This master’s thesis deals with the dynamic behaviour of the heat exchangers which is described by a system of differential equations. In this connection, it contains general informations about heat transfer, heat exchangers and their arrangements. The main aim of this thesis is to solve the inverse problem of the antiparallel arrangement and discuss the question of the controllability, observability and identifiability of its parameters.

För att försäkra sig om den slutliga kvaliteten på maskinbearbetade komponenter måste tillverkande företag mäta och verifiera de geometriska och dimensionella egenskaperna på komponenter innan dem skickas vidare nedströms till den mer värdeskapande monteringen. Det är idag vanligt att den geometriska och dimensionella mätningen och verifieringen uppstår varje gång då en maskin ställs om, när man startar om eller startar upp en ny produktionslina eller då en produktionsprocess ändras. Produktionsteknisk mätteknik och resultat från utförda mätningar används sedan som indata för statistisk processtyrning och övervakning av produktionsprocesser. Syftet med vår forskning har varit att först ta fram en nulägesbild av mätteknisk beredning inom fordons- och flygindustrin och utifrån den identifiera framtida trender med behovsanalys och gap. Utifrån analysen har vi sedan utforskat och utvecklat en modell och metodik för mätteknisk mät- och styrbarhetsberedning. I denna licentiat avhandling har vi utforskat området geometrisk och dimensionell mät- och styrbarhetsberedning (GMCP - Geometrical and dimensional Measurement and Controllability Planning). Vi presenterar en nulägesanalys av området och vi presenterar en teori med modell och ramverk för GMCP. Vidare har vi utforskat en metodik och verktyg benämnd kvalitetssäkringsmatris (QAM - Quality Assurance Matrix) och som vi lyfter fram i denna avhandling. I slutet av avhandlingen presenteras och diskuteras dem hittills uppnådda resultaten från forskningen och i det sista kapitlet dras slutsatser och den fortsatta forskningen inom ”SIMET-GICP” projektet presenteras. / In order to ensure final product quality on machined components, manufacturing enterprises must measure and inspect the geometrical and dimensional characteristics of components before they go into higher-value assemblies. Commonly, the geometrical and dimensional measurement and inspection occurs every time at machine tool set-up, when a line is restarted or if the production process is changed. Production metrology and results from production measurements is used as input data for statistical process control and monitoring of production processes. The purpose of our research has been to firstly perform a state of the art analysis in the area of measurement planning applied in the automotive and aerospace industry. The output from the state of the art study has then been used to identify future trends and needs including a gap analysis. Then we used the analysis to explore and develop a model and methodology for measurement and controllability planning.   In this licentiate thesis we have explored the area of GMCP (Geometrical and dimensional Measurement and Controllability Planning). As a major result in this thesis a state of the art survey on GMCP is presented. Based on the state of the art study a theory and model framework for GMCP has been explored and a methodology and tool called QAM (Quality Assurance Matrix) is highlighted in this thesis. In the end of the thesis we present and discuss the present research results we have accomplished and in the final chapter we draw conclusions and outline the continued research within the SIMET-GICP project. / QC 20111027 / SIMET 1

Automated Planning is an active area within Artificial Intelligence. With the help of computers we can quickly find good plans in complicated problem domains, such as planning for search and rescue after a natural disaster. When planning in realistic domains the exact duration of an action generally cannot be predicted in advance. Temporal planning therefore tends to use upper bounds on durations, with the explicit or implicit assumption that if an action happens to be executed more quickly, the plan will still succeed. However, this assumption is often false. If we finish cooking too early, the dinner will be cold before everyone is at home and can eat. Simple Temporal Networks with Uncertainty (STNUs) allow us to model such situations. An STNU-based planner must verify that the temporal problems it generates are executable, which is captured by the property of dynamic controllability (DC). If a plan is not dynamically controllable, adding actions cannot restore controllability. Therefore a planner should verify after each action addition whether the plan remains DC, and if not, backtrack. Verifying dynamic controllability of a full STNU is computationally intensive. Therefore, incremental DC verification algorithms are needed. We start by discussing two existing algorithms relevant to the thesis. These are the very first DC verification algorithm called MMV (by Morris, Muscettola and Vidal) and the incremental DC verification algorithm called FastIDC, which is based on MMV. We then show that FastIDC is not sound, sometimes labeling networks as dynamically controllable when they are not.  