Orientador: Fernando Antonio Cabral / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T10:41:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_RafaelladaFonseca_M.pdf: 8192637 bytes, checksum: c2b313105f25ac3c6eff14827391dd44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A cumarina é um princípio ativo volátil encontrado em diversas espécies de plantas tais como guaco, emburana, agrião, cumaru, canela, entre outras, e em frutas como morango, cereja e damasco. Possuí um odor forte e característico de baunilha. É utilizada como fixador de perfumes, aditivo em tintas e spray, aromatizantes de alimentos, produtos de limpeza, além de possuir propriedades antibióticas, bronco dilatadora, fungicida, anticoagulante, analgésica e também ser utilizada em tratamentos contra o câncer. Os processos mais comumente utilizados para obtenção de princípios ativos de plantas envolvem o uso de compostos orgânicos tóxicos como solvente de extração. Produtos farmacêuticos, alimentícios e cosméticos podem ser obtidos através do uso de um solvente na fase supercrítica com as vantagens de se utilizar solventes atóxicos e de se trabalhar a temperaturas relativamente baixas, sendo facilmente separado do produto final, devido a sua alta volatilidade, resultando em rendimento e seletividades superiores aos obtidos nos métodos convencionais de extração. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, estudar o comportamento da solubilidade da cumarina em CO2 supercrítico, em diversas condições experimentais, assim como avaliar os parâmetros de processo para extração de cumarina por meio de CO2 supercrítico a partir de sementes de emburana. Os dados de equilíbrio transcritos em termos de solubilidade foram correlacionados pela modelagem termodinâmica que emprega a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson. Neste caso testou-se duas regras de mistura distintas, a clássica de van der Waals, com parâmetros de interação dependentes da temperatura e a regra de mistura de Mohamed-Holder com parâmetro de interação dependente da densidade do solvente. O modelo termodinâmico com a regra de mistura de van der Waals mostrou boa capacidade de correlação e extrapolação dos dados experimentais de solubilidade. Os parâmetros de processo estudados foram temperatura, pressão, tipo e tamanho de partícula. Os resultados revelam efeitos significativos das condições termodinâmicas de temperatura e pressão sobre a extração e sua seletividade. Os baixos rendimentos conseguidos apontam a necessidade de adequação da técnica para a extração de cumarina a partir de sementes de emburana, como por exemplo, a utilização de co-solventes / Abstract: Coumarin is a volatile principle active found on several vegetable species like guaco, emburana, water-cress, ipeca, coumarou, carapiá, cinnamon, among others, and in fruits like strawberry, cherry and damask. It has a characteristic strong vanilla smell. It is used as a perfume fixer, paint and spray additive, food flavoring, cleaning products, and also possesses antibiotic, bronchial dilator, fungicide, anticoagulant, analgesic properties and can also be used on cancer treatments. The most usual procedures to obtain vegetable active principles involve the use of toxic organic substances as extraction solvents. Besides, conventional extraction technique requires the purification of the obtained substances, what is usually made through use of high temperatures that can damage the product. Pharmaceutical, alimentary and cosmetic products can be obtained through use of a solvent in its supercritical phase with the advantages of use a non-hazardous solvents and work procedures on relatively low temperatures since the final product can be easily dissociated due to its high volatility, resulting in improved selectivity and efficiency when compared to traditional extraction methods. The present work had as an objective to study the solubility behavior of coumarin in supercritical CO2 on several experimental conditions, as well as evaluate procedure parameters to the coumarin extraction from emburana seeds through use of supercritical CO2. The results were correlated using the Peng-Robinson state equation with interaction parameters based on solvent density (Mohamed-Holder) and the van der Waals classic mixture rule, with parameters based on temperature. The Peng-Robinson thermodynamical model with van der Waals presented a good correlation capability and solubility experimental data extrapolation. The process parameters studied were temperature, pressure, type and size of the particle. The results