Digitaliseringen möjliggör för ny digital teknik, vilket har en central roll i dagens verksamheter. Den digitala tekniken inom skolans värld möjliggör för både ökat lärande samt nya typer av undervisning. Lärare arbetar idag i en digital arbetsmiljö där skolan har behövt anpassa sig efter den digitala tekniken. Den digitala arbetsmiljön innebär nya arbetssätt, ökade kommunikationsmöjligheter samt en förändrad infrastruktur. Införandet av ny digital teknik inom skolans värld innebär utmaningar för lärare. Förutsättningarna för arbetet förändras och forskning visar att det är svårt för lärare att följa med i utvecklingen. När individer inte kan anpassa sig till ny digital teknik och förändringarna vilka tekniken medför, upplevs teknikstress. Teknikstress upplevs i form av överbelastning, invasion, otrygghet och osäkerhet. Teknikstress blir allt vanligare och det finns idag begränsade insikter i vad som lindrar lärares teknikstress. Studien syftar att undersöka hur verksamheter förebygger upplevd teknikstress i den digitala arbetsmiljön som kan uppstå vid den digitala transformationen.  Med hjälp av en systematisk litteratursökning har en djupare förståelse erhållits för ämnet, därefter följde en tematisk analys vilket gjorde att vi kunde identifiera, analysera samt upptäcka återkommande mönster av hur teknikstress hanteras i lärares digitala arbetsmiljö. Följaktligen identifierades även hur lärare upplever teknikstress för att beskriva vilka upplevelser hanteringsstrategierna baseras på. De teman som identifierades är: sätta gränser, kollegialt stöd, verksamhetsstöd, digital kompetensutveckling och individuell hantering. Dessa fem teman skapar en förståelse över hur teknikstress kan hanteras i lärares digitala arbetsmiljö. Studien pekar på att lärares upplevelser gällande teknikstress skiljer sig från varandra därmed är behovet av hanteringsstrategier också olika. Studien pekar på att det inte finns någon enskild lösning för att förebygga och hantera teknikstress utan att både individ och verksamhet behöver engagera sig. / Digitization enables new digital technology, which has a central role in today's operations. Digital technology within the school environment enables both increased learning and new types of teaching. Teachers today work in a digital workplace where the school has had to adapt to digital technology. The digital workplace means new ways of working, increased communication opportunities and a changed infrastructure. The introduction of new digital technology in the school environment poses challenges for teachers. The conditions for work are changing and research shows that it is difficult for teachers to keep up with developments. When individuals are unable to adapt to new digital technology and the changes that technology entails, technostress is experienced. Technostress is experienced in the form of overload, invasion, insecurity and uncertainty. Technostress is becoming more common and today there are limited insights into what relieves teachers' technostress. The study aims to investigate how organizations prevent perceived technostress in the digital workplace that may arise during the digital transformation.  With the help of a systematic literature search, a deeper understanding of the subject was obtained, followed by a thematic analysis which allowed us to identify, analyze and discover recurring patterns of how technostress is handled in teachers' digital workplace. Consequently, it was also identified how teachers experience technostress to describe which experiences the coping strategies are based on. The themes identified are: setting boundaries, peer support, operational support, developing digital skills and individual coping strategies. These five themes create an understanding of how technostress can be managed in teachers' digital workplace. The study indicates that teachers' experiences regarding technostress differ from each other, thus the need for coping strategies is also different. The study indicates that there is no single solution for preventing and managing technostress, both the individual and the organization needs to get involved.