We analyze the algorithm to pinpoint the cause and show how the algorithm can be modified to correctly and efficiently detect uncontrollable networks. In the next part we use insights from this work to re-analyze the MMV algorithm. This algorithm is pseudo-polynomial and was later subsumed by first an n5 algorithm and then an n4 algorithm. We show that the basic techniques used by MMV can in fact be used to create an n4 algorithm for verifying dynamic controllability, with a new termination criterion based on a deeper analysis of MMV. This means that there is now a comparatively easy way of implementing a highly efficient dynamic controllability verification algorithm. From a theoretical viewpoint, understanding MMV is important since it acts as a building block for all subsequent algorithms that verify dynamic controllability. In our analysis we also discuss a change in MMV which reduces the amount of regression needed in the network substantially. In the final part of the thesis we show that the FastIDC method can result in traversing part of a temporal network multiple times, with constraints slowly tightening towards their final values.  As a result of our analysis we then present a new algorithm with an improved traversal strategy that avoids this behavior.  The new algorithm, EfficientIDC, has a time complexity which is lower than that of FastIDC. We prove that it is sound and complete.

Disertační práce se zabývá soustavou lineárních diskrétních rovnic se zpožděním a řeší Cauchyovu úlohu s danou počáteční podmínkou užitím zde definovaných maticových funkcí. Odvozený vzorec je pak použit při řešení úlohy relativní řiditelnosti této soustavy. Je dokázáno kritérium řiditelnosti soustavy, nalezena množina všech řídicí funkcí a minimální funkce vyhovující dané úloze.

Bakgrund: Sedan 1990-talet har de stora klädkedjorna tagit allt större marknadsandelar, vilket i sin tur har lett till att klädbranschen blivit mer centraliserad. På grund av detta blir butikschefen, som har huvudansvaret för butiken, mer styrd i sitt arbete. Butikschefen har mål att förhålla sig till samtidigt som han eller hon blir styrd i sina handlingar för att uppnå målet. Syfte: Syftet är att genom intervjuer ge en förståelse för hur butikschefers motivation påverkas av den utformade styrningen och redogöra för vilka motivationsfaktorer butikscheferna finner mest motiverande i sitt arbete. Genomförande: Studien har genomförts genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med butikschefer och är i och med det en kvalitativ metod. Detta metodval möjliggör att studera butikscheferna mer på djupet. Intervjuerna har transkriberats och sedan analyserats med hjälp av teoriramen i studien. De fyra klädkedjorna i studien har alla en omsättning på över en miljard kronor årligen och de använder sig av en centraliserad styrning. Resultat: Butikscheferna i studien anser att deras uppsatta mål måste uppfattas som rättvisa för att vara motiverande. Det är också viktigt att det långsiktiga budgetmålet kombineras med kortsiktiga mål, eftersom flera mål i arbetet uppfattas som positivt och det leder till att det långsiktiga målet inte upplevs lika avlägset. Ansvar är en viktig del i arbetet, dock leder inte mer ansvar alltid till högre motivation utan i butikschefernas fall ska det vara på en rimlig nivå. Feedback är något som butikscheferna behöver ha regelbundet. Det är viktigt att feedbacken inte endast innehåller information om resultatet, utan de vill även få direktiv på hur de kan förändra sina handlingar i arbetet till det bättre. / Background: Since the 1990s, the major clothing companies have taken an increasingly large market share. This has led to that the clothing industry has become more centralized. Because of this, the store manager who has primary responsibility for the store is more guided in their work. The store manager has goals to relate to while he or she is guided in their actions to achieve their goals. Purpose: The aim is that through interviews provide an understanding of how the store managers' motivation is influenced by the designed control system and explain what motivators store managers find most motivating in their work. Implementation: The study was conducted by six semi-structured interviews with store managers and is thus a qualitative approach. This methodology allows for the study of store managers in more depth. The interviews have transcribed and then analyzed using the theoretical framework of the study. The four clothing companies in the study all have a turnover of over 1 billion annually and uses a centralized control. Outcome: Store managers in the study pronounce that their goals must be perceived as fair to be motivating. It is also important to the long-term budgetary objective, combined with short-term goals, as several goals at work are perceived as positive and the long term goal does not feel as distant. Responsibility is an important part of the work, however more responsibility does not always lead to higher motivation and therefore store managers' cases should be at a reasonable level. Feedback is something that store managers need regularly. It is important that feedback not only contains information about the results, but they also want to get a directive on how they can change the work for the better.

