This thesis aims to explore the relationship between different infection control strategies during the first year of covid-19 and trust in government. The scope is limited to EU member states. The relationship is analysed with OLS-regression with a host of restriction data and trust controls. The variables are motivated by a theoretical framework constructed from previous theories and research on trust during previous crises where diverse effects on trust are discussed. The relation-ship is also analysed with scatterplots and diagram to illustrate the change in trust in the different EU member states. The results indicate that there is a negative relationship between trust and infection control measures. However, there is noth-ing in this study that provides support for the hypothesis that different strategies affect trust in different ways. Nevertheless this should be further examined in fu-ture studies.

SAMMANFATTNING  Forskningsfrågor: På vilket sätt har organisationers verksamhetsstyrning påverkats under covid-19-pandemin? Vilket eller vilka styrsystem har använts för att få distansarbetet att fungera?  Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att få en djupare förståelse i de problem som kan uppstå med distansarbete i organisationers verksamhetsstyrning. Undersökningen är viktig då det finns en kunskapslucka inom detta område. Det är fortfarande ett nytt forskningsområde. Kunskap kring hur verksamhetsstyrningen kan gå till för att få organisationer att fortsätta fungera på ett bra sätt kan vara till hjälp för de organisationer som kommer att fortsätta arbeta mycket på distans efter pandemin samt i framtida likande situationer som covid-19-pandemin. Metod: Kvalitativ metod Slutsats: För att få distansarbetet att fungera har främst personnel/culture control använts för att behålla den sociala närvaron har digitala fikarum använts och personalen har kunnat fortsätta utvecklas genom digitala utbildningar. Även action control har använts genom den digitala övergången samt styrningen kring distansarbetet. Results control har också använts men inte specifikt för situationen. Den här formen av styrning användes redan innan pandemin. / ABSTRACT Research questions: How has corporate management control been affected during the covid-19 pandemic? Which control system or control systems have been used to make teleworking possible?  Purpose: The thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of the problems that can arise with teleworking in management control. The study is important as there is a knowledge gap in this area. It is still a new area of research. Knowledge of how management control can be done to get the organization to continue to function in a good way can be helpful for those organizations that will continue to work a lot remotely after the pandemic as well as in future similar situations such as the covid-19 pandemic. Method:  Qualitative method   Conclusion: In order to make telecommuting work, mainly personnel/culture control has been used. To maintain the social presence, digital break rooms have been used and the staff has been able to continue to develop through digital training. Action control has also been used through the digital transition and telecommuting management. Results control has also been used but not specifically for the situation. This form of management control was already in use before the pandemic.

Introducción: La cuarentena por COVID-19 ha afectado de gran manera a los estudiantes universitarios del Perú, generando una serie de efectos físicos, psicológicos y conductuales.Objetivo:Determinar los factores asociados a ansiedad, depresión, somatización y evitación experiencial en estudiantes universitarios del Perú en cuarentena por COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 1264 estudiantes universitarios de diversos departamentos del Perú, se tomó como variables dependientes a la ansiedad, depresión, somatización y evitación experiencial, las cuales se evaluaron con el cuestionario de “El Inventario de comportamiento psicosocial desajustado, ante la presencia del COVID-19 en la población peruana” y el AAQ II, para el análisis estadístico se empleó el chi cuadrado. Resultados:Más de la mitad de los estudiantes universitarios del Perú, presenta entre 3 y 6 de los 6 indicadores de ansiedad, y este mismo número de indicadores de depresión lo presenta el 45% de la muestra. El 30 % de la muestra presenta entre 3 y 6 indicadores de somatización y el 40,3% de la muestra se ubica de la mitad hacia arriba en la escala de evitación experiencial. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad, somatización y evitación experiencial entre varones y mujeres, asimismo se encontró que los estudiantes de mayor edad presentaban niveles más bajos de ansiedad, depresión y evitación experiencial, pero no en somatización. / Introduction: The COVID-19 quarantine has greatly affected university students in Peru, generating a series of physical, psychological and behavioral effects. Objective: To determine the factors associated with anxiety, depression, somatization and experiential avoidance in peruvian university students quarantined by COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out. The sample was made up of 1264 university students from various departments of Peru, anxiety, depression, somatization and experiential avoidance were taken as dependent variables, which were evaluated with the questionnaire "The Inventory of unadjusted psychosocial behavior, in the presence of COVID-19 in the Peruvian population” and the AAQ II, for the statistical analysis the chi square was used Results: More than half of the university students in Peru present between 3 and 6 of the 6 anxiety indicators, and this same number of depression indicators is presented by 45% of the sample. 30% of the sample has between 3 and 6 indicators of somatization and 40.3% of the sample is located in the middle upwards on the experiential avoidance scale. Conclusions: There are differences in the levels of anxiety, somatization and experiential avoidance between men and women, it was also found that older students had lower levels of anxiety, depression and experiential avoidance, but not in somatization.