show significant effects on pressure and thermodynamical conditions over the extraction and its selectivity. The low efficiency rates obtained point to the necessity of technique adjustment for coumarin extraction from emburana seeds, like for example, the use of co-solvents / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho descreve a investigaÃÃo fitoquÃmica de Croton regelianus (Euphorbiaceae), visando o isolamento e caracterizaÃÃo estrutural de novos constituintes quÃmicos com potencial farmacolÃgico, bem como a investigaÃÃo da composiÃÃo quÃmica dos Ãleos essenciais e avaliaÃÃo de seu potencial biolÃgico. O estudo dos Ãleos essenciais das folhas de C. regelianus resultou na identificaÃÃo de 20 constituintes, correspondendo a mais de 98% da composiÃÃo de cada Ãleo, ambos constituÃdos exclusivamente por monoterpenos. O Ãleo essencial e o ascaridol, componente majoritÃrio, mostraram significante atividade frente Ãs larvas do Aedes aegypti e Artemia sp, e moderada atividade nematostÃtica contra ao fitonematÃide Meloidogyne incognita. Ambos, Ãleo essencial e ascaridol, tambÃm exibiram potente atividade anticancer. A investigaÃÃo quÃmica realizada com os extratos hexÃnico e etanÃlico das folhas e talos da referida espÃcie resultou no isolamento e caracterizaÃÃo de dez substÃncias. Do extrato hexÃnico das folhas foram isolados o triacontanol, fitol, -sitosterol, (3R, 4R, 6S)-3,6-dihidroxi-1-menteno, enquanto do extrato etanÃlico foi isolado o glicosÃdeo do -sitosterol. Do extrato hexÃnico dos talos isolou-se uma mistura dos esterÃides 6b-hidroxi-campest-4-en-3-ona e 6b-hidroxiestigmast-4-en-3-ona, alÃm de (4aS,8aS,)-4,4a,8a,9,10,10a-hexahidro-8a-hydroxi-1,1,4a,7-tetrametilfenantreno-2,6(1H,3H,)-diona. Do extrato etanÃlico obteve-se o sesquiterpeno 1a-hidroximetil-6b-hidroxi-4a-metil-7b-(1-metiletil)-4b,11b-epoxi-decahidroazuleno e a cumarina cleomiscosina A. A determinaÃÃo estrutural das substÃncias foi realizada atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas como: infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massa (EM e EM-IES) e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear de hidrogÃnio (RMN 1H) e carbono-13 (RMN 13C), incluindo tÃcnicas bidimensionais (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) e comparaÃÃo com dados descritos na literatura, enquanto a composiÃÃo quÃmica dos Ãleos essenciais estudados foi determinada por CG-EM e CG-DIC. O potencial citotÃxico das substancias isoladas foi avaliado frente Ãs linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais humanas: cÃlon (HCT8), mana (MDA-MB-435), leucemia (HL60) e cÃrebro (SF295), porÃm nÃo apresentaram atividade citotÃxica. / This work describes the phytochemical investigation of Croton regelianus (Euphorbiaceae), with the purpose to isolate and characterize new bioactive secondary metabolites, as well as, to investigate the chemical composition of the leaf essential oils and to evaluate its biological potential. The study of the leaf essential oils from samples collected at two different geographical sites resulted in the identification of 20 components. More than 98% of the chemical composition, exclusively monoterpenes, of each oil was determined. The essential oil and its major component, ascaridole, showed potent activity against the Aedes aegypti and Artemia sp larvae and moderate activity against the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Both, the essential oil and ascaridole also exhibited potent anticancer activity. The phytochemical investigation of hexane and ethanol extracts from leaves and branch of C. regelianus conducted to the isolation and characterization of ten substances. From the hexane extract of the leaves were isolated triacontanol, phytol, b-sitosterol and (3R, 4R, 6S)-3,6-dihydroxy-1-menthene, while from ethanol extract were isolated the b-sitosterol glycoside. From the hexane extract of branch were isolated the steroidal mixture 6b-hydroxy-campest-4-en-3-one and 6b-hydroxyestigmast-4-en-3-one, and the (4aS,8aS,)-4,4a,8a,9,10,10a-hexahydro-8a-hydroxy-1,1,4a,7-tetramethylphenanthrene-2,6(1H,3H,)-dione. From the ethanol extract was obtained the sesquiterpene 1a-hydroxymethyl-6b-hydroxy-4a-methyl-7b-(1-methylethyl)-4b,11b-epoxy-decahydroazulene and the coumarin cleomiscosine A. The structure of all compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, such as IR, LREIMS, HRESIMS, 1H and 13C NMR, and by comparison with published data for closely related compounds. Even though the cytotoxic properties of all compounds have been tested no one showed any activity.