The phenomenal feminisation of the South African labour force since the first democratic elections in 1994 is a result of the new democratic government’s efforts to transform South African society into a just, non-discriminatory and non-sexist society. This has, however, heightened several serious psychosocial problems facing working women, especially single working mothers, as they struggle to balance work and home responsibilities. The study was undertaken, firstly, to develop a valid and reliable measuring instrument to survey the problems and pressures experienced by single mothers in management and professional occupations in South Africa and, secondly, to obtain data on single working mothers’ perceptions about the resources they believe would assist them to mitigate the negative effects of the work-home conflict. To achieve these objectives, an exploratory, sequential, mixed method design was employed within a feminist perspective: First, based on the information obtained from theoretical and empirical data about the problems and perceived support of working mothers, semistructured interviews were held with 17 women in management and professional occupations (ten women in dual-career families and seven single working mothers). Then, on the basis of the interviews, a questionnaire was developed that was piloted among 30 experts and developed according to Lawshe’s principles. This questionnaire was called the Work-Family Pressure and Support Questionnaire (W-FPSQ). It was used in conjunction with the Overall Stress Index (OSI) and the Coping Behaviour Index (CBI) to determine the relationship and effect of supportive resources and coping behaviour on the work-family pressure and stress experienced by a purposive convenience sample of 104 single and 101 dual-career mothers (n=205). For the purposes of this study, descriptive, comparative, associational and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, using SPSS for Windows, Release 17. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), with varimax rotation, was employed to explore the internal structure and validity of the W-FPSQ, the OSI, and the CBI. The reliability of the questionnaires was determined by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for each scale of the measures. The results indicated that the three questionnaires were sufficiently reliable and valid to capture the present sample of working mothers’ experience of work-family pressures and stress and to discover the resources they perceived as supporting them in coping with work and family demands. The comparison of the 104 single working mothers with the 101 married working mothers showed that the single mothers’ mean rank scores were significantly lower than those of their married counterparts on the five support scales and on the coping behaviour scale, and significantly higher on the workfamily pressure and stress scales. The computed logistic regression model indicated that management support, organisational flexibility, time for family interaction, work-family pressure and stress were a set of variables that distinguished reliably between the single and married mothers in the sample. The study has clearly confirmed Gill and Davidson’s (2001:397) proposition that single working mothers are a ‘distinct group facing unique problems and pressures, and deserve to be recognized as such’. The problems they face as captured in this study demand a multi-pronged approach requiring organisations to provide management support, opportunities for personal growth and career development, work flexibility, time for family interaction and childcare facilities. These resources and a work-family-friendly environment will improve their work attitudes, job performance and well-being. Considering the proportion of single mothers in the society and the impact of their status on their children’s development, the issue of single working mothers and their needs deserves urgent attention. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Empatitrötthet (ET) är ett tillstånd som uppkommer till följd av sjuksköterskors vårdande profession. Sjuksköterskor använder sig själva som emotionella instrument för att ge professionell omvårdnad. Tillståndet är en kumulativ process med fysiska, känslomässiga, sociala, andliga och intellektuella symptom. ET består av komponenterna utbrändhet, sekundär traumatisk stress (STS) och empatinöjdhet (EN), där EN är en motverkande komponent mot ET. Sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvården är utsatta för ET på grund av verksamhetens struktur och arbetssätt, men meningsfullhet, begriplighet och hanterbarhet är resurser för att motverka ET. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa faktorer som påverkar ET hos sjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvård. Metod: Integrativ litteraturöversikt genomfördes med kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar från fyra omvårdnadsinriktade databaser. Efter kvalitetsgranskning återstod 14 artiklar, vilka analyserades med integrativ metod. Resultat: Litteraturöversikten resulterade i faktorer som påverkade sjuksköterskors nivå av ET. Faktorerna befinner sig på socio-ekologisk personell, interpersonell och organisatorisk nivå och påverkar i vilken mån sjuksköterskorna har möjlighet att styra över faktorerna. Slutsats: Såväl patienter, sjuksköterskor som organisationen blir lidande då ET förekommer. Sjuksköterskor kan själva styra över en del av faktorerna som påverkar ET, exempelvis egenvård och fritidsaktiviteter, men största möjligheten och ansvaret hamnar på organisationen. / Title: Why care? Compassion fatigue in emergency care – an integrative literature review. Background: Compassion fatigue is a condition that arises as a result of the nurse's nursing profession. The nurses use themselves as emotional instruments to provide professional care. The condition is a cumulative process with physical, emotional, social, spiritual and intellectual symptoms. Compassion fatigue consists of the components burnout, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction, where compassion satisfaction is a counteracting component to compassion fatigue. Nurses in emergency care are exposed to the condition due to the structure and working methods of the organisation, but meaning, comprehensibility and manageability are resources for resiliency. Aim: The aim was to highlight factors that affect compassion fatigue in nurses in emergency care. Method: Integrative literature review was conducted with qualitative and quantitative articles from four nursing-oriented databases. After quality review 14 articles remained and were analyzed using an integrative method. Result: The literature review resulted in factors that affect nurses' levels of compassion fatigue. The factors are at different socio-ecological levels as personal, interpersonal and organizational and affect how much the nurses may be able to intervene with the factors. Conclusion: Patients, nurses and organizations are affected when compassion fatigue arises. Nurses can control some of the factors that affect compassion fatigue, for example leisure time activities and self-care, but the greatest opportunity and responsibility falls on the organization.

Michael Lipsky states through his theory of street-level bureaucracy that teachers, among other street-level occupations, often work under a heavy workload due to parameters built into their occupations characteristics and limited resources. Lipsky says that street-level bureaucrats therefor under the influence of their works natural discretion tend to use client-processing strategies to lighten the pressure to make their work situation bearable. Teachers in Sweden is an occupational group that has an important societal function in educating children, teenagers and young adults for their future social lives. At the same time as they work under a heavy workload. This essay aims to see if teachers in Sweden uses the three client-processing strategies tension between capability and objectives, private goal definition and defense against discretion to modify their work and students, to make their work situation more bearable. This is tested quantitively through Pearsons chi2 test of independence and regression analysis. The conclusion is that even though a tendency towards the use of client-processing strategies can be seen in the results, one cannot conclude that this is actually the case and that further studies has to be done to be able to give a more accurate response to the question.