Con el objetivo de contribuir a la difusión y preservación de la producción Peruana sobre COVID-19, el Repositorio Académico de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas pone a disposición del público en general el Boletín de información científica sobre COVID-19 cuya publicación tendrá una periodicidad quincenal.

Forskning har visat att adaptivt ledarskap och kommunikation ger goda förutsättningar för framgångsrik krishantering samt att ledarens roll är central för hur verksamheter tar sig igenom krissituationer likt en pandemi. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka primärvårdschefers upplevelse av hur deras ledarskap möjligt har påverkats och eventuellt förändrats under Covid-19-pandemin. Sex primärvårdschefer intervjuades genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer vilka analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att ledarna under pandemin har behövt hantera psykosociala faktorer bland personal i större utsträckning än vanlig. Att pandemin i hög grad påverkat ledarna personligen både positivt och negativt framkom samt att deras chefserfarenhet haft stor betydelse för deras ledarskap. Också ledarskapsstrategier som kommunikation, tydlighet och självomhändertagande har varit väsentliga för att kunna leda verksamheten framgångsrikt. En viktig slutsats av studien är att de psykosociala aspekterna av ledarskap behöver få större utrymme i det dagliga arbetet. Viktiga utvecklingsområden för framtiden är att genom ledarskapsutbildning skapa möjlighet för ledare att behålla ett långsiktigt arbetssätt även under kriser samt ge primärvårdschefer bättre förutsättningar för god kommunikation. / Research has shown that a leader’s role is central in how an organization gets through straining situations such as a pandemic. Strategies like adaptive leadership and communication are also key to successful crisis leadership. The purpose of this study was to explore primary health care managers experiences in how their leadership possibly has been affected and changed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Six managers were interviewed by semi-structured interviews which were analyzed with thematic analysis. The results showed that during a pandemic the managers were required to deal with psychosocial factors among staff to a higher extent than usual. The pandemic had also greatly affected the managers personally, both positively and negatively, and their managerial experience was of importance to their leadership. Lastly, leadership strategies such as communication, clarity and self-care were essential to the managers ability to lead the organization successfully. An important conclusion of the present study is that psychosocial aspects of leadership need to be an even bigger part of daily health care work. Leadership education focusing on strategic leadership and good communication would be helpful to give managers the possibility to maintain these abilities when their normal activities are hit with a crisis.

Online teacher professional development (oTPD) has gained momentum globally as a mode of teacher professional development (Dede et al., 2009; Lieberman & Mace, 2010), appealing to teachers who prefer the convenience of online learning and/or the autonomy of self-paced learning. With oTPD gaining traction, especially in this climate of COVID-19 pandemic where many face-to-face interactions have shifted to an online space, there is insufficient research done on teachers’ learning experiences and the type of reflective thinking observed during teachers’ participation in oTPD activities. This is compounded by the ubiquitous but poorly defined use of reflection in literature pertaining to learning and professional development (Finlay, 2008; Roessger, 2014). In Singapore where teachers have access to a range of oTPD opportunities, this problem is similarly observed. Very few studies have been undertaken in Singapore to understand teachers’ learning experiences and how teachers reflect when they engage in TPD or oTPD. In light of the growing popularity of oTPD as a means for Singapore teachers to learn and improve their classroom practice, this exploratory case study sought to contribute to TPD research by studying the oTPD experiences of Singapore teachers. Specifically, this study explored factors that facilitated and/or impeded teacher learning in oTPD and the level of reflective thinking observed in teachers’ oTPD participation. The motivation for this study stems from an appreciation of the complexity of classroom practice and the recognition that what teachers do in their respective classrooms is pivotal to student learning. This study recognizes the crucial need to support teacher learning through oTPD. Findings from this study may inform the design and implementation of oTPD in Singapore and address the paucity of research in this area by providing qualitative case study data on the understudied area of oTPD and teacher learning. Recommendations pertaining to the design and implementation of oTPD may benefit professional development providers and the teachers they serve, as well as teacher leaders hoping to support teacher learning. This study and the recommendations it proposes will also be of interest to researchers in educational research who seek to understand the phenomenon of oTPD.