Trois architectures de copolymères (dibloc, tribloc et hétérogreffé) amphiphiles photo-stimulables à base de polyoxazoline et de groupements photo-sensibles de type coumarine sont étudiées dans ce travail. Ces copolymères s’auto-assemblent en milieu aqueux sous forme de nanoparticules de morphologies sphériques, ovales mais également de nanofibres hélicoïdales de plusieurs micromètres de longueur. Selon les cas, les morphologies sont induites par de la cristallisation des motifs coumarine entre eux ou bien des interactions polyoxazoline-coumarine. Par ailleurs, la photo-réponse des nanoparticules a été examinée après irradiation UV des groupements coumarine, capables de dimériser de manière réversible selon la longueur d’onde utilisée. Elle diffère selon l’architecture du copolymère qui constitue les nanoparticules et donne lieu à des phénomènes de (pré-)photo-dimérisation ou photo-réticulation du cœur de celles-ci avec des réversibilités sous UV variables et un maximum d'efficacité dans le cas des copolymères triblocs. La stabilité de ces auto-assemblages a également été examinée avant et après exposition UV. Dans tous les cas, l’irradiation des nanoparticules améliore leur stabilité en température et dans le temps avec un effet maximal dans le cas de la pré-photodimérisation (tribloc). Enfin, la réticulation et la cristallisation se sont révélées être des freins au piégeage de molécules hydrophobes, illustrées ici avec le Nile Red, alors que les copolymères diblocs se sont révélés être les systèmes les plus efficaces. En somme, les nanoparticules de copolymères triblocs présentent le meilleur compromis entre stabilité, efficacité UV et piégeage. / Three photo-responsive amphiphilic copolymer architectures (diblock, triblock and heterografted) based on polyoxazoline and coumarin photo-sensitive units are studied in this work. These copolymers self-assemble in water into spherical or ovalic nanoparticles and also supramicrometer helicoidal nanofibers. Depending on the macromolecular architectures, these morphologies are induced by crystallization of coumarin units or polyoxazoline-coumarin interactions. Moreover, the nanoparticle photo-response is examinated after the UV-exposure of coumarin units, that are able to reversibly dimerize according to the wavelength used. This photo-response varies with the copolymer structure and leads to (previous) photo-dimerization or photo-crosslinking phenomena. These latters present various photo-reversibility behaviors under UV and a maximal efficiency for triblock copolymers. The nanoparticle stability was additionally studied before and after UV-irradiation. In both cases, the nanoparticle stability is improved towards time and temperature with a maximal impact for the previous photo-dimerization (triblock). Finally, the crosslinking and the crystallization appear as brakes for the hydrophobic molecule entrapment, illustrated here by Nile Red, whereas diblock copolymers seem to be the most efficient systems. To conclude, previously photo-dimerized nanoparticles (triblock) are the best way combining stability, UV-efficiency and entrapment.

Dans le cadre des travaux développés sur les coumarines et autres flavonoïdes au laboratoire (aurones inhibitrices de NFkB, polycycles chromaniques inhibiteurs de CDC25), le travail de la thèse a consisté à poursuivre dans ce domaine en construisant de nouvelles chalcones à partir de dérivés acétylés de coumarines par condensation avec des aldéhydes cinnamiques préparées suivant différentes méthodes. Les chalcones ainsi préparées ont été étudiées pour les effets antioxydants en utilisant la spectrophotométrie ainsi que pour l’inhibition des phosphatases CDC25 / As part of the work developed on coumarin and other flavonoids in our laboratory (aurones as potential NFK-B inhibitors, chromanic polycycles as CDC25 phosphatases inhibitors), the aim of this thesis was to pursue the research in this area by synthesizing new chalcones from acetylated coumarines derivatives by condensation with cynnamic aldehydes prepared by different methods. The prepared chalcones were studied for their antioxidant activity using spectrophotometry and for their inhibition of CDC25 phosphatases

