼來實現其結構目標以及變化的影響是什麼？ 案例研究     本文以UPC的組織結構調整作為案例研究，考察公司如何能夠更加靈活地適應瞬息萬變的市場變化和需求。本文共分六章，通過文獻綜述，產業綜述與分析，UPC案例分析，案例分析和個案研究結論。 / Organizational structure and design are some of the most basic aspects of organizations, yet sometimes can affect the profits of organizations the most. What happens when the organizational structure of an organization no longer is best suited for the environment of the industry that it is in? Many traditional industries face situations where they experience growth that is not accompanied by change, and thus end up with an organizational structure that is no longer most efficient to operate within its current environment. How can then firms evaluate what is needed to achieve their desired organizational structure state, and how can they do this effectively? Therefore, this study is motivated by the following research questions through a case study of UPC: • What are the reasons that made UPC undergo an organizational structure change? • In the process of UPC’s organization structure change, what did UPC do to achieve its structure goals and what were the effects of the change? A case study This paper uses UPC’s organization restructure as a case study to examine how a company can become more agile to fit the rapid changes and needs of a changing market. This paper has six chapters through a process of literature review, industry overview and analysis, case study of UPC, case study analysis, and a case study research conclusion.

La recherche conduite se focalise sur le cas de la Tunisie, un pays émergent, initialement imprégné d'une culture comptable continentale, qui s'est engagé en 1997 dans une réforme avant-gardiste d'harmonisation comptable internationale, devançant plusieurs pays, dont ceux de l'Union Européenne, en abandonnant son Plan Comptable Général hérité de la période coloniale française, pour adopter son premier système comptable de type anglo-saxon, largement inspiré du référentiel international. Alors que la normalisation comptable internationale a considérablement évolué depuis 1997, notamment par le remplacement en 2001 de l'IASC par l'IASB, et l'introduction des IFRS, paradoxalement, très peu de révisions ont été apportées au système tunisien, laissant ainsi apparaître un écart, qui s'est progressivement creusé, entre normes tunisiennes et normes internationales. Cette situation interroge les motivations réelles ayant provoqué la réforme de 1997, qui peut être due aussi bien à un réel besoin local de se joindre à la sphère mondiale, qu'à une volonté d'afficher une étiquette ou un "Label ", au sens de Daske et al. (2007), afin de se conformer aux recommandations des organismes internationaux, et d'attirer différentes parties prenantes étrangères. Il convient de ce fait de s'interroger sur la nature des facteurs à l'origine du processus d'harmonisation comptable internationale en Tunisie : s'agit-il de contingences environnementales, ou de pressions institutionnelles? Ainsi, conformément à une structure de recherche classique, avec l'exposition d'une revue de la littérature, suivie d'une étude exploratoire du terrain exploitant qualitativement des entretiens réalisés auprès de professionnels tunisiens, pour mener enfin l'étude empirique proprement dite, dans une démarche quantitative, notre recherche se base sur la théorie de la contingence et l'approche néo-institutionnelle, pour répondre à la problématique suivante : Dans un pays émergent historiquement à tradition comptable continentale, comment se mesure l'avancement du processus d'harmonisation internationale et quels en sont les déterminants? Exploitant des réponses recueillies de juin à septembre en 2009 puis en 2010, via un questionnaire administré auprès de professionnels exerçant au sein de cabinets d'expertise comptable tunisiens et de cadres comptables exerçant au sein d'entreprises localisées en Tunisie, cette étude a pu montrer un faible niveau général d'harmonisation comptable internationale en Tunisie, de jure, mais surtout de facto. Aussi, l'analyse a montré que les facteurs étudiés susceptibles d'avoir un impact sur l'avancement du processus d'harmonisation sont à la fois contingents et néo-institutionnels, ces derniers étant les plus influents, pour les cabinets, alors qu'ils sont exclusivement néo-institutionnels, pour les entreprises. Le modèle comptable anglo-saxon ne serait donc pas pertinent pour toutes les entités économiques tunisiennes, la réforme de 1997 n'étant principalement que le résultat de pressions institutionnelles, notamment étrangères, exercées sur les choix économiques et politiques du pays, plutôt que d'un besoin émanant des différents acteurs interagissant dans le tissu économique tunisien local. En l'occurrence, parmi les parties exerçant une influence sur les entités tunisiennes pour les adapter à la culture anglo-saxonne des normes internationales, cette étude a identifié, les réseaux internationaux d'expertise comptable et d'audit, notamment les Big4, les groupes de sociétés multinationales, les parties prenantes étrangères des entreprises exportatrices, etc. Ainsi, seules les entités à dimension internationale présentent des niveaux élevés de familiarisation avec les IFRS. / The study focuses on the case of Tunisia, an emerging country, initially impregnated by a continental accounting culture, having started in 1997 a pioneering reform of international accounting harmonization. Thus, ahead of several countries including those of the European Union, Tunisia replaced its General Accounting Plan inherited from the French colonial period, to adopt its first Anglo-Saxon accounting system, largely inspired by the international accounting system. But while the international accounting standardization had changed considerably since 1997, with the replacement of the IASC in 2001 by the IASB, and the introduction of IFRS, adding a "financial" dimension to the accounting information, paradoxically, very few revisions were made to the Tunisian system, showing a gap between Tunisian and international standards, that kept progressively widening. This situation of Tunisian accounting standardization, between a need and a will to make up the process of harmonizing with the international accounting standards, and a maintain of the Tunisian standards inspired by revised and even repealed old international standards, questions about the real motivations behind the 1997's Tunisian accounting reform. It may as well have been legitimized by a local real need to join the global sphere, or as a desire to display a label as defined in Daske et al. (2007), in order to comply with the recommendations of international organizations, and to attract foreign stakeholders. We therefore question the nature of the factors behind the process of international accounting harmonization in Tunisia: is it due to environmental contingencies, or institutional pressures? Following a conventional research structure, with a literature review, an exploratory study exploiting qualitatively interviews conducted with Tunisian professionals, and an empirical study using a quantitative approach, our research is based on the contingency theory and the neo-institutional approach, to address the following research question:In an emerging country historically impregnated with continental accounting tradition, how to measure the progress of the international harmonization process and what are its determinants? Exploiting responses collected via a questionnaire conducted from June 2009 to September 2009, and from June 2010 to September 2010, and administered to professionals working in Tunisian accounting firms or affiliated to the accounting departments of different Tunisian firms, the study showed the stagnation of the international accounting harmonization process in Tunisia. Also, the analysis showed that there are both contingent and institutional factors behind the launch of harmonization process, for accounting professionals working in accounting firms, and only institutional factors for professionals affiliated to accounting departments of Tunisian firms. The Anglo-Saxon accounting model would not be relevant for all economic entities in Tunisia, since the 1997 reform is principally the result of institutional pressures, mostly international ones, impacting the economic and political choices of the country, rather than a choice made to fulfill a need expressed by the various actors interacting in the local Tunisian economy. Among the parties that push Tunisian entities to be familiarized with the Anglo-Saxon culture of the international standards, our study identified the international accounting and auditing networks, including the Big4, the multinational groups, the stakeholders of foreign exporting firms, etc. Thus, in Tunisia, only the entities dealing with such international environment have high levels of familiarization with IFRS standards.