Internationella studier har visat att poliser drivs av såväl inre som yttre motivation och att de vidtar varierande copingstrategier för att hantera yrkets baksidor. Syftet med undersökningen var att utforska vad som påverkar arbetsmotivationen för svenska poliser i yttre tjänst samt vilka copingstrategier de använder sig av för att hantera yrkets psykologiska påfrestningar. Kvalitativa djupintervjuer genomfördes med 10 poliser i yttre tjänst. En tematisk analysmetod resulterade i sex teman under samtliga frågeställningar. Resultatet visade att polisers motivation är beroende av faktorer från individ till samhälle. Faktumet att polisyrket i hög grad tillfredsställer psykologiska behov tycktes delvis kompensera för yrkets psykologiska påfrestningar. Copingstrategier förekom i form av individuell mental självhjälp såväl som att söka hjälp utifrån. Organisatoriska faktorer och pågående attityd- och normförskjutningar i samhället visade sig ha en kraftig påverkan på polisernas motivation. Studien synliggjorde hur dessa pågående processer färgar polisers vardagliga arbete, vilket utgjorde studiens främsta bidrag.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The ubiquitous urban informality that characterises the cityscape of most sub-Saharan cities, has been impacted by states’ rationalised urban planning interventions to make urban spaces, and the activities of citizens more legible and governable. This study aimed at understanding the effects of urban planning and the regulatory environment on the business operations of the home-based entrepreneurial households and the strategies employed by these households to ensure their livelihood survival. The study used Katanga slum in Kampala, Uganda as a case study. The study approaches urban planning as a dialectical process, and therefore critically discusses the production and use of space (through urban planning) at different spatial scales of the city, slum and household, while highlighting the challenges experienced by the households and how they cope with these challenges. To facilitate the understanding of these issues, the study employed an integrated theoretical framework that comprised of Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space, Scott’s concept of state legibility, Jalan & Ravallion’s concept of urban spatial poverty traps, and Clark’s border theory.

Diploma thesis " Confrontation of worker and evil in selected areas of social work " deals with the issue of evil in the context of social work. The theme is unlocked through philosophical discourse. There are various theories presented based on the dimensions of evil, already include holistic concepts of man (biological, psychological, spiritual and social unity of human existence). In describing the focus of evil in the context of each part of the model is to use some of the favorable scientific disciplines. Followed by a description of the theory of evil in the context of social work and shows the characteristics of the areas in which the research was conducted, ie prisons, probation and mediation, homelessness, drug scene. Research spacecraft mapping the perception of evil workers and productive strategies related to its mastery. The knowledge has been presented and interpreted in the context of defined research problems. The last section summarizes the theory of evil and shows the key findings important for understanding the concept of evil and effective strategy for coping with this phenomenon. This text can serve not only social workers but also people with different sectoral specializations in the helping professions who are exposed to evil.

Thesis (M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The purpose of this study was to explore strategies used by schools to cope with indiscipline in rural secondary schools in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Indiscipline in secondary schools of Limpopo Province in Sekhukhune District has become an evil and dangerous influence that spreads and affects learners’ behaviour and their moral upbringing. The Department of Basic Education brought alternatives to indiscipline but these measures seem not to be working as learners continue to challenge teachers. Since corporal punishment was abolished in 1994, schools are expected to come up with strategies to deal with indiscipline. The high prevalence of indiscipline in schools in Limpopo Province has propelled the researcher to explore strategies used in South African rural schools in Sekhukhune District of Limpopo Province to cope with indiscipline as it affects teaching and learning. The research question was: What are strategies used by schools in Moutse Cluster to cope with indiscipline? The sub questions were: What does the policy say about addressing indiscipline? What forms of indiscipline prevail in schools? What strategies do schools use to cope with indiscipline? The study will be beneficial to policy makers, curriculum implementers, curriculum developers and advisors, the Department of Education and schools. The study was conducted in Limpopo Province, in Moteti area and Elandsrooring at Groblersdal. It was limited to senior phase teachers, teachers in disciplinary committees and class teachers. The study used qualitative research since the title sets out to develop understanding of individuals and events in their natural setting. The study used semi-structured interviews as a method of data collection. It also used purposive sampling, hence the research question sought responses from teachers and learners who had more knowledge and experience in indiscipline. The study found that there exist strategies used by schools in order to cope with indiscipline although the phenomenon is out of control. There are internal strategies such v as detention and the use of period registers that are applied in order to cope with indiscipline. There are strategies beyond the school which can be applied such as the police and involving parents. This study also made additional findings with regard to forms of indiscipline experienced by schools under this study, the effects of indiscipline on teaching and learning and how education policies influence the behaviour of learners. Key concepts: Indiscipline, disruptive behaviour, learners, coping strategies, teachers, secondary schools.