abstract: Proteins are, arguably, the most complicated molecular machines found in nature. From the receptor proteins that decorate the exterior of cell membranes to enzymes that catalyze the slowest of chemical reactions, proteins perform a wide variety of essential biological functions. A reductionist view of proteins as a macromolecular group, however, may hold that they simply interact with other chemical species. Notably, proteins interact with other proteins, other biological macromolecules, small molecules, and ions. This in turn makes proteins uniquely qualified for use technological use as sensors of said chemical species (biosensors). Several methods have been developed to convert proteins into biosensors. Many of these techniques take advantage of fluorescence spectroscopy because it is a fast, non-invasive, non-destructive and highly sensitive method that also allows for spatiotemporal control. This, however, requires that first a fluorophore be added to a target protein. Several methods for achieving this have been developed from large, genetically encoded autofluorescent protein tags, to labeling with small molecule fluorophores using bioorthogonal chemical handles, to genetically encoded fluorescent non-canonical amino acids (fNCAA). In recent years, the fNCAA, L-(7-hydroxycoumarin-4yl)ethylglycine (7-HCAA) has been used in to develop several types of biosensors. The dissertation I present here specifically addresses the use of the fNCAA L-(7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)ethylglycine (7-HCAA) in protein-based biosensors. I demonstrate 7-HCAA’s ability to act as a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor with tryptophan as the FRET donor in a single protein containing multiple tryptophans. I the describe efforts to elucidate—through both spectroscopic and structural characterization—interactions within a 7-HCAA containing protein that governs 7-HCAA fluorescence. Finally, I present a top-down computational design strategy for incorporating 7-HCAA into proteins that takes advantage of previously described interactions. These reports show the applicability of 7-HCAA and the wider class of fNCAAs as a whole for their use of rationally designed biosensors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2020

The diagnosis of cancer in early stages is an unmet clinical need, especially in view that current treatments for cancer cannot address metastatic disease. Cancer aberration processes are associated to an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chemical probes that can specifically detect these species are potentially useful as medical diagnostics and research tools for cancer imaging. One of the aims of my thesis was the design and synthesis of the activatable fluorescent probes based on small molecule fluorophores modified with chemically reactive moieties. The activation of these moieties by defined targets (e.g. ROS) results in the activation of the fluorophore and subsequent emission of a fluorescent signal. Two libraries of fluorescence probes for the detection of ROS have been designed and synthesised: 1) hydrocyanine-based probes as silent fluorophores that can be activated with superoxide ions, 2) coumarin-based hydrogen peroxide probes with red-shifted fluorescent properties and different boronate activatable groups for hydrogen peroxide sensing. We have performed in vitro assays to evaluate the fluorescence response of our probes as well as experiments in relevant live cells to assess their application for detection of ROS in live cells with molecular resolution. Moreover, cancer cells also overexpress Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFR). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotags that can recognize specifically EGFR receptors in cells are promising tools for the enhanced diagnosis of cancer. Two near-infrared cyanine Raman reporters were synthesized with a carboxylic group that was conjugated to cysteamine for derivatization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This work was performed in the CSIR-NIIST (Kerala, India), where I did a 3-month PhD placement. I conjugated the cyanine reporters to spherical AuNPs of 40 nm diameter, and measured their Raman intensity and stability. The best SERS nanotags were selected for encapsulation with PEG and subsequently derivatization with anti-EGFR-EP22 antibodies. In vitro characterization of the SERS nanotags was performed: SERS and absorbance spectra, electron microscopy images as well as SERS imaging experiments in A549 lung cancer cells.

L’objectif de cette thèse, réalisée en collaboration avec la société Mérial, concerne la santé animale et s’oriente vers la synthèse de molécules actives à visée préventive ou thérapeutique. Deux sujets distincts sont abordés. Dans un premier temps, le but recherché est la synthèse d’une série de molécules présentant une activité anti-coccidienne pour le traitement préventif des poulets. Quarante-trois composés originaux, issus d’une synthèse courte à deux ou trois étapes, ont été préparés par hémi-synthèse de la monensine. Quinze molécules ont été testées in vitro et trois d’entre elles montrent une activité importante vis-à-vis du parasite Eimeria tenella. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la synthèse de nouveaux répulsifs pour un large panel d’insectes. Après avoir fait une étude bibliographique approfondie, nos recherches se sont concentrées sur la réactivité de la coumarine. Environ soixante-dix molécules ont été synthétisées par modifications fonctionnelles des 4-, 6- et 7- hydroxycoumarines et de la coumarine. La grande majorité a été testée en présence de drosophiles. Six molécules présentant une activité répulsive équivalente à celle du DEET, produit de référence, ont été identifiées / This thesis was completed in collaboration with the Animal Health Company Merial. The objective of the thesis is the synthesis of preventive and therapeutic bioactive molecules. Two separate subjects were treated. First, the aim was the synthesis of a series of molecules having an anticoccidial activity for the preventive treatment of chickens. Forty-three original compounds, issued from a short synthesis with two or three steps, were prepared from monensin by hemi-synthesis. Among them, fifteen were tested in vitro and three of them showed a significant activity against Eimeria tenella. Thereafter, we have worked on the synthesis of new repellents for a wide range of insects. After a comprehensive bibliographic study, our research was focused on the coumarin reactivity. More than seventy molecules were synthesized by structural modifications of 4-, 6- and 7-hydroxycoumarins and of coumarin. Almost all the compounds were tested in the presence of drosophila. Six molecules showing a repellent activity equivalent to DEET, used as a reference product, were identified

Les travaux menés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans une démarche ethno-pharmacologique visant à valoriser des plantes utilisées traditionnellement en médecine au Mozambique. Cette étude a comme but principal d’apporter des éléments chimio taxonomiques concernant des espèces végétales peu décrites et de préciser la composition métabolique de parties de plante utilisées en médecine traditionnelle, pour aboutir potentiellement à de nouvelles molécules utilisables en thérapeutique. Le travail est ainsi découpé en trois parties distinctes, chacune portant sur une plante différente.La Partie 1présente l’étude phyto-chimique des racines sèches de Ptaeroxylon obliquum Radlk (Rutaceae). L’étude phyto-chimique de l’extrait chloroformique des racines de P.obliquum a permis l’isolement de cinq composés appartenant à la famille des coumarines ou de chromones dont un totalement original : un meroterpène de type chromone, le Ptaerobliquol. Les structures de ces composés ont été élucidées par différentes techniques analytiques de pointes (RMN, Spectrométrie de masse) et diffraction des rayons X.La Partie 2 porte sur l’étude phyto-chimique des écorces de tubercules de Pyrenacantha kaurabassana (Icacinaceae). Cette plante n’a été que très peu étudiée d’un point de vue phytochimique. Un criblage des métabolites présents a été réalisé, montrant la présence prépondérente de composés de la famille des quinones et des flavonoïdes. Le fractionnement de l’extrait acétate d’éthyle des écorces de tubercule a abouti à l’isolement et l’identification de 4 métabolites, dont 2 totalement originaux, appartenant à la famille des xanthones.Enfin la Partie 3 porte sur l’étude phytochimique des tiges de Monadenium lugardiae ou Euphorbia lugardiae (Euphorbiaceae). Le fractionnement de l’extrait chloroformique des tiges a permis l’isolement et l’identification de deux métabolites jamais décrits dans cette plante, le jolkinolide B, l’Hélioscopinolide F, conjointement avec la scopoletine. / This PhD work is part of an ethno-pharmacological approach to enhance plant used in traditional medicine in Mozambique. The aim of this work is to elucidate major metabolites through a chemo-taxonomic approach and clarify the phytochemical composition of plant used in traditional medicine, leading potentially to new molecules of therapeutical interest.The work is thus cut into three parts, each focusing on a different plant.The Part 1describes the phytochemical study of dry roots of Ptaeroxylon obliquum Radlk (Rutaceae). The phytochemical study of the chloroform extract of the roots of P. obliquum resulting in the isolation of five compounds belonging to coumarin or chromone. A totally original meroterpenoid chromone was then isolated and elucidated: the Ptaerobliquol. Structures of these metabolites were elucidated by various analytical techniques (NMR, mass spectrometry) and X-ray diffraction.Part 2 focuses on the phyto-chemical study of bark tubers of Pyrenacantha kaurabassana (Icacinaceae). Few phytochemical data were available about this plant in the litterature. Screening of metabolites was so carried out, showing the preponderant presence of compounds belonging to the family of quinones and flavonoids. The study of the ethyl acetate extract of the bark of tuber resulted in the isolation and identification of four metabolites, including two totally original, belonging to the family of xanthones.Finally, Part 3 focuses on the phytochemical study of stems of Monadenium lugardiae or Euphorbia lugardiae (Euphorbiaceae). Fractionnation of the chloroform extract of the stemshas led to the isolation and identification of two metabolites never described in this plant, jolkinolide B, the Hélioscopinolide F, together with scopoletin.

