Nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat une analyse sociologique du phénomène technique. Plus précisément, l'objectif de notre thèse est de mener une réflexion autour des trois approches classiques à partir desquelles est pensé le phénomène technique, c'est-à-dire 1) le déterminisme technique, 2) le déterminisme social et plus récemment 3) la coévolution, pour réfléchir un domaine spécifique des innovations technologiques, soit celui des technologies convergentes. Nous essayons de savoir de quelle manière et dans quelle mesure l'intégration des acquis théoriques des trois approches classiques permet-elle de comprendre le processus d'innovation des technologies convergentes et d'appréhender leurs enjeux et leurs implications. Notre regard se dirige vers les acteurs principaux de production et de diffusion de la connaissance, c'est-à-dire les scientifiques et les professionnels de la recherche. Nos objectifs sont d'examiner les activités de fabrication, de manipulation des nouvelles connaissances et de saisir les articulations entre les différentes sphères (acteurs), à savoir scientifiques, politiques, économiques et sociales qui participent au processus d'invention et d'innovation. Également, nous cherchons à identifier les mécanismes de coordination/domination et la nature des interactions entre ces différentes dimensions (pouvoir, conflit, intérêt, conflit d'intérêt, décision, etc.). Ensuite, nous visons à mieux comprendre le rôle des scientifiques et l'organisation de leur travail à l'intérieur de cette dynamique générale. Enfin, nous souhaitons appréhender les implications dans la société, notamment en milieu du travail. Le domaine couvert par notre recherche doctorale est celui des technologies convergentes. Il s'agit de la fusion, peu fortuite, des quatre domaines scientifiques et techniques qui sont les nano, les bio, les TIC et les sciences cognitives (Roca et Bainbridge, 2002). Pour y parvenir, la méthodologie adoptée est qualitative. Concrètement, nous avons procédé par triangulation des sources et des méthodes. Premièrement, une analyse de contenu de la documentation officielle de référence : La National Science Foundation (Roco et Bainbridge, 2002), le Conseil National de Recherches Canada (Bouchard, 2003) et la Commission Européenne (Nordmann, 2004). Deuxièmement, une méta-analyse de 33 articles scientifiques révisés par des pairs, classés dans les bases de données et sélectionnés à partir des termes « converging technology », ou « converging technologies » ou « technologies convergentes ». Troisièmement, des entrevues semi-dirigées avec des chercheurs, des scientifiques et décideurs politiques et des éthiciens concernés par l'intégration des quatre domaines. Notre échantillon réunit des professeurs universitaires, des directeurs de programmes, des titulaires de chaires de recherche, des responsables de groupes de recherche, des professionnels de la recherche, des techniciens de laboratoire et des gestionnaires des fonds subventionnaires au Québec. Nous avons réalisé 29 entrevues en Europe (Belgique et France) et au Québec. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Technologies convergentes, NBIC, analyse sociotechnique, déterminisme technique, déterminisme social, constructivisme social, coévolution, sociologies des sciences et des techniques.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizRAS_TESE.pdf: 1325717 bytes, checksum: 2f8c5c06b3469d3f4c644f8e13bf4fbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-17 / This work starts from the principle that the word humanism has been currently used to advocate certain behaviors or ways of acting which had been constituted for more than 2500 years, mainly in what refers to the most basic human values, which are clearly validated without any questioning. Humanism has been seen continually as a stone of civility touch. Thus, in 1999, the philosopher Peter Sloterdijk presented a conference in Baviera entitled Rules for the Human Zoo, whose subtitle was clear that it dealt with an answer to Martin Heidegger s text Letter on Humanism, basically showing that civility is necessarily bound to human domestication. So, the present work is split in three chapters. The first one aims to set the cultural and metaphysical bases of humanism. The second one will adopt an approach about what we will call epistolary humanism and its corollaries. Besides, in the third chapter, we will compose theoretical statements to the Heideggerian criticism against humanism and the post humanist contemporary proposition, as well as about the anthropotechnics. We can state that these two elements are considered as anthropological fundamentals of humanism and post humanism, and by understanding their mentioned historical relationship from their biological and ontological assumptions. Therefore, this work, which has been presented here, when it tries to map humanism under the theoretical influence of Sloterdijk, it distinguishes itself precisely by realizing the coherence with which he aims at diagnosing the directions of the contemporary humanism / O labor aqui apresentado parte do princ?pio de que o termo humanismo ? usado hodiernamente para salvaguardar certos comportamentos ou formas de agir constitu?das h? mais de 2500 anos, sobretudo no que tange aos valores humanos mais b?sicos, os quais s?o axiomaticamente validados, sem quaisquer contesta??es. O humanismo ? visto continuamente como pedra de toque da civilidade. Destarte, em 1999, o fil?sofo Peter Sloterdijk apresentou uma confer?ncia na Baviera, intitulada Regras para o Parque Humano, cujo subt?tulo deixava claro que se tratava de uma resposta ao texto de Martin Heidegger, Carta sobre o Humanismo, basicamente mostrando que a civilidade est? estritamente vinculada ? domestica??o humana. Nestes termos, o presente trabalho ? dividido em tr?s cap?tulos. No primeiro, pretende estabelecer os fundamentos culturais e metaf?sicos do humanismo. No segundo cap?tulo, far? uma abordagem sobre aquilo que chamaremos de humanismo epistolar e seus corol?rios. Por fim, no terceiro cap?tulo, teceremos asser??es te?ricas ? cr?tica heideggeriana ao humanismo e ? proposta p?s-humanista contempor?nea; assim como a respeito da rela??o entre converg?ncia midi?tica e antropot?cnicas, esses dois elementos tomados como fundamentos antropol?gicos do humanismo e do p?s-humanismo e entendendo a citada rela??o historicamente, a partir de seus pressupostos biol?gicos e ontol?gicos. Portanto, o trabalho aqui apresentado, ao tentar mapear o humanismo sob a influ?ncia te?rica de Sloterdijk, distingue-se precisamente por conseguir perceber a coer?ncia com que ele pretende diagnosticar os rumos do humanismo contempor?neo