Nous étudions dans cette thèse le roulement sans glissement et sans pivotement de deux variétés lisses M et Ṁ l'une sur l'autre de dimensions et n et ṅ respectivement. L'objectif principal est de chercher des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes de la commandabilité du système commandé défini par le roulement. Dans le premier chapitre, on présente les motivations et le plan de la thèse ainsi les notations utilisées le long des chapitres. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on caractérise l'espace d'état du roulement quand M et Ṁ sont des variétés Riemanniennes lorsque n n'est pas nécessairement égal à ṅ et du développement quand M et Ṁ sont des variétés affines munies des connexions affines avec n = ṅ Ainsi, on donne les relèvements et les distributions correspondant aux deux notions précédentes. Le troisième chapitre contient quelques résultats de la commandabilité du système de roulement des variétés Riemanniennes. Plus précisément, on présente les conditions nécessaires de la non-commandabilité du roulement d'une variété Riemannienne 3-dimensionnelle sur une autre 2-dimensionnelle.Le chapitre 4 porte sur le roulement d'une variété Riemannienne de dimension 2 sur une autre de dimension 3. On trouve que la dimension d'une orbite non-ouverte quelconque de l'espace d'état appartient à {2,5,6,7}. Les aspects géométriques de deux variétés sont liés principalement avec le fait que la variété de dimension 3 contient une sous-variété totalement géodésique de dimension 2.Dans le dernier chapitre, on introduit et étudie un concept d'holonomie horizontale associé à un triplet (M,∇,Δ ) avec M variété différentielle connexe, ∇ connection affine complète sur M et Δ distribution complètement commandable. Si H^∇est le groupe d'holonomie associé à Ṁ on considère alors son sous-groupe obtenu uniquement en considérant le transport ∇- parallèle par rapport aux lacets dans M tangents à la distribution Δ On le note H_Δ^∇et on l’appelle groupe d'holonomie horizontal. On prouve que le groupe d'holonomie horizontal H_Δ^∇ est un sous-groupe de Lie de GL(n). Puis, on démontre par un exemple que la fermeture du groupe d'holonomie horizontal restreint (H_Δ^∇ )^0 n'est pas nécessairement égal à H_Δ^∇. A cette fin, on utilise le modèle du roulement avec M un groupe de Carnot homogène munie d'une connexion de Levi-Civita associée à une métrique Riemannienne sur l'espace Euclidien R^n munie de la connexion Euclidienne. / In this thesis, we study the rolling motion without spinning nor slipping of a smooth manifolds M and Ṁ against another of dimensions n and ṅ respectively. The purpose is to find the necessary and sufficient conditions for the controllability issue of the system of rolling. We start by a French review of the principal results of the thesis is included in the introduction. In Chapter 1, we present the motivations of the subject thesis, the structure of the contents and the notations used along the manuscript. The second chapter contain a characterization of the state space of rolling manifolds when M and Ṁ are Riemannian manifolds with n and ṅ are not necessarily equal and of the development of manifolds when M and Ṁ are affine manifolds of dimension n = ṅ equipped with affine connections. We also state the definitions of the lifts and the distributions with respect to the previous notions. The controllability results of the rolling system of Riemannian manifolds is included in Chapter 3. We give all the necessary conditions of the non-controllability of rolling of 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold against 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold. Chapter 4 deals with the rolling of a 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold against a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold. We prove that the dimension of an arbitrary non-open orbit of the state space belongs to {2,5,6,7}. The geometrical aspects of the two manifolds depend on the existence of a 2-dimensional totally geodesic submanifold in the 3-dimensional manifold. The last chapter introduces and addresses the issue of horizontal holonomy associated to a triple (M,∇,Δ) with M smooth connected manifold, ∇ complete affine connection M and Δ completely controlable distribution over M. If H_Δ^∇. denotes the holonomy group associated with (M,∇) one considers its subgroup obtained by considering only the ∇- parallel transport with respect to loops of M tangent to the distribution Δ This subgroup is denoted by H_Δ^∇ and we call it horizontal holonomy group. We prove that the horizontal holonomy group H_Δ^∇ is a Lie subgroup of GL(n). Then, we show by means of an example that the closure of a restricted horizontal holonomy group on a Riemannian manifold is not necessarily equal to the holonomy group of the Riemannian manifold. To this end, we use the rolling problem of M taken as a step 2 homogeneous Carnot group equipped with the Levi-Civita connection associated to a Riemannian metric onto the Euclidean space R^n equipped with the Euclidean connection.