Cumarinas são estruturas promissoras e diversas atividades biológicas têm sido atribuídas a esses metabólitos secundários vegetais. Estudos sugerem que o mecanismo antifúngico desses compostos esteja correlacionado com a atividade antioxidante. A reação da tirosinase, que produz radicais livres, está envolvida no processo de melanização do fungo Sporothrix schenckii, o causador de micose subcutânea de maior incidência no sul do Brasil. A inibição dessa enzima foi recentemente reportada para extrato de Pterocaulon (Asteraceae), planta rica em cumarinas e usada na medicina tradicional do Brasil para tratamento tópico de micoses e na medicina popular da Argentina como anticâncer. O objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar in vitro a atividade antifúngica, correlacionando-a com atividade antioxidante, de extratos de espécies de Pterocaulon e de 6,7-metilenodioxicumarinas isoladas e também de 4-metilcumarinas obtidas por síntese, bem como a investigação da atividade citotóxica de algumas destas moléculas. As 6,7-metilenodioxicumarinas foram isoladas de P. balansae e P. lorentzii, enquanto que as 4-metilcumarinas foram sintetizadas via Pechmann por micro-ondas. A atividade antifúngica contra Sporotrix schenckii foi realizada conforme manual do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. O estudo das propriedades eletroquímicas foi obtido por voltametria cíclica e a capacidade antioxidante pelo método espectofotométrico DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil) e pelo método fluorimétrico ACAP contra radicais peroxil. A análise dessa atividade mostrou que os extratos metanólicos de espécies de Pterocaulon (P. polystachyum, P. balansae, P. lorentzii, P. lanatum e P. cordobense) foram ativos frente às cepas do fungo S. schenckii, sendo o extrato de P. polystachyum o mais ativo, apresentando Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) compreendida entre 156 e 312 μg/mL. O fracionamento dos extratos lipofílicos de P. balansae e P. lorentzii levou ao isolamento de três metilenodioxicumarinas. Dados cristalográficos da 5-metóxi-6,7-metilenodioxicumarina, inéditos, foram depositados no Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre 779123. As cumarinas sintéticas foram obtidas em rendimentos satisfatórios (98-30%) e em reduzido tempo de reação (5-20 min). O screening destas cumarinas frente às cepas do fungo S. schenckii revelou que 5-carboxi-6,7-diidroxi-4-metilcumarina, com CIM de 66 μM e Concentração Fungicida Mínima de 246 μM, foi o composto mais ativo. Essa cumarina apresentou sinergismo com a Anfotericina B, sendo sua CIM reduzida para 15 μM. A atividade antifúngica desses compostos pode estar correlacionada com a atividade antioxidante. O composto 5-carboxi-6,7-diidroxi-4-metilcumarina foi o mais ativo mostrando elevada capacidade antioxidante frente aos radicais DPPH com valores de IC50 de 17,49 μM e elevada atividade frente ao radical peroxil. Além disso, apresentou um potencial de oxidação de 0,4 V sugerindo atividade antioxidante. Baseado nos ensaios antioxidante e antifúngico foi possível observar que a presença de grupamentos hidroxilas no C-7 e C-8 do anel cumarínico, assim como a adição de grupamento polar no C-5 favoreceu ambas as atividades antifúngica e antioxidante. Na segunda etapa desse trabalho foi avaliada a citotoxicidade das cumarinas isoladas e algumas cumarinas simples, disponíveis comercialmente, pelo método Metil Tiazol Tetrazólio (MTT) usando linhagens de glioma humano (U138-MG) e de ratos (C6). Foi observado que as 6,7-metilenodioxicumarinas causaram uma significativa redução na viabilidade celular, sugerindo uma influência positiva do grupamento metilenodioxi sobre essa atividade. O composto 5-metóxi-6,7-metilenodioxicumarina foi o mais promissor (IC50= 34,6 μM e IC50= 31,6 μM para C6 e U-138 MG, respectivamente). Como desfecho desse trabalho, pode-se concluir que as cumarinas apresentaram uma atividade inibitória frente ao crescimento celular de linhagens de glioma e um efeito fungicida sobre S. schenckii, resultados estes que corroboram com o uso popular dessas plantas. / Coumarins are promising structures and diverse biological activities have been attributed to these secondary plant metabolites. Studies suggest that the mechanism of antifungal compounds is correlated with antioxidant activity. The reaction of tyrosinase, which produces free radicals, is involved in the process of melanization of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, the agent of subcutaneous mycosis with the highest incidence in southern Brazil. The inhibition of this enzyme has recently been reported to extract Pterocaulon (Asteraceae) This plant is rich in coumarins and used in traditional medicine in Brazil for topical treatment of fungal infections and in folk medicine of Argentina as anticancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal activity and correlation with its antioxidant