L’objectif de cette étude est de contraindre les déformations au cours du Pléistocène d'une marge active à partir de l’analyse sismo-stratigraphique des sédiments conservés sur la plate-forme et la pente supérieure, le long de la marge centrale d’Equateur. A partir les données de sismique haute résolution et de carottage collectées pendant l'expédition Atacames (2012), plusieurs bassins ont été identifiés. La répartition latérale et de la succession des séquences T-R dans ces bassins montrent une distribution complexe des sédiments dans le temps et l'espace. Ce travail montre que, le long des marges actives, l’analyse sismo-stratigraphique de l’enregistrement des séquences liées aux cycles eustatiques du Pléistocène est un outil très puissant. A l'échelle locale, la subduction de seamounts perturbe et renforce l'effet de déformation régionale de la ride de Carnegie. / The aim of this study is to constrain recent deformation and stratigraphic evolution of an active margin, using sismo-stratigraphic analysis of Pleistocene sediment preserved on the margin shelf and upper slope along of the Central Ecuadorian margin. From the extensive geophysical and sedimentological investigations carried out during the ATACAMES expedition (2012), we are identified serveral basins in the Ecuadorian margin. A detailed analysis of the thickness, the lateral distribution and stacking patterns in these basins show a complex distribution of sediments in time and space. The seismic-sequence stratigraphy analysis related to eustatic cycles of the Pleistocene shows a regional regional unconformity at the base (1782-Ka as minimum age), which can correspond to the signature of the beginning of the Carnegie ridge collision.

A ecomorfologia apresenta diferentes ramos, sendo a ecomorfologia comparada o ramo proposto neste trabalho, qual segue a análise das estruturas convergentes dos representantes das famílias africana Pantodontidae e neotropical Gasteropelecidae. Para tal, são analisadas e discutidas as pressões seletivas exercidas pelos ambientes muito similares encontrados nos pequenos córregos e igarapés localizados no interior da Floresta do Congo e Floresta Amazônica, onde vivem respectivamente as espécies africanas e neotropicais. Assim, foi possível identificar uma forte convergência adaptativa na musculatura das nadadeiras peitorais, uma vez que são adaptações aos saltos de longo alcance para fora dágua, característicos de todas as espécies analisadas, tratadas em conjunto por peixes-borboleta de água doce (Weist, 1995; Saidel et al., 2003). / The ecomorphology studies present different fields. The Comparative Ecomorphology, the field suggested at this work, follows the analyses of convergent structures found among Pantodontidae african families and Gasteropelecidae neotropical families. Due to that, we evaluated the selective pressures from similar aquatic environments, such as streams and small rivers. The analyses of african and neotropical species were done in relation to the Congo and Amazon Forest areas, respectively. In this context, we identified strong adaptive convergence in the musculature associated to the pectoral fins. These adaptations are related, in both studied cases, to the ability to jump long distandes out of the water (Weist, 1995; Saidel et al., 2003).