The sample (N=188) was 100% Black (N=188), 83.5% female N=(157), with mean age of 43.16 (min=18, max=72, SD 12.567). Some 81.4% (n=153) were working full- or part-time during the pandemic with low-moderate work-related risks for COVID-19 transmission (mean =2.56, min=0, max=7, SD= 2.102). The sample had a moderate household size (mean=2.64, min=1, max=6, SD= 1.363) with low levels of multi-generational living, as 10.6% (n=20) had seniors living with them. For risk of COVID-19 transmission within the home, there was a low-moderate risk (mean=1.668; min=1, max= 4, SD=.699). Only 19.1% (n=36) had COVID-19 in the past year. Both physical health status and mental/emotional health status declined during the pandemic. They had moderate mental distress (mean= 1.94; min=0; max=3, SD=1.066) in the past year—with depression (70.7%, n=133), anxiety (78.2%, n=147), and trauma (45.2%, n=85), while 43% (N=81) sought counselling. They had moderately good social support (mean = 2.71; min=0, max=4, SD=1.172), and a good quality of life (mean=4.05, min=1, max=6, SD=1.073). They reported moderately high medical mistrust (mean=3.273; min=1.50, max=5.00, SD=.7615), and 58.7% (N=127) did or would vaccinate. Scores on the new Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test (OCKT-44) produced a mean of 40.34 (min=23, max=44, SD=3.092) for excellent knowledge, and 83.8% (N=155) of would recommend the OCKT-44 to others. Using paired t-tests, the experience of taking the OCKT-44 (with all true answers) demonstrated a positive impact on both COVID-19 Knowledge and COVID-19 Prevention Self-Efficacy. Using backward stepwise regression, controlling for social desirability, the significant predictors of a high Level of COVID-19 Knowledge Based on Our Covid-19 Knowledge Test (OCKT-44) Score were: if had COVID-19—yes (b =1.026, SEB=.431, p = .018); and, if has been/will be vaccinated—yes (b=.912 SEB=.405, p=.026)—with this model (R 2=.0.060, Adj R 2 =0.044) only explaining 4.4% of the variance. Second, significant predictors, controlling for social desirability, for the a high Level of Self-Efficacy for COVID-19 Risk Reduction Post-OCKT-44-Test-Taking were: gender—female (b =-.363, SEB=.157, p = .022); born in the U.S.—No (b=-.253 SEB=.117, p=.032); children—No (b = -.216, SEB=.052, p= .045); and, higher Quality of Life (b=.127 SEB=.052, p=.016)—with this model explaining (R 2=0.330, and the Adj R 2 =0.083) only 8.3 % of the variance. Qualitative data amplified and expanded upon the quantitative data findings.

Bakgrund: Covid-19-pandemin resulterade i en mängd samhällsanpassningar för att minska smittspridningen vilket skapade nya förhållningssätt i vardagen, som bland annat påverkade förhållandena för att utföra hälsobeteenden såsom fysisk aktivitet. Åldersgruppen 70 år och äldre blev särskilt begränsade av restriktionerna. För den äldre befolkningen är det av vikt att genom fysisk aktivitet bibehålla funktionell kapacitet för att minska åldersrelaterad sjuklighet, det kan därför tänkas vara viktigt att kartlägga utmaningar och möjligheter till fysisk aktivitet när förutsättningarna förändras likt under covid-19-pandemin; för ett fortsatt arbete att främja folkhälsan.  Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka upplevelser och tankar kring fysisk aktivitet/träning kopplat till covid-19 hos personer i åldersgruppen 70 år och äldre.  Metod: En kvalitativ design baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer användes. Fem kvinnor i åldern 72-88 år rekryterades genom bekvämlighetsurval. Data bearbetades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen genererade fem kategorier och fjorton subkategorier. De fem kategorierna bestod av: Förändrad fysisk aktivitet under covid-19, Positiva upplevelser av utomhusträning, Träffpunkt är viktig under pandemin, Utmaningar som försvårar fysisk aktivitet under covid-19 och Drivande faktorer som underlättar fysisk aktivitet under covid-19. Slutsats: Möjligheten till fortsatt organiserad och anpassad gruppträning för äldre under en pandemi bidrar till minskad inaktivitet och ökad fysisk aktivitet i åldersgruppen 70 år och äldre. / Background: The covid-19-pandemic resulted in an amount of social adaptations in order to minimise the spread of infection, which resulted in new approaches in everyday life that among other things impacted the terms to engage in health behaviours such as physical activity. The age group 70 years and older became particularly restricted by the confinements. It is important for the older population to maintain functional capacity and reduce age-related morbidity through physical activity, therefore it may be important to identify challenges and opportunities for physical activity when the conditions alter as they have during the covid-19-pandemic; for further work to promote public health.  Aim: The aim was to examine the experiences of and thoughts concerning physical activity/exercise connected to covid-19 of people in the age group 70 years and older.  Method: A qualitative design based on semi structured interviews was used. Five women in age 72-88 years were recruited through convenience sampling. Data was processed with a qualitative content analysis.  Results: The data generated five categories and fourteen subcategories. The categories were: Changes in physical activity during covid-19, Positive experiences of outdoor training, “Träffpunkt” is important during the pandemic, Challenges which complicate physical activity during covid-19 and Driving factors which facilitate physical activity during covid-19. Conclusion: The opportunity of continued organised and adapted group training for elderly during a pandemic contributes to reduced inactivity and increased physical activity within the age group 70 years and older.