Climate change is happening. Yet this phenomenon does not only concern the environment, but also has various notable and important psychological implications for individuals in particular and society in general. Understanding such psychological impacts is crucial for an effective process of mitigation of climate change consequences, however there is limited research about vicarious emotional responses to the threat of climate change. On the other hand, engaging with sustainable development and climate change education is sensibly being widely accepted and embraced as a crucial step towards solving anthropo-generated environmental issues and learning to live within planetary boundaries. Hence, I focused on investigating the most common emotional reactions to climate change and relevant preferred coping strategies among graduate students of sustainability-related programmes to provide some more profound insights in emotional resilience and psychological well-being of the students. In order to do so, I provide an overview of relevant notions of emotion and coping as well as Smith and Lazarus’ structural model of appraisal. Then, I show how I used constructivist grounded theory. Through the process of meticulous coding and development of categories, I identified and constructed a visual representation of students’ emotional reactions to climate change and associated coping strategies. Throughout their education students experienced a variety of emotions, most prominent of which were worry, guilt, anger, frustration, powerlessness, confusion, and hope; yet typical solitary patterns of experiencing distinct emotions were absent and different students experienced different emotions. Moreover, students did not necessarily experience just one exclusive emotion, but a combination or alternation of several emotions. Students utilised a range of emotion-, problem-, and meaning-focused coping strategies, which are described in detail. The most effective coping strategies for students were further active engagement and contribution, decomposing climate change and addressing smaller challenges, turning negative emotions into one’s advantage (positive reappraisal/reframing) and acceptance as they provided relief of negative emotions and elicitation of positive ones. Furthermore, even though several negative emotions and avoidance strategies might have disadvantageous effects on the overall subjective well-being of the students as well as their motivation to be engaged in climate change mitigation, the same emotions can be beneficial in this regard too. This thesis is of special interests for teachers, educators, and researchers in the domain of sustainability education (education for sustainable development).

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende ses som ett växande problem i dagens samhälle och är vanligast förekommande bland kvinnor. Självskadebeteende ses även bland den manliga befolkningen men i mindre skala vilket tros bero på att de har andra sätt att hantera situationer, tankar och känslor på. Genom att ha ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt där sjuksköterskan utgår från varje enskild person kan det ge en ökad förståelse för patienten vilket i sin tur kan leda till ett ökat välbefinnande. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa personers erfarenheter av att leva med ett självskadebeteende. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultatet baserades på tio vetenskapliga artiklar där fyra teman framkom: utlösande faktorer, omgivningens syn på självskadebeteendet, ett sätt att hantera känslorna och vägen mot återhämtning. Konklusion: Det framkom att personer som skadade sig använde självskadebeteendet som ett sätt att hantera tankar och känslor på, som de annars inte visste hur de skulle få utlopp för. Att söka hjälp var ett orosmoment då det fanns en rädsla inför andra människors fördomar om självskadebeteende vilket gjorde att de valde att dölja självskadebeteendet från sin omgivning. För att kunna återhämta sig krävs ett gott stöd samt en förståelse för varför självskadebeteendet uppkommit och en ökad självacceptans. / Background: Self-injurious behaviour is seen as a growing problem in today’s society and is most common among women. Self-injurious behaviour is also seen among the male population but on a smaller scale which is believed to be due to the fact that they have other ways of dealing with situations, thoughts and feelings. By having a person-centered approach where the nursing is based on each person, it can provide an increased understanding of the patient, which in turn can lead to a higher level of well-being. Aim: The aim of the study was to illustrate people’s experiences of living with a self-injurious behaviour. Method: The study was conducted as a general litterature study with an inductive approach. Result: The result was based on ten scientific articles where four themes emerged: triggering factors, society’s view of self-injurious behaviour, a way of coping with the emotions and the road to recovery. Conclusion: It appeared that people who injures themselves use self-injurious behaviour as a way of dealing with thoughts and feelings that they otherwise, did not know how to handle. Seeking help was a concern as there is a fear of other people's prejudice about self-injurious behaviour, which made them choose to hide their self-injurious behaviour from their surroundings. To be able to recover, it is important to have a good support and an understanding of why self-injurious behaviour has emerged together with an increased self-acceptance.