Nesta tese, introduzimos o conceito de sequência convergente de permutações e provamos a existência de um objeto limite para tais sequências. Introduzimos ainda um novo modelo de permutação aleatória baseado em tais objetos e introduzimos um conceito novo de distância entre permutações. Provamos então que sequências de permutações aleatórias são convergentes e provamos a equivalência entre esta noção de convergência e convergência nesta nova distância. Obtemos ainda resultados de amostragem e quase-aleatoriedade para permutações. Provamos também uma caracterização para parâmetros testáveis de permutações. / We introduce the concept of convergent sequence of permutations and we prove the existence of a limit object for these sequences. We also introduce a new and more general model of random permutation based on these limit objects and we introduce a new metric for permutations. We also prove that sequences of random permutations are convergent and we prove the equivalence between this notion of convergence and convergence in this new metric. We also show some applications for samplig and quasirandomness. We also prove a characterization for testable parameters of permutations.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Maurício Firmino Silva Lima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional, 2016. / Esta dissertação apresenta as Frações Contínuas como facilitador para a compreensão do conjunto dos números racionais e o conjunto dos números irracionais. Busco retomar aspectos históricos sobre os segmentos comensuráveis e incomensuráveis, utilizando os convergentes das frações contínuas finitas e infinitas para compreensão da importância de uma boa aproximação. Assim, apresento como sugestão que esse tema seja incluído na Educação Básica, não como um tema curricular, mas como uma rica ferramenta para aplicação em diversos conteúdos já previstos nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental e no Ensino Médio. / This dissertation presents the continued fractions as a facilitator to understanding the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational numbers. I have been looking for ways to resume historical aspects of the commensurable and incommensurable segments, using the convergent finite continued fractions and infinite to understanding the importance of a good approach. So, I offer a suggestion that this issue be included in basic education, not as a curriculum subject, but as a rich tool for application on content already provided for in the final years of elementary school and in high school.

Due to the system does not recognize equations and formulas the resumo and abstract can be found in the PDF file. / Devido ao sistema não reconhecer equações e fórmulas o resumo e abstract encontra-se no arquivo em PDF.

Nesta tese, introduzimos o conceito de sequência convergente de permutações e provamos a existência de um objeto limite para tais sequências. Introduzimos ainda um novo modelo de permutação aleatória baseado em tais objetos e introduzimos um conceito novo de distância entre permutações. Provamos então que sequências de permutações aleatórias são convergentes e provamos a equivalência entre esta noção de convergência e convergência nesta nova distância. Obtemos ainda resultados de amostragem e quase-aleatoriedade para permutações. Provamos também uma caracterização para parâmetros testáveis de permutações. / We introduce the concept of convergent sequence of permutations and we prove the existence of a limit object for these sequences. We also introduce a new and more general model of random permutation based on these limit objects and we introduce a new metric for permutations. We also prove that sequences of random permutations are convergent and we prove the equivalence between this notion of convergence and convergence in this new metric. We also show some applications for samplig and quasirandomness. We also prove a characterization for testable parameters of permutations.

Nous sommes toujours aux prises avec la pandémie de SARS-CoV-2 plus de deux ans après son début. Le virus a depuis accumulé de nombreuses mutations qui ont mené à différentes souches virales au long de la pandémie. Plusieurs de ces mutations sont récurrentes: il y a un excès de mutations C > U dans les génomes viraux, certains codons sont fréquemment mutés vers différents acides aminés et certaines mutations sont convergentes, c’est-à-dire que la même substitution est apparue de manière indépendante sur différentes lignées. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons identifiés différentes manières par lesquelles le SARS-CoV-2 évolue à travers l’étude de ces mutations récurrentes et évaluons leur impact sur l’évasion immunitaire. Premièrement, nous avons déterminés que les mutations C > U sont responsable de l’introduction et du retrait préférentiel d’acides aminés spécifiques dans les épitopes viraux. Nous avons déterminé la significativité statistique de ces patrons de mutation à l’aide de simulations génomiques virales. Deuxièmement, nous avons participé à la surveillance des variants au Québec durant la deuxième vague de la pandémie, qui s’est déroulée d’août 2020 à mars 2021. C’était une période intéressante pour la diversité virale, puisque les restrictions de déplacement ont créé de multiples poches de variants locaux en compétition les uns avec les autres qui partagent des mutations convergentes. Notamment, nous reportons que les lignées B.1.160 et B.1.1.176 comptaient pour 50% des échantillons séquencés au sommet de la deuxième vague dans la province. Finalement, nous avons analysé les patrons mutationnels intra-hôte qui sont apparus de novo dans le contexte d’infections au SARS-CoV-2 de longue durée chez des patients atteints de cancers hématologiques. Une de ces patientes est une patiente québécoise infectée par B.1.160 et dans laquelle nous avons identifié la présence d’un réservoir viral. Nous avons également trouvé des éléments probants montrant différentes quasiespèces virales avec des propriétés d’évasion immunitaire. Nos résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les différentes manières dont les pressions sélectives façonnent l’évolution virale. / We are still living in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic over two years after its start. The virus has since accumulated many mutations that have led to different viral strains throughout the pandemic. Several of these mutations are recurrent: there is an excess of C > U substitutions in viral genomes, some codons are frequently mutated to different amino acids, and some mutations are convergent, meaning that the same substitution has occurred independently on different lineages. In this thesis, we identified different ways in which SARS-CoV-2 evolves through these recurrent mutations and assess their impact on immune escape. First, we determined that C > U mutations drive the preferential introduction and removal of specific amino acids in viral epitopes. Using genetic simulations, we determined the statistical significance of these patterns. Second, we participated in the surveillance of variants in Quebec during the second wave of the pandemic that went from the end of August 2020 to the end of March 2021. This was an interesting period of viral diversity owing to imposed travel restrictions that created competition between multiple pockets of local strains that share convergent mutations. Notably, we found that lineages B.1.160 and B.1.1.176 account for 50% of samples sequenced at the height of the second wave in the province. Finally, we analyzed intra-host mutational patterns that arose de novo in the context of long-term infections of patients with hematological cancers, one of which was from Québec and infected by B.1.160. We have identified a pattern consistent with the presence of a viral reservoir in this patient. We have also found evidence of different viral quasispecies with immune escape properties. These results shed light on different ways in which selective pressures shape the evolution of SARS-CoV-2.

O segmento das comunicações, já há alguns anos, vem passando por significativas transformações exigindo a interação entre ambientes tecnológicos convergentes heterogêneos, com qualidade na continuidade de serviços, para se manter competitivo, pois é este mercado que exige, constantemente, que mais recursos tecnológicos lhe sejam colocados à disposição. O ineditismo da proposta desenvolvida neste trabalho é a elaboração de um modelo para assegurar a continuidade da qualidade de serviço percebida pelo usuário final através de handover (ou handoff) vertical, o que caracteriza-se como uma necessidade de solução global, isto é, o modelo é genérico e independente da tecnologia, o que permite sua adoção em qualquer ambiente de rede existente aproveitando a capilaridade já disponível das redes legadas. É analisada também a situação na qual um usuário final esteja acessando simultaneamente serviços gerenciados por Provedores de Serviço distintos, o que conduz a duas situações possíveis: a) o usuário está acessando serviços distintos contratados a Provedores de Serviço diferentes; b) o usuário está acessando o mesmo serviço contratado a Provedores de Serviço distintos. Nesta última situação pode surgir a necessidade de disparar um processo de handover exigindo a decisão de qual dos Provedores o executará, de acordo com o SPHDA Service Providers Handover Decision Agreement. A metodologia adotada para o desenvolvido do modelo foi a RM-ODP - Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing, por abranger todos os aspectos técnicos e comerciais necessários à sua construção. / The sector of communications, for some years, has undergone significant changes requiring interaction between converging heterogeneous technology environments, with quality and continuity of services to stay competitive, because this market is that requires constantly more technological resources available. The novelty of the proposal developed in this work is the development of a model to ensure the continued quality of service perceived by end users via vertical handover (or handoff), which characterizes itself as a need for a global solution, i.e., the model is generic and technology independent, allowing its adoption in any network environment taking advantage of the capillary already available from legacy networks. It is also analyzed the situation in which an end user is simultaneously accessing services managed by different Service Providers, which leads to two possible situations: a) the user is accessing different services contracted to different Service Providers; b) the user is accessing the same service contracted to different Service Providers. In this last situation may be necessary to trigger a handover process requiring the decision of which the Providers shall execute it in accordance with the SPHDA - Service Providers Handover Decision Agreement. The methodology adopted for the model development was the RM-ODP - Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing, as it includes all technical and commercial aspects necessary for its construction.