Bakgrund: Tidigare studier har visat att det finns ett samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och psykisk hälsa under COVID-19 pandemin, dock saknas studier som gjort på detta i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka sambandet mellan fysisk aktivitet och psykisk hälsa under COVID-19 pandemin bland vuxna i Sverige mellan februari och mars 2021. Metod: En enkät innehållande de svenska versionerna av GHQ-12 och IPAQ-SF delades via Facebook. Inklusionskriterierna var personer mellan 18-65 år och bosatta i Sverige. Resultat: Det var 134 personer som besvarade enkäten varav 72 svar var kompletta. Medianen för MET-minuter per vecka var 2269. Ingen skillnad i antal MET-minuter per vecka förelåg mellan könen (p=0.07).  Det förelåg en signifikant skillnad mellan könen vad gäller psykisk hälsa (p=0.013), av kvinnorna rapporterade 52% en sämre psykisk hälsa jämfört med 29% av männen. En större andel av männen behöll sin fysiska aktivitetsnivå jämfört med kvinnorna, denna skillnad anses som statistisk signifikant (p=0.003). Ett godtagbart, signifikant samband sågs mellan fysisk aktivitet och psykisk hälsa (r=-0.35, p=0.002) där en högre mängd fysisk aktivitet var associerad till god psykisk hälsa. Ett godtagbart, signifikant samband sågs även mellan förändrad fysisk aktivitet och psykisk hälsa ( r=-0.42, p=0.004) där minskad fysisk aktivitet var förknippad med en sämre psykisk hälsa. Slutsats: Denna studie visar på ett samband mellan självskattad fysisk aktivitet och psykisk hälsa under COVID-19 pandemin i Sverige, där en större mängd fysisk aktivitet var associerad med bättre psykisk hälsa. Dock behövs fler svenska studier för att säkerställa detta samband. / Background: Studies have shown an association between level of physical activity (PA) and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is a lack of Swedish studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity and mental health in Swedish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic between February and March 2021. Methods: A survey consisting of the Swedish versions of GHQ-12 and IPAQ-SF was shared via Facebook and everyone between the ages of 18-65 and living in Sweden was eligible. Results: There was 134 participants in the survey and 72 completed answers. The median for MET-minutes per week was 2269 with no difference between the sexes (p=0.07). In contrast, there was a difference in mental health between the sexes; 52% of the women reported a worse mental health compared to 29% of the males (p=0.003). A significantly larger proportion of males than females maintained their level of PA (p=0.003). There was a fair, significant correlation between PA and mental health (r=-0.35, p=0.0024) where a higher level of PA was associated with better mental health. Also, a change in the level of PA during the pandemic was associated with mental health (r=-0.42, p=0.0039) where a decrease in PA was associated with worse mental health. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a correlation between physical activity and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden where a higher level of physical activity was associated with better mental health. However, further Swedish studies are needed to ensure these results.

There is no information in Peru on the prevalence of mental health problems associated with COVID-19 in older adults. In this sense, the aim of the study was to gather evidence on the factor structure, criterion-related validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in this population. The participants were 400 older adults (mean age = 68.04, SD = 6.41), who were administered the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Revised Mental Health Inventory-5, Patient Health Questionnaire-2 items, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 2 items. Structural equation models were estimated, specifically confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), bifactor CFA, and structural models with latent variables (SEM). Internal consistency was estimated with composite reliability indexes (CRI) and omega coefficients. A bifactor model with both a general factor underlying all items plus a specific factor underlying items 1, 2, 4, and 5 representing the emotional response to COVID better represents the factor structure of the scale. This structure had adequate fit and good reliability, and additionally fear of COVID had a large effect on mental health. In general, women had more fear than men, having more information on COVID was associated to more fear, while having family or friends affected by COVID did not related to fear of the virus. The Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale presents evidence of validity and reliability to assess fear of COVID-19 in the Peruvian older adult population.