properties and cytotoxic activities of extracts of some species of Pterocaulon, as well as the isolated coumarins, and 4-methylcoumarin analogs obtained by synthesis. The 6.7-methylenedioxycoumarins were isolated from P. balansae and P. lorentzii, while the 4-methylcoumarins were synthesized via Pechmann reaction using microwave. The antifungal activity against Sporothrix schenckii was performed as indicated in the Manual of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. A study of the electrochemical properties of coumarins was performed by cyclic voltammetry, by the method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) by fluorometric method. The analysis showed that the antifungal activity of the methanol extracts of Pterocaulon species (P. polystachyum, P. balansae, P. lorentzii, P. lanatum and P. cordobense) were active against the strains of the fungus S. schenckii, being the extract of P. polystachyum the most active, presenting Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) compressed between 156 and 312 μg/mL. The fractionation of lipophilic extracts of P. balansae and P. lorentzii led to the isolation of three methylenedioxycoumarins. The crystallographic data of 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin were deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center 779123. The synthetic coumarins were obtained in satisfactory yields (98-30%) and reduced reaction time (5-20 min). The screening of these coumarins against strains of the fungus S. schenckii revealed that the 5-carboxy-6,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin was the most active compound, presenting MIC of 66 μM and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration of 246 μM. This coumarin showed synergism with Amphotericin B, and its MIC was reduced to 15 μM. The antifungal activity of phenolic compounds could be related to its antioxidant activities. The compound 5-carboxy-6,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin was again the most active with IC50 value of 17.49 μM, showing the highest capacity to deplete the radicals DPPH and ACAP, moreover present a oxidation potential of 0.4 V suggesting antioxidant activity. Based on the antioxidant and antifungal tests it was observed that the presence of hydroxyl groups at C-7 and C-8 of the coumarin ring and the addition of polar grouping at C-5 favored both antifungal and antioxidant activities.In the second part of this work, it was evaluated the cytotoxicity of the Pterocaulon compounds and some commercially available coumarins, with simple structure. The cytotoxic potential was determined by Methyl Thiazole Tetrazolium (MTT) test using strains of human glioma (U138-MG) and rat (C6). It was observed that the 6,7-methylenedioxycoumarins caused a significant reduction in cell viability, suggesting a positive influence of the methylenedioxy group in this activity. The compound 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxycoumarin was the most promising (IC50 = 34.6 μM and IC50 = 31.6 μM for C6 and U-138 MG, respectively). In conclusion, this work it was demonstrated that some coumarins showed an inhibitory activity against the growth of glioma cell lines and a fungicidal effect on the S. schenckii. These results corroborate the popular use of these plants.

Orientador: André Gonzaga dos Santos / Resumo: Murraya paniculata L. Jack (Rutaceae) é uma árvore amplamente utilizada nas Américas como ornamental. Porém, esta espécie vegetal nativa da Índia é considerada medicinal na Ásia e reconhecida pelas propriedades adstringentes, estimulantes, analgésicas e anti-inflamatórias. Diversos estudos revelam a presença de alcaloides, flavonoides, cumarinas e componentes do óleo essencial, fundamentalmente, e as propriedades antibacterianas, antifúngicas, anti-inflamatórias e analgésicas foram observadas para extratos de M. paniculata. Fitoterápicos derivados da planta estão disponíveis no Sistema Nacional de Saúde cubano, como anti-inflamatórios, porém é limitado o conhecimento dos metabólitos secundários majoritários da espécie coletada em Cuba e sua relação com a atividade farmacológica. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido este trabalho que teve como objetivo realizar o estudo químico do extrato etanólico de folhas de M. paniculata, a fim de contribuir com sua padronização e com o estabelecimento de especificações de qualidade com base na composição química e atividade anti-inflamatória. O fracionamento do extrato etanólico foi iniciado por extração em fase sólida fornecendo 4 frações. A fração EFSMp4 foi fracionada utilizando-se cromatografia em coluna. A purificação final das substâncias majoritárias obtidas a partir de EFSMp4 foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência preparativa de fase reversa. As frações, subfrações e substâncias purificadas foram analisadas por CCD... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor