This thesis is an analysis of the law of vicarious liability and its application within the legal framework of delict in South Africa. A brief overview of the historical development of this branch of law is given, with reference to the influences of Roman, Roman-Dutch and English law. That is followed by an exposition of the 'modem' interpretation of vicarious liability as applied in South African courts, highlighting apparent inconsistencies and the need for reform in what has become a persistently controversial area of law. Specific attention is paid to the so-called 'course and scope enquiry' and to the enduring difficulties associated with attributing liability to employers for the deliberate wrongful conduct of their employees. It is argued that the courts have yet to reach consensus on a general principle capable of being applied to the facts of so-called 'deviation cases', and that consequently the legal divergence on these matters gives rise to uncertainty and concern. It is submitted that the way in which the traditional test for vicarious liability is currently applied fails to give true effect to the policy considerations upon which this branch of law is founded. By way of comparison with the South African position, a detailed account of the law of vicarious liability in comparable foreign jurisdictions is given, with emphasis placed on recent developments in England and the British Commonwealth. The study then moves to an analysis of the various policy considerations behind vicarious liability, with particular attention being paid to the role of risk-related liability and the role of risk-assumption in the 'course and scope' enquiry. A comparative analysis follows, highlighting differences between the approaches of the foreign jurisdictions and that taken by the South African courts. The work concludes with a proposal that the South African courts should broaden the scope of vicarious liability and opt for a model similar to that which has recently been adopted in Canada.

No description available.

Byggbranschen anses vara en konservativ bransch både vad gäller teknik och samarbetsformer. Det oerhörda trycket på byggbranschen och det stora antalet byggprojekt som utförs idag gör att en del komplikationer uppstår. Detta kan bl. a. bero på tidsbrist, kompetensbrist och samarbetsproblem. I vissa projekt fungerar samarbetet utmärkt mellan projektets olika parter men i allt för många projekt är samarbetet mellan parterna bristfällig. Detta kan medföra ”onödiga” ekonomiska och eller tidsmässiga konsekvenser. I samhället idag är kommunikation nyckeln till ett lyckat samarbete. Även i byggbranschen belyses kommunikation som en nyckel till ett lyckat projekt. Branschen är i ett läge där denna debatt är intressant men ännu inte riktigt kommit upp på bordet. Vårt mål med projektet är att väcka denna debatt och undersöka hur samarbetet mellan parterna egentligen fungerar, varför det fungerar/inte fungerar och hur det eventuellt kan förbättras. I examensarbetet granskas samspelet mellan de 4 aktörerna Beställare, Projektledare/Byggledare, projekterande Konsult och Entreprenör för att utreda vad som ibland skapar denna kommunikationsbrist och samarbetsproblem. Genom intervjuer och empiriska undersökningar har vi skapat oss en uppfattning om hur parterna uppfattar samarbete och kommunikation i tidigare och nuvarande projekt. Vad har de saknat? Vad tycker de fungerar? Hur skulle de vilja samarbeta och utveckla kommunikation till det bättre? Som en stöttepelare till intervjuerna har en elektronisk undersökning gjorts där 113 svar redovisats, behandlats, analyserats. De som fått tillgång till den elektroniska undersökningen är de företag där intervjuerna gjorts samt tjänstemän från ett ytterligare tiotal olika företag med varierande storlek och omsättning. Utifrån intervjuerna och den elektroniska undersökningen kan vi konstatera att den generella synen mot andra parter i ett byggprojekt är mycket god med några få reservationer. Utefter den frågeställning vi gjorde inledningsvis kan vi nu konstatera att entreprenadform har mindre betydelse för kommunikation och samarbete i ett projekt. Dock har vi kommit fram till att det existerar vissa nyckelord för att uppnå god kommunikation och ett gott samarbete i ett projekt. Nyckelorden vi har kommit fram till är: starten i ett projekt, gemensamma mål, personkemi, beslutskraft, tydlighet och kunskap. / The construction industry is considered to be a conservative industry both in technology and forms of cooperation. The immense pressure on the construction industry and the large number of construction projects that are currently being undertaken in a number of complications arise. This may be due to time constraints, skill shortages and cooperation problems. In some projects the cooperation between the project partners works very well, but in too many projects the collaboration between the parties is inadequate. This can result in "unnecessary" financial and or timing implications. In society today, communication is the key to a successful cooperation. Even in the construction industry communication are highlighted as a key to a successful project. The industry is in a position where this debate is interesting but not yet being highlighted. Our goal with this study is to bring this debate and examine how cooperation between the parties really works, why it works/does not work and how it might be improved. The thesis examines the interplay between the four actors Client, Project Manager/Construction Manager, project planning Consultant and Contractor to investigate what sometimes creates this lack of communication and cooperation problems. Through interviews and empirical studies, we have created an impression of how the parties perceive cooperation and communication in past and current projects. What have they missed? How do they work? How would they like to work together and develop communication for the better? As a mainstay of the interviews, an electronic survey carried out in which 113 responses recorded, processed, analyzed. Those who had access to the electronic survey are companies where the interviews made ​​and officers from an additional ten different companies of varying size and turnover. Based on the interviews and the electronic survey, we can conclude that the general perception to other parties on a construction project is very good with a few reservations. Along the issue we did initially, we can now conclude that the contract form is less important for communication and collaboration in a project. However, we have concluded that there are certain keywords in order to achieve good communication and good cooperation in a project. The key words we've come up with is: the start of a project, shared goals, personal chemistry, decisiveness, clarity, and knowledge.

Le rapport indique que la capacité et la compétitivité des entrepreneurs locaux est l'un des principaux défis de l'industrie éthiopienne de la construction. Cependant, il n'existe aucune étude antérieure qui appuie ces récits et qui tente de déterminer les aspects de la compétence qui font défaut à ces entrepreneurs. Consciente de cette lacune, cette étude vise à mener une recherche sur la compréhension de la compétence et de la compétitivité des entrepreneurs et de leurs mécanismes d'amélioration. La recherche applique une méthode de recherche mixte qui implique une discussion en groupe de discussion et la méthode Fuzzy DEMATEL pour atteindre ses objectifs. La recherche a montré que sur les 52 éléments lean identifiés dans la littérature, 15 sont les plus importants pour améliorer les six mesures de compétences et sur ces six mesures, la capacité financière, les ressources humaines et la capacité organisationnelle et technique sont les pratiques les plus critiques pour améliorer la compétence et la compétitivité globales des entrepreneurs autochtones. Les résultats de cette recherche apportent des contributions pratiques, académiques et méthodologiques à l'évolution des connaissances actuelles dans le domaine de la construction lean et de la gestion organisationnelle, en particulier dans le contexte des pays en cours de développement / Report indicates that indigenous contractor’s capability and competitiveness is one of the main challenges in Ethiopian construction industry. However, there is no previous study that support these narratives and tries to investigate which aspects of capability do these contractors are lacking. Realizing this gap, the research has attempted to assesses capability of indigenous contractors with respect to six capability measures and it develop a conceptual model that integrates Lean with organizational capability as well as competitiveness. The research applies a mixed method of research which involves a focus group discussion and Fuzzy DEMATEL method to achieve its objectives. Of the 52 lean elements identified from literatures, the research identifies 15 most important lean elements to improve the six capability measures. The research further investigated that financial capability, human resources and organizational capability and technical capability as a means of improvement for overall capability & competitiveness of indigenous contractors in Ethiopia. The research outcome can be used for developing appropriate policies and regulation that helps to improve capability and competitiveness

Small-scale contractors in Nigeria, as small business owners, face challenges accessing external sources of capital financing. Inadequate sources of working capital is one of the major reasons for poor business performance and failure. A multiple case study approach was used in this study to explore how small-scale contractors obtained capital financing to grow their businesses. The study population included small-scale contractors in the construction industry in Nigeria. Credit rationing model was chosen as the conceptual framework for the study. Semistructured interviews were used to collect data from 5 participants. Data analysis included thematic coding of the data using qualitative data analysis computer software. The 2 themes that emerged from data analysis were as follows: sources of small-scale contractors' financing and constraints of sourcing small-scale contractors' capital financing. This study could contribute to positive social change by stimulating the local economy through local capital formation, jobs creation, improved tax revenues for local authorities, and enhancement of the quality of life of those living in Nigeria.

Private military and security companies (PMSCs) are established actors in the global militaryindustry. The adaptation to utilize PMSCs as a complement to national militaries has increased their importance significantly. PMSCs have gained attention due to similarities with outlawed mercenary activity, causing legal implications and difficulties regulating them. However, the risks that PMSC recruits experience are not addressed sufficiently. Thus, this study aims to scrutinize and analyze how PMSCs recruitment relates to risk, which risks exist for the recruits, and how the recruits’ origin affects risks. By developing the idea of Risk-Transfer War with the Global South and Global North concept, the study gains insight into how Risk-Transfer can beextended to the private military industry. The study shows that economic, physical, and political risks are present for PMSC recruits, and the recruits from the Global South are the most affectedby them. The globalized private military industry enables countries that utilize PMSCs which recruit from the Global South, to get a cheaper, more flexible workforce with fewer politicalimplications. However, the Global South recruits are paid less than their Northern colleagues, they are getting little to no recognition for their sacrifices while risking their lives for the secompanies in hopes of a better livelihood. By understanding PMSCs and their recruitmentprocesses better, we can adjust issues in current regulations.

The nineteenth-century American building world assembled an unprecedented armature of professional knowledge. This dissertation reconstructs that armature by sampling from the profusion of technical and institutional documents that helped architects, engineers, and builders reckon with the enigmatic abstractions of liberal and industrial capitalism— along with the regimes of labor, infrastructure, and resource management they introduced. Typically ignored by architectural historians, these documents form a valuable archive of cultural texts and evidential indices. As a system of knowledge, they tether design to a series of political-economic conflicts. Revolutionary Philadelphia carpenters and reactionary Anglican specifiers alike found in printed numbers sources of authority and claims on temporal power. Postbellum architect-engineers like John C. Trautwine and Frank Kidder used pocketbooks to transfuse the logics of locomotives and lumber mills into the core of architectural practice. Through a professional sleight of hand, institution-builders like Richard Upjohn and Richard Morris Hunt distanced themselves from the appearance of calculation while depending upon it ever more, encrypting it in drawings, institutional scripts, and legal precedent. In their work with architect H.H. Richardson, general contractors James and Orlando W. Norcross most fully realized the potentials of this system, synthesizing technical literature, industrial capital, and a proprietary mythos of materials to achieve the apotheosis of American architecture. I plumb this obscure world of literate builders and architect-engineers to map such architecture as an expanded field of infrastructural practice, arguing that industrial modernity was perhaps best glimpsed not in an iron frame but in a carefully-sourced palette of quarry-faced sandstone.

A construção pesada brasileira, setor produtor das rodovias, túneis, aeroportos, portos, ferrovias, metrovias, barragens, usinas hidrelétricas e obras de arte, pontes e viadutos - bens que compõem a infraestrutura nacional - além de dinamizar diretamente as demais indústrias, contribuir para ocupação da mão de obra e absorver conhecimento tecnológico, é também formadora de uma engenharia nacional de alta especialidade técnica, reconhecida e respeitada no mundo todo. Para se entender a pujança desta atividade industrial, parte-se da gênese histórica da construção pesada nacional e das grandes firmas. Verifica-se o funcionamento do setor, aspectos técnicos, jurídicos, econômicos, políticas, materiais, máquinas, pessoal e demanda. E, por fim, a distribuição espacial, localização de obras e empresas. A estruturação da construção pesada acompanha o processo da industrialização nacional, dinamizado, sobretudo, a partir dos anos 1930. De 1960 a 1970 o setor montado vive a expansão interna com o aumento da demanda e início da inserção no mercado regional. Após a desaceleração da demanda interna a partir dos anos 1980, as construtoras partem para concessões de serviços públicos e demanda externa de construção de obras pesadas. Mantém-se pela expansão via diversificação de atuação e multinacionalização, as quais tomam força a partir da década 1990. Com as políticas nacionais de privatizações passam a atuar as firmas em saneamento, telecomunicações, energia, petroquímicos, transportes, defesa, mineração, óleo e gás, bioenergia, mobilidade urbana, empreendimentos imobiliários, têxtil, naval. Nos anos 2000 consolidam-se como grandes grupos empresariais atuantes nos mais diversos setores econômicos e retomam com força às atividades de construção de infraestruturas internas estimuladas por novas demandas públicas. A partir dos anos 2010 inicia-se o reajuste do setor. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é o de compreender o setor da construção pesada brasileira sua consolidação, expansão e multinacionalização, a partir da combinação de aspectos naturais e sociais. Um setor complexo que atingiu preponderância regional e consagrado destaque mundial associado ao protagonismo de empresas, que começaram pequenas, cresceram, disputaram e ganharam mercados internacionais, demonstrando excelência. / Brazilian heavy construction, road, highways, railroads, underground, marine construction, bridges, tunnels, harbor and port facilities construction, dams, hydroelectric power plant construction infrastructure suppliers products - besides being important to the overall economy, pushing other industries, it contributes to job generation and technological knowledge, and it is also responsible for a high specialized national engineering, acknowledged and respect all over the world. To understand the strength of this sector, firstly the research follows historical data about beginning of Brazilian heavy construction industry and Brazilian main enterprises. Then how the sector works, technical activities, rules, laws and regulations, policies and practices, materials, equipments, labor and demand. Finally where main heavy constructions have been distributed and Brazilian contractors are located. Brazilian heavy construction sector increased while the national industrialization process was set down planning by political policies most since 1930. From 1960 to 1970 stimulated by public sector and assistance from the federal government and domestic demand Brazilian contractors reach technical skills make them ready to foreign market. When recession issues from the 1980s weaken some Brazilian industries, contractors start operating new segments as public service concessions merging more easily export policies. Consolidated in the 1990s whether by diversification due to privatization projects or multinationalization strategies. They have started business in sanitation, telecommunication, power, petrochemicals, transportation, defense, mining, oil and gas, bioenergy, building construction. In the 2000 already powerful organized corporations acting in many different economic activities, attracted by internal infrastructure demand, they come back where they had started. From 2010 sector has known little by little its breakdown. This text intends to understand Brazilian heavy construction its beginning, consolidations, development, distribution and internationalization, following natural and social aspects arrangement. A very complex sector which had a long time achieved regional leadership and worldwide acknowledgment.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 8, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Technology and People: an analysis of the forest workforce, technology and the sourcing decision in forest harvesting in South Africa. M.Sc. Forestry thesis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. 124pp. This thesis looks at the profiles of the workforce in forest harvesting in the forestry industry in South Africa. It provides methods and models to measure and understand people (human capital) and technology. It highlights some of the current and strategic challenges in: employee conditions of employment; occupational health and safety; worker nutrition; training; worker dynamics (employee absenteeism and labour turnover); and the technology in forest harvesting. This study puts additional emphasis towards measuring and understanding the grower company/contractor interface (i.e., the contractoring philosophy, contractor profiles and competitive strategies) and discusses the contracting decision by the grower companies. The latter, the contracting decision is important because it forms the foundation and framework upon which forest harvesting contractor businesses are built and the background for both the people and technology dynamics. Forest harvesting employees in South Africa are working in forestry because they cannot get other jobs elsewhere. They have the following profiles and mobility characteristics: median age, 34 years; median completed school level, Standard 3; median time spent working for forest contractors