Este trabalho possui como tema principal o estudo da dinâmica de sistemas quânticos da perspectiva da teoria de sistemas dinâmicos, em particular, do ponto de vista da teoria de controle. Os principais tópicos abordados são (i) a análise da controlabilidade dos sistemas quânticos em dimensão finita e infinita e (ii) a teoria generalizada de medição de sistemas quânticos com o objetivo de obter as equações diferenciais estocásticas associadas a sistemas submetidos a processos de medição contínuos. Com relação à controlabilidade de sistemas dinâmicos quânticos fechados em dimensão finita resgatamos da literatura os resultados, já consolidados, da aplicação da teoria de grupos e álgebras de Lie aos essa classe de sistemas dinâmicos. Em dimensão infinita, a aplicação direta das técnicas de controle geométrico já não ocorre diretamente. Em espaços de estados de dimensão infinita as técnicas de análise matemática devem ser mais sofisticadas, há problemas relacionados à convergência e problemas relacionados a operadores não limitados. Os principais resultados conhecidos da literatura são apresentados e suas limitações são discutidas. Realizamos em seguida uma analogia entre sistemas clássicos lineares e sistemas dinâmicos quânticos de dimensão infinita cuja dinâmica é restrita a uma álgebra de operadores auto adjuntos comutativa. Observamos também que a controlabilidade de alguns sistemas quânticos em dimensão infinita está associada a Hamiltonianos não lineares. Notamos, em particular, que os sistemas quânticos comutativos estão associados a operadores não lineares. Com relação à teoria de medição de sistemas quânticos, partimos da teoria de sistemas quânticos abertos para a obtenção da equação dinâmica que rege a evolução dos sistemas não conservativos. Em paralelo, realizamos uma análise da descrição matemáticas dos experimentos de medição em sistemas quânticos desde os postulados de medição ortogonal até a descrição de processos de medição contínuos. Observamos que a equação de Schrödinger estocástica associada a um processo de medição contínuo possui como gerador infinitesimal um Hamiltoniano não linear no operador auto adjunto associado ao observável. Realizamos em seguida uma discussão a respeito das implicações de processos de medição contínuos na dinâmica de sistemas quânticos, analisando possíveis impactos em sua controlabilidade. Analisamos também o caso particular de sistemas quânticos cujos operadores associados a sua dinâmica e a seus observáveis estão restritos a uma mesma álgebra comutativa. Concluímos com sugestões de trabalhos futuros relacionados controlabilidade em dimensão infinita e a à dinâmica de sistemas quânticos sujeitos a medição. / The main theme of this work is to study the dynamics of quantum systems from the perspective of the theory of dynamical systems, in particular, from the point of view of control theory. The main topics covered are (i) the analysis of controllability of quantum systems in finite and infinite dimensions and (ii) the general theory of measurement of quantum systems in order to get to the stochastic differential equations associated with systems subject to continuous measurement. Regarding the controllability of closed quantum dynamical systems in finite dimension, the standard results from the literature were presented: the application of group theory and Lie algebra to this class of dynamical systems. In infinite dimensions, the direct application of geometric control techniques is no longer possible. In infinite dimensional state spaces the mathematical analysis techniques need to be more sophisticated, there are problems related to convergence and issues related to unbounded operators. The main results known from the literature were presented and their limitations discussed. Then an analogy was performed between linear classical systems and infinite dimensional quantum dynamical systems whose dynamics is restricted to a commutative algebra of self adjoint operators. We also note that the controllability of some quantum systems in infinite dimension is associated with nonlinear Hamiltonians. We note, in particular, that the commutative quantum systems are associated with nonlinear operators. With respect to the measurement theory of quantum systems, we start in the structure of the theory of open quantum systems in order to obtain the dynamical equation governing the evolution of non-conservative systems. In parallel, we conducted an analysis of the mathematical description of the measurement experiments in quantum systems from the orthogonal measurement postulates to the description of continuous measurement. We noted that the stochastic Schrödinger equation associated with a continuous measurement process has as its infinitesimal generator a Hamiltonian nonlinear in the self-adjoint operator associated with the observable. Then a discussion about the implications of continuous measurement processes in the dynamics of quantum systems was conducted, analyzing possible impacts on its controllability. We also looked at the particular case of quantum systems whose operators associated with their dynamics and their observable are restricted to the same commutative algebra. We cluded with suggestions for future work related to controllability in infinite dimension and the dynamics of quantum systems subjected to measurement processes.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la contrôlabilité approchée et à zéro des systèmes paraboliques linéaires sur un domaine non vide borné Ω de (), contrôlés par moins de forces que d'équations. Les contrôles seront localisés sur un ouvert de Ω ou sur son bord. Nous étudierons deux problèmes différents. Le premier consiste à contrôler une des équations indirectement à l'aide d'un opérateur de couplage d'ordre un. Nous obtenons alors des résultats pour plusieurs classes d'opérateurs et de systèmes. La deuxième question que nous étudierons est de savoir s'il est possible de contrôler seulement certaines composantes de la solution du système. Nous donnons une condition nécessaire et suffisante lorsque les coefficients de couplage sont constants ou dépendent du temps et étudions un système simplifié quand ils dépendent de l'espace. Nous terminerons en détaillant un schéma numérique avec lequel nous fournirons des perspectives quant à quelques problèmes qui restent ouverts en contrôlabilité partielle des systèmes paraboliques linéaires. / This thesis is devoted to the study of the approximate and null controllability of linear parabolic systems on a nonempty bounded domain Ω of(), controlled by less controls than equations. The controls will be localized in an open set of Ω or on its boundary. We will study two different problems. The first of them involves controlling one of the equations indirectly with a coupling operator of order one. We obtain some results for different class of operators and systems. The second question we will study is to know if it is possible to control only some components of the solution of the system. We give a necessary and sufficient condition when the coupling coefficients are constant or time depending and study a simplified system when they are space dependent. We will finish by giving details on a numerical scheme with which we provide perspectives concerning some open problems in partial controllability of linear parabolic systems.

Equações diferenciais funcionais em medida podem ser usadas como ferramentas para o estudo de modelos físicos mais próximos da realidade, por exemplo, modelos com fenômeno de \"jump\" e constituem um ramo relativamente novo de equações diferenciais. Embora esse campo tenha se desenvolvido nos últimos anos, a teoria sobre equações diferenciais funcionais em medida é escassa, com algumas classes de equações ainda não pesquisadas. Neste trabalho, vamos explorar as equações diferenciais funcionais neutras em medida com retardo infinito. Usando técnicas conhecidas na literatura, obtemos propriedades qualitativas para sua solução, como existência, unicidade e dependência contínua com relação as condições iniciais. Além disso, estudamos a controlabilidade de um sistema descrito por este tipo de equação. / Measure differential equations is a branch of differential equations area recently discovered that can be used as a tool to study physical models closer to the reality, for example, models with the phenomenon of jump. Although this field has been developed in the recent years, the theory of measure functional differential equations is still scarce, and some classes of these equations have not been described yet. Here, we will explore the neutral measure functional differential equations with infinite delay. Using techniques known in the literature, we obtain qualitative properties of their solutions, such as existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence. In addition, we study controllability for systems described by this type of equation.