and grower companies, 2 and 7 years, respectively (contractors have been in the business for a median period of 7.5 years); and median labour turnover and absenteeism, 4 % and 6 %, respectively. The employee median daily wage is R24.00 and the budgeted employee training cost per year per employee is R41.40. There is a high level of occupational safety awareness amongst both the contractors and the employees and significantly high injury rates in forest harvesting. Contractors and staff from grower companies believe that the current and future forest harvesting technology depends on the type and nature of contracts between the grower companies and the harvesting contractors, backup services from machine suppliers, the exchange rates between the Rand and other major currencies and worker health linked to HIV/AIDS. The study shows that in forest harvesting, there is a need to develop approaches and business strategies to define and manage the workforce since it is the people and the technology that work together to generate results. The thesis concludes that, human skill and knowledge should form the base of an industry along with logic of systems or operations. The study challenges forest harvesting organisations to measure and integrate human capital and technology with business objectives. Thus, sustainability in forest harvesting in South Africa will depend on the ability of forest harvesting organisations to handle the human dimension and to develop/acquire, exploit and manage technology. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tegnologie en die Mens: 'n Ontleding van technnology, die dinamika van uitkontrakteer en bosontginnings arbeid in Suid Afrika. M.Sc in Bosbou tesis, Universiteit van Stellenbosch, Suid Afrika. 124 bl. Tegnologie en die mensepotensiaal is van uiters belang in alle industrieë. Technologie moet toepasbaar wees en die mens moet van 'n geskikte gehalte wees met 'n paslike profiel. Hierdie proefskif focus op die tegnologie en die menslikehulpbron in bosontginning en evalueer Suid Afrikaanse Bosbou maatskappye se besluit om uit te kontrakteer. Dit bied metodes en modele aan om die menslikepotensiaal en tegnologie te evalueer en te verstaan. Die klem word geplaas op huidige en strategiese uitdagings in: diensvoorwaardes, beroepsgesondheid en -veiligheid, voiding, opleiding, arbeidersdinamika (arbeidsafwesigheid en -omset) en tegnologie in bosontginning. Hierdie studie plaas verdere klem op die ondersoek en begrip van die interaksie tussen bosbou maatskappy en kontrakteur (b.v. kontrakteur's filosofie, profiel van kontrakteurs en mededingende strategie) en om die bosbou maatskappye se besluit, om oor te skakel na kontrakteurs, te evalueer. Laasgenoemde, is van uiter belang, aangesien dit die fondament en raamwerk daarstel waarom die kontrakteurs se besigheid ontwikkel en dit gee agtergrond tot die dinamika van beide die mens en die tegnologie. Die grootste gedeelte van die arbeid in diens van die Suid Afrikaanse bosbou industrie het daarop gewys dat hulle slegs in die industrie werk omdat daar nie ander werksgeleenthede beskikbaar is nie. Kenmerke aspekte van die arbeidersmag in die Suid Afrika se bosbou industrie is die volgende: middellyn vir ouderdom - 34 jaar; middellyn vir skool qualifikasies - standard 3; middellyn vir dienstydperk by bosbou kontrakteurs - 2 jaar, en by bosboumaatskappy - 7 jaar (middellyn vir tydperk as kontakteur - 7.5 jaar); arbeidsomset en -afweesigheidis 4 % en 6 %, onderskeidelik. Daaglikse arbeidsloon is R24.00 en die begrotte opleidingskoste is R41.40 per arbeider per jaar. Beroepsveiligheid geniet 'n hoë vlak van bewustheid by beide die kontrakteurs en arbeiders. Kontrakteurs en maatskappy bestuurders glo dat die huidige en toekomstige tegnologiese ontwikkeling afhanklik is van die aard van kontrakte, ondersteuning en diens van verskaffers, die wisselkoers en arbeiders se gesondheid (gekoppel aan HIVNIGS). Aangesien die mens en tegnologie gesamentlik bydra tot werksproduksie, bestaan daar 'n behoefde in bosonginning vir die ontwikkeling van naderings en besigheids strategieë om die bestuur van mense en tegnologie te defineer. Die werkstuk beslis dat die menslike kennis en vermoeë, saam met logika van stelsels of activiteite, die fondament van die industie daarstel. Bosontginnings maatskappye word aangespoor om die gebruik van tegnologie te ondersoek, en die menslike hulpbron en tegnologie te meet en met die maatskappy se doelstelling te integreer. Ten slotte, die standhoudenheid van bosonginning in Suid Afrika sal afhang van die vermoeë van bosontginnings maaskappye om die menslike dimensie korrek te kan bestuur en om tegnologie effektief te ontwikkel (of aan te koop), te gebruik en te bestuur.