Este trabalho possui como tema principal o estudo da dinâmica de sistemas quânticos da perspectiva da teoria de sistemas dinâmicos, em particular, do ponto de vista da teoria de controle. Os principais tópicos abordados são (i) a análise da controlabilidade dos sistemas quânticos em dimensão finita e infinita e (ii) a teoria generalizada de medição de sistemas quânticos com o objetivo de obter as equações diferenciais estocásticas associadas a sistemas submetidos a processos de medição contínuos. Com relação à controlabilidade de sistemas dinâmicos quânticos fechados em dimensão finita resgatamos da literatura os resultados, já consolidados, da aplicação da teoria de grupos e álgebras de Lie aos essa classe de sistemas dinâmicos. Em dimensão infinita, a aplicação direta das técnicas de controle geométrico já não ocorre diretamente. Em espaços de estados de dimensão infinita as técnicas de análise matemática devem ser mais sofisticadas, há problemas relacionados à convergência e problemas relacionados a operadores não limitados. Os principais resultados conhecidos da literatura são apresentados e suas limitações são discutidas. Realizamos em seguida uma analogia entre sistemas clássicos lineares e sistemas dinâmicos quânticos de dimensão infinita cuja dinâmica é restrita a uma álgebra de operadores auto adjuntos comutativa. Observamos também que a controlabilidade de alguns sistemas quânticos em dimensão infinita está associada a Hamiltonianos não lineares. Notamos, em particular, que os sistemas quânticos comutativos estão associados a operadores não lineares. Com relação à teoria de medição de sistemas quânticos, partimos da teoria de sistemas quânticos abertos para a obtenção da equação dinâmica que rege a evolução dos sistemas não conservativos. Em paralelo, realizamos uma análise da descrição matemáticas dos experimentos de medição em sistemas quânticos desde os postulados de medição ortogonal até a descrição de processos de medição contínuos. Observamos que a equação de Schrödinger estocástica associada a um processo de medição contínuo possui como gerador infinitesimal um Hamiltoniano não linear no operador auto adjunto associado ao observável. Realizamos em seguida uma discussão a respeito das implicações de processos de medição contínuos na dinâmica de sistemas quânticos, analisando possíveis impactos em sua controlabilidade. Analisamos também o caso particular de sistemas quânticos cujos operadores associados a sua dinâmica e a seus observáveis estão restritos a uma mesma álgebra comutativa. Concluímos com sugestões de trabalhos futuros relacionados controlabilidade em dimensão infinita e a à dinâmica de sistemas quânticos sujeitos a medição. / The main theme of this work is to study the dynamics of quantum systems from the perspective of the theory of dynamical systems, in particular, from the point of view of control theory. The main topics covered are (i) the analysis of controllability of quantum systems in finite and infinite dimensions and (ii) the general theory of measurement of quantum systems in order to get to the stochastic differential equations associated with systems subject to continuous measurement. Regarding the controllability of closed quantum dynamical systems in finite dimension, the standard results from the literature were presented: the application of group theory and Lie algebra to this class of dynamical systems. In infinite dimensions, the direct application of geometric control techniques is no longer possible. In infinite dimensional state spaces the mathematical analysis techniques need to be more sophisticated, there are problems related to convergence and issues related to unbounded operators. The main results known from the literature were presented and their limitations discussed. Then an analogy was performed between linear classical systems and infinite dimensional quantum dynamical systems whose dynamics is restricted to a commutative algebra of self adjoint operators. We also note that the controllability of some quantum systems in infinite dimension is associated with nonlinear Hamiltonians. We note, in particular, that the commutative quantum systems are associated with nonlinear operators. With respect to the measurement theory of quantum systems, we start in the structure of the theory of open quantum systems in order to obtain the dynamical equation governing the evolution of non-conservative systems. In parallel, we conducted an analysis of the mathematical description of the measurement experiments in quantum systems from the orthogonal measurement postulates to the description of continuous measurement. We noted that the stochastic Schrödinger equation associated with a continuous measurement process has as its infinitesimal generator a Hamiltonian nonlinear in the self-adjoint operator associated with the observable. Then a discussion about the implications of continuous measurement processes in the dynamics of quantum systems was conducted, analyzing possible impacts on its controllability. We also looked at the particular case of quantum systems whose operators associated with their dynamics and their observable are restricted to the same commutative algebra. We cluded with suggestions for future work related to controllability in infinite dimension and the dynamics of quantum systems subjected